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Petermeier P, Domínguez de María P, Byström E, Kara S. Intensified, Kilogram-Scaled, and Environment-Friendly: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Bio-Based Acylated Hydroxystyrenes. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:12869-12878. [PMID: 39211381 PMCID: PMC11351705 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lignin-derived styrene derivatives are versatile building blocks for the manufacture of biobased polymers. As shown previously, phenol-protected hydroxystyrenes are accessible under industrially sound conditions (>100 g L-1, >95% yield) by subjecting biogenic phenolic acids to enzymatic decarboxylation and base-catalyzed acylation in nonaqueous media (wet cyclopentyl methyl ether, CPME). Herein, we demonstrate the production of 1 kg of 4-acetoxy-3-methoxy-styrene in a 10 L reactor and present practical adjustments to the up- and downstream processing that warrant a straightforward process and high isolated yields. Additionally, an environmental assessment is conducted, starting with a thorough E factor analysis to identify the sources that contribute most to the environmental burden (solvent and downstream processing). Also, the total CO2 production of the process is studied, including contributions from energy use and the treatment of generated wastes. The energy impact is evaluated through thermodynamic analysis, and the environmental footprint contributions by wastes-organic and aqueous fractions-are assessed based on CO2 emissions from solvent incineration and wastewater treatment, respectively. Overall, the holistic assessment of the process, its optimization, scale-up, product isolation, and environmental analysis indicate the feasibility of multistep chemoenzymatic reactions to deliver high-volume, low-value chemicals from biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Petermeier
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- SpinChem
AB, Tvistevägen
48C, 90736 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable
Momentum SL, Av. Ansite
3, 4-6, 35011 Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emil Byström
- SpinChem
AB, Tvistevägen
48C, 90736 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Selin Kara
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University
Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Petermeier P, Bittner JP, Jonsson T, Domínguez de María P, Byström E, Kara S. Integrated preservation of water activity as key to intensified chemoenzymatic synthesis of bio-based styrene derivatives. Commun Chem 2024; 7:57. [PMID: 38485751 PMCID: PMC10940287 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The valorization of lignin-derived feedstocks by catalytic means enables their defunctionalization and upgrading to valuable products. However, the development of productive, safe, and low-waste processes remains challenging. This paper explores the industrial potential of a chemoenzymatic reaction performing the decarboxylation of bio-based phenolic acids in wet cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) by immobilized phenolic acid decarboxylase from Bacillus subtilis, followed by a base-catalyzed acylation. Key-to-success is the continuous control of water activity, which fluctuates along the reaction progress, particularly at high substrate loadings (triggered by different hydrophilicities of substrate and product). A combination of experimentation, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, and MD simulations revealed the change in water activity which guided the integration of water reservoirs and allowed process intensification of the previously limiting enzymatic step. With this, the highly concentrated sequential two-step cascade (400 g·L-1) achieves full conversions and affords products in less than 3 h. The chemical step is versatile, accepting different acyl donors, leading to a range of industrially sound products. Importantly, the finding that water activity changes in intensified processes is an academic insight that might explain other deactivations of enzymes when used in non-conventional media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Petermeier
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Philipp Bittner
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emil Byström
- SpinChem AB, Tvistevägen 48C, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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Stadermann J, Riedel M, Komber H, Simon F, Voit B. Functionalized block copolymers for preparation of reactive self-assembled surface patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nilles K, Theato P. Sequential conversion of orthogonally functionalized diblock copolymers based on pentafluorophenyl esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Iha RK, Wooley KL, Nyström AM, Burke DJ, Kade MJ, Hawker CJ. Applications of orthogonal "click" chemistries in the synthesis of functional soft materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5620-86. [PMID: 19905010 PMCID: PMC3165017 DOI: 10.1021/cr900138t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1174] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon K. Iha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Andreas M. Nyström
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology CCK, R8:03 Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Lee CW, Kim JW, Lee JH, Ahn KD. Synthesis of cyanato-functional polymaleimides and their application in negative-tone photoimaging by post-crosslinking. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jo TS, Yang M, Brownell LV, Bae C. Synthesis of quaternary ammonium ion-grafted polyolefins via activation of inert CH bonds and nitroxide mediated radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fleischmann S, Kiriy A, Bocharova V, Tock C, Komber H, Voit B. Synthesis of Dendronized Diblock Copolymers via Click Chemistry: The Effect of Dendronization on Phase Separation Behaviour. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1457-62. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ibrahim S, Voit B. Synthesis and Characterization of Well-Defined Block Copolymers by Combing Controlled Radical and Cationic Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200950107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Messerschmidt M, Millaruelo M, Choinska R, Jehnichen D, Voit B. Thin Film Nanostructures Prepared via Self-Assembly of Partly Labile Protected Block Copolymers for Hybrid Patterning Strategies. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8019915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Messerschmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse, 6, D-01069, Dresden Germany; Bayer Material Science AG, BMS-CD-NB-CC, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany; and Instytut Biotechnologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spozywczego, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland
| | - M. Millaruelo
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse, 6, D-01069, Dresden Germany; Bayer Material Science AG, BMS-CD-NB-CC, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany; and Instytut Biotechnologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spozywczego, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland
| | - R. Choinska
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse, 6, D-01069, Dresden Germany; Bayer Material Science AG, BMS-CD-NB-CC, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany; and Instytut Biotechnologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spozywczego, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland
| | - D. Jehnichen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse, 6, D-01069, Dresden Germany; Bayer Material Science AG, BMS-CD-NB-CC, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany; and Instytut Biotechnologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spozywczego, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland
| | - B. Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse, 6, D-01069, Dresden Germany; Bayer Material Science AG, BMS-CD-NB-CC, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany; and Instytut Biotechnologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spozywczego, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland
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Fleischmann S, Hinrichs K, Oertel U, Reichelt S, Eichhorn K, Voit B. Modification of Polymer Surfaces by Click Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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