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Poisson J, Hudson ZM. Luminescent Surface‐Tethered Polymer Brush Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200552. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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2
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Redox-initiated polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole based on carbon dots for modification and beyond. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Szuwarzyński M, Wolski K, Kruk T, Zapotoczny S. Macromolecular strategies for transporting electrons and excitation energy in ordered polymer layers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Wolski K, Gruszkiewicz A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Bernasik A, Zapotoczny S. The grafting density and thickness of polythiophene-based brushes determine the orientation, conjugation length and stability of the grafted chains. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-templating surface-initiated method combining ATRP and oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of ladder-like polythiophene-based brushes with a 90–100 mer conjugation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wolski
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Gruszkiewicz
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - M. Wytrwal-Sarna
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology
| | - S. Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
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Melville OA, King B, Imperiale C, Lessard BH. Orthogonally Processable Carbazole-Based Polymer Thin Films by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13640-13648. [PMID: 27958753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of hole-transporting polymer thin films in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been shown to increase device efficacy when subsequent layers are deposited from solution. This improvement, due to resistance of the films to dissolution, could also be achieved by covalently grafting the polymer film to the substrate. Using nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), we synthesized a novel poly(9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole) (poly(VBK)) copolymer which can be cross-linked and also developed two simple methods for the grafting-to or grafting-from, also known as surface-initiated polymerization, of poly(VBK) to indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. All three of these methods produced thin films that could be orthogonally processed; that is, they resisted dissolution when the spin-coating of a subsequent layer was simulated. Similar electrochemical behavior for the poly(VBK) films was observed regardless of the technique used, suggesting that all three techniques could be used in the engineering of organic electronic devices. We expect that all three methods would be worth investigating in the solution-based assembly of OLEDs and other organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Melville
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa , 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Benjamin King
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa , 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Christian Imperiale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa , 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa , 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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6
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Bender M, Schelkle KM, Jürgensen N, Schmid S, Hernandez-Sosa G, Bunz UHF. Photo-Cross-Linkable Polyfluorene–Triarylamine (PF–PTAA) Copolymer Based on the [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction and Its Use as Hole-Transport Layer in OLEDs. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nils Jürgensen
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches
Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches
Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Murugan P, Krishnamurthy M, Jaisankar SN, Samanta D, Mandal AB. Controlled decoration of the surface with macromolecules: polymerization on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3212-43. [PMID: 25839067 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer functionalized surfaces are important components of various sensors, solar cells and molecular electronic devices. In this context, the use of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and subsequent reactions on the surface have attracted a lot of interest due to its stability, reliability and excellent control over orientation of functional groups. The chemical reactions to be employed on a SAM must ensure an effective functional group conversion while the reaction conditions must be mild enough to retain the structural integrity. This synthetic constraint has no universal solution; specific strategies such as "graft from", "graft to", "graft through" or "direct" immobilization approaches are employed depending on the nature of the substrate, polymer and its area of applications. We have reviewed current developments in the methodology of immobilization of a polymer in the first part of the article. Special emphasis has been given to the merits and demerits of certain methods. Another issue concerns the utility - demonstrated or perceived - of conjugated or non-conjugated macromolecules anchored on a functionally decorated SAM in the areas of material science and biotechnology. In the last part of the review article, we looked at the collective research efforts towards SAM-based polymer devices and identified major pointers of progress (236 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugan
- Polymer Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
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8
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Fei X, Luo J, Liu R, Liu J, Liu X, Chen M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes noncovalently functionalized by electro-active amphiphilic copolymer micelles for selective dopamine detection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized an electro-active amphiphilic copolymer with carbazole side chains via free radical polymerization using 7-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-4-methyl coumarin and 9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole as the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoma Fei
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Jingcheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
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9
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Li L, Hu TQ, Yin CR, Xie LH, Yang Y, Wang C, Lin JY, Yi MD, Ye SH, Huang W. A photo-stable and electrochemically stable poly(dumbbell-shaped molecules) for blue electrophosphorescent host materials. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hindrance functionalization at the reactive sites makes π-stacked polymers highly stable with the potential applications related to organic electronic devices.
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Electrochemically generated networks from poly(4,4′-triphenylamine-co-9,9-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene) with grafts containing carbazole groups. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Saha S, Baker GL. Surface-tethered conjugated polymers created via the grafting-from approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Saha
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Gregory L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
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Davis AR, Carter KR. Surface grafting of vinyl-functionalized poly(fluorene)s via thiol-ene click chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4427-4433. [PMID: 24689503 DOI: 10.1021/la5000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-ene chemistry is used for the surface grafting of vinyl-functionalized poly(fluorene) derivatives onto substrates containing free surface thiol groups. The grafting reaction proceeds in a matter of minutes under UV irradiation without photoinitiator, and the resulting surface-bound, solvent-impervious conjugated polymers retain their characteristic optoelectronic properties. End-chain grafted poly(fluorene)s reach greater surface densities than their side-chain grafted counterparts and show less blue-shifting of photoluminescence upon grafting, suggesting that chain end-grafted conjugated polymers experience less disruption of their extended conjugation and adopt a more brush-like surface conformation. Surface grafted poly(fluorene)s showed facile photopatterning, and thin film transistors with semiconducting polymers directly grafted to the dielectric layer showed performances directly comparable to conventional self-assembled layers of performance-improving alkylsilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Davis
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 120 Governors Dr., Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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13
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Cha SJ, Cho SN, Lee WH, Chung HS, Kang IN, Suh MC. Thermally Cross-Linkable Hole Transport Polymers for Solution-Based Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:807-12. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ji Cha
- Department of Information Display and Advanced Display Research Center; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Cho
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggido 420-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggido 420-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seul Chung
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggido 420-743 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Nam Kang
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggido 420-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chul Suh
- Department of Information Display and Advanced Display Research Center; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Ahmed F, Santos CM, Mangadlao J, Advincula R, Rodrigues DF. Antimicrobial PVK:SWNT nanocomposite coated membrane for water purification: performance and toxicity testing. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3966-3975. [PMID: 23545165 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that coated nitrocellulose membranes with a nanocomposite containing 97% (wt%) of polyvinyl-N-carbazole (PVK) and 3% (wt%) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (97:3 wt% ratio PVK:SWNT) achieve similar or improved removal of bacteria when compared with 100% SWNTs coated membranes. Membranes coated with the nanocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (≈ 80-90%); and presented a virus removal efficiency of ≈ 2.5 logs. Bacterial cell membrane damage was considered a possible mechanism of cellular inactivation since higher efflux of intracellular material (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) was quantified in the filtrate of PVK-SWNT and SWNT membranes than in the filtrate of control membranes. To evaluate possible application of these membrane filters for drinking water treatment, toxicity of PVK-SWNT was tested against fibroblast cells. The results demonstrated that PVK-SWNT was non toxic to fibroblast cells as opposed to pure SWNT (100%). These results suggest that it is possible to synthesize antimicrobial nitrocellulose membranes coated with SWNT based nanocomposites for drinking water treatment. Furthermore, membrane filters coated with the nanocomposite PVK-SWNT (97:3 wt% ratio PVK:SWNT) will produce more suitable coated membranes for drinking water than pure SWNTs coated membranes (100%), since the reduced load of SWNT in the nanocomposite will reduce the use of costly and toxic SWNT nanomaterial on the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ahmed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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16
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Kristufek SL, Maltais TR, Tennyson EG, Osti NC, Perahia D, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Bipyridyl-modified phosphonium polyelectrolytes: synthesis, photophysics, metal ion coordination and layer-by-layer assembly with anionic conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py20765j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Santos CM, Mangadlao J, Ahmed F, Leon A, Advincula RC, Rodrigues DF. Graphene nanocomposite for biomedical applications: fabrication, antimicrobial and cytotoxic investigations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:395101. [PMID: 22962260 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/39/395101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Materials possessing excellent bacterial toxicity, while presenting low cytotoxicity to human cells, are strong candidates for biomaterials applications. In this study, we present the fabrication of a nanocomposite containing poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and graphene (G) in solutions and thin films. Highly dispersed PVK-G (97-3 w/w%) solutions in various organic and aqueous solvents were prepared by solution mixing and sonication methods. The thermal properties and morphology of the new composite were analyzed using thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. PVK-G films were immobilized onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates via electrodeposition. AFM was used to characterize the resulting topography of the nanocomposite thin films, while cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis were used to monitor their successful electrodeposition. The antimicrobial properties of the electrodeposited PVK-G films and solution-based PVK-G were investigated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Microbial growth after exposure to the nanocomposite, metabolic assay and live-dead assay of the bacterial solutions exposed to PVK-G presented fewer viable and active bacteria than those exposed to pure PVK or pure graphene solutions. The PVK-G film inhibited about 80% of biofilm surface coverage whereas the PVK- and G-modified surfaces allowed biofilm formation over almost the whole coated surface (i.e. > 80%). The biocompatibility of the prepared PVK-G solutions on NIH 3T3 cells was evaluated using the MTS cell proliferation assay. A 24 h exposure of the PVK-G nanocomposite to the NIH 3T3 cells presented ~80% cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Santos
- Department of Civil and Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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Azzaroni O. Polymer brushes here, there, and everywhere: Recent advances in their practical applications and emerging opportunities in multiple research fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Surface Intiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations from Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes: Electrochemistry of Polymer Brushes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1101.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ahmed F, Santos CM, Vergara RAMV, Tria MCR, Advincula R, Rodrigues DF. Antimicrobial applications of electroactive PVK-SWNT nanocomposites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1804-1810. [PMID: 22091864 DOI: 10.1021/es202374e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial properties of a nanocomposite containing an electroactive polymer, polyvinyl-N-carbazole (PVK) (97 wt %), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) (3 wt %) was investigated as suspensions in water and as thin film coatings. The toxic effects of four different PVK-SWNT (97:3 wt %) nanocomposite concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.01 mg/mL) containing 0.03, 0.015, 0.0015, and 0.0003 mg/mL of SWNT, respectively, were determined for planktonic cells and biofilms of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The results showed that the nanocomposite PVK-SWNT had antibacterial activity on planktonic cells and biofilms at all concentration levels. Higher bacterial inactivation (94% for E. coli and 90% for B. subtilis) were achieved in planktonic cells at a PVK-SWNT concentration of 1 mg/mL. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging showed significant reduction of biofilm growth on PVK-SWNT coated surfaces. This study established for the first time that the improved dispersion of SWNTs in aqueous solutions in the presence of PVK enhances the antimicrobial effects of SWNTs at very low concentrations. Furthermore, PVK-SWNT can be used as an effective thin film coating material to resist biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ahmed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Novel Complex Polymers with Carbazole Functionality by Controlled Radical Polymerization. INT J POLYM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/170912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in the design and synthesis of novel complex polymers with carbazole moieties using controlled radical polymerization techniques. We focus on the polymeric architectures of block copolymers, star polymers, including star block copolymers and miktoarm star copolymers, comb-shaped copolymers, and hybrids. Controlled radical polymerization ofN-vinylcarbazole (NVC) and styrene and (meth)acrylate derivatives having carbazole moieties is well advanced, leading to the well-controlled synthesis of complex macromolecules. Characteristic optoelectronic properties, assembled structures, and three-dimensional architectures are briefly introduced.
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Nakahara K, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Electrolyte anion-assisted charge transportation in poly(oxoammonium cation/nitroxyl radical) redox gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang YX, Leung MK. 4,4′,4″-Tris(acetoxymethylene)triphenylamine: An Efficient Photoacid Promoted Chemical Cross-Linker for Polyvinylcarbozole and Its Applications for Photolithographic Hole-Transport Materials. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2018217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC
| | - Man-kit Leung
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC
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Santos CM, Tria MCR, Vergara RAMV, Cui KM, Pernites R, Advincula RC. Films of Highly Disperse Electrodeposited Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cui KM, Tria MC, Pernites R, Binag CA, Advincula RC. PVK/MWNT electrodeposited conjugated polymer network nanocomposite films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2300-2308. [PMID: 21650211 DOI: 10.1021/am200233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The facile preparation of poly (N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) solution and conjugated polymer network (CPN) nanocomposite film is described. The stable solutions of PVK/MWNT were prepared in mixed solvents by simple sonication method, which enabled successful deaggregation of the MWNTs with the polymer matrix. MWNT was most effectively dissolved in N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP) compared to other solvents like N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The composite solution was relatively stable for months with no observable precipitation of the MWNTs. Thermogravimmetric analysis (TGA) revealed the thermal stability of the nanocomposite while the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed an increasing melting (T(m)) and glass transition (T(g)) temperatures as the fraction of the MWNTs in the nanocomposite was increased. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) allowed the electrodeposition of the nanocomposite film on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates and subsequent cross-linking of the carbazole pendant group of the PVK to form CPN films. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed film composition while atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed its surface morphology. Four-point probe measurements revealed an increase in the electrical conductivity of the CPN nanocomposite film as the composition of the MWNTs was increased: 5.53 × 10(-4) (3% MWNTs), 0.53 (5%), and 1.79 S cm(-1) (7%). Finally, the interfacial charge transfer resistance and ion transport on the CPN nanocomposite film was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a measured real impedance value of ∼48.10 Ω for the 97% PVK and 3% MWNT ratio of the CPN nanocomposite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Milagros Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 772404-5003, United States
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Okayasu T, Hirose K, Nishide H. Sulfonic acid polymer-densely grafted poly(ethersulfone)s for a highly proton-conducting membrane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Park JY, Kim DE, Ponnapati R, Kim JM, Kwon YS, Advincula RC. Electroluminescent Properties of an Electrochemically Cross-Linkable Carbazole Peripheral Poly(Benzyl Ether) Dendrimer. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Grande CD, Tria MC, Felipe MJ, Zuluaga F, Advincula R. RAFT "grafting-through" approach to surface-anchored polymers: Electrodeposition of an electroactive methacrylate monomer. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:15. [PMID: 21337014 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of homopolymer and diblock copolymers on surfaces was demonstrated using electrodeposition of a methacrylate-functionalized carbazole dendron and subsequent reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) "grafting-through" polymerization. First, the anodically electroactive carbazole dendron with methacrylate moiety (G1CzMA) was electrodeposited over a conducting surface (i.e. gold or indium tin oxide (ITO)) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrodeposition process formed a crosslinked layer of carbazole units bearing exposed methacrylate moieties. This film was then used as the surface for RAFT polymerization process of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (S), and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) in the presence of a free RAFT agent and a free radical initiator, resulting in grafted polymer chains. The molecular weights and the polydispersity indices (PDI) of the sacrificial polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The stages of surface modification were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to confirm the surface composition, thickness, and film morphology, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy also confirmed the formation of an electro-optically active crosslinked carbazole film with a [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] absorption band from 450-650nm. Static water contact angle measurements confirmed the changes in surface energy of the ultrathin films with each modification step. The controlled polymer growth from the conducting polymer-modified surface suggests the viability of combining electrodeposition and grafting-through approach to form functional polymer ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Grande
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 77204-5003, Houston, TX, USA
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Santos CM, Tria MCR, Vergara RAMV, Ahmed F, Advincula RC, Rodrigues DF. Antimicrobial graphene polymer (PVK-GO) nanocomposite films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Tria MC, Liao KS, Alley N, Curran S, Advincula R. Electrochemically crosslinked surface-grafted PVK polymer brushes as a hole transport layer for organic photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Lengvinaite S, Grazulevicius J, Grigalevicius S, Zhang B, Xie Z. Polyethers containing pendent 9-aryl[3,3′]bicarbazolyl fragments as hole-transporting materials for OLEDs. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Choi MC, Hwang JC, Kim C, Kim Y, Ha CS. Synthesis of poly(N-9-ethylcarbazole-exo-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide) for hole-transporting layer in hybrid organic light-emitting devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Li GL, Xu LQ, Tang X, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Hairy Hollow Microspheres of Fluorescent Shell and Temperature-Responsive Brushes via Combined Distillation-Precipitation Polymerization and Thiol−ene Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Xuezhi Tang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - K. G. Neoh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - E. T. Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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Yoshihara S, Isozumi H, Kasai M, Yonehara H, Ando Y, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Improving Charge/Discharge Properties of Radical Polymer Electrodes Influenced Strongly by Current Collector/Carbon Fiber Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8335-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1019526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Yoshihara
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Isozumi
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasai
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hisatomo Yonehara
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Ando
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Graphics Arts Laboratory, DIC Corporation, Tokyo 174-8520, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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36
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Electrocoupling process and electrochemical deposition of poly(9-vinylcarbazole-co-4-vinyltriphenylamine) films. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Park JY, Ponnapati R, Taranekar P, Advincula RC. Carbazole peripheral poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers at the air-water interface: electrochemical cross-linking and electronanopatterning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6167-6176. [PMID: 19799458 DOI: 10.1021/la902404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A Langmuir film of a third-generation carbazole-terminated poly(benzyl ether) (G3-CtPBE) dendrimer was investigated at the air-water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were deposited on gold substrates and investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), followed by electrochemical and electronanopatterning studies. For the G3-CtPBE dendrimer aggregates, variable concentration and surface pressure gave control over aggregate size and shape at the air-water interface. At a lower concentration C1, aggregate-spherical nanoparticles were observed with a face-on or overlapped orientation with increasing surface pressure. However, at a higher concentration C2, their surface morphologies exhibited circular and rod-shaped aggregates with respect to increasing surface pressure attributed to an edge-on configurational change. Moreover, in situ simultaneous interfacial potentiostatic electrodeposition with LB transfer at the air-water interface was employed for the first time with the G3-CtPBE dendrimers onto a hydrophilic surface under constant voltage (i.e., close to the oxidation potential of G3-CtPBE for electrochemical cross-linking). Electrochemical cross-linking on G3-CtPBE dendrimer LB films was also performed ex situ to investigate electrochemical and optical properties. Finally, as an application of a cross-linkable LB film, electronanolithography was carried out to prepare nanopatterns using the current sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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Kim BY, Ratcliff EL, Armstrong NR, Kowalewski T, Pyun J. Ferrocene functional polymer brushes on indium tin oxide via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2083-2092. [PMID: 19968255 DOI: 10.1021/la902590u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and electrochemical characterization of ferrocene functional polymethacrylate brushes on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is reported. SI-ATRP of ferrocene-containing methacrylate (FcMA) monomers from a phosphonic acid initiator-modified ITO substrate yielded well-defined homo- and block (co)polymer brushes of varying molar mass (4,000 to 37,000 g/mol). Correlation of both electrochemical properties and brush thicknesses confirmed controlled SI-ATRP from modified ITO surfaces. The preparation of block copolymer brushes with varying sequences of FcMA segments was conducted to interrogate the effects of spacing from the ITO electrode surface on the electrochemical properties of a tethered electroactive film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Nowacki B, Iamazaki E, Cirpan A, Karasz F, Atvars TD, Akcelrud L. Highly efficient polymer blends from a polyfluorene derivative and PVK for LEDs. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Reznik C, Estillore N, Advincula RC, Landes CF. Single Molecule Spectroscopy Reveals Heterogeneous Transport Mechanisms for Molecular Ions in a Polyelectrolyte Polymer Brush. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14611-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906487j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Reznik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Nicel Estillore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | | | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
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Kessler D, Lechmann MC, Noh S, Berger R, Lee C, Gutmann JS, Theato P. Surface Coatings Based on Polysilsesquioxanes: Solution-Processible Smooth Hole-Injection Layers for Optoelectronic Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1238-42. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lego B, François M, Skene WG, Giasson S. Polymer brush covalently attached to OH-functionalized mica surface via surface-initiated ATRP: control of grafting density and polymer chain length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5313-5321. [PMID: 19256467 DOI: 10.1021/la804060s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The controlled grafting density of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) was studied on OH-activated mica substrates via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). By properly adjusting parameters such as the immobilization reaction time and the concentration of an ATRP initiator, a wide range of initiator surface coverages and hence polymer densities on mica were possible. The covalently immobilized initiator successfully promoted the polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate on mica surfaces. The resulting polymer layer thickness was measured by AFM using a step-height method. Linear relationships of the polymer thickness with respect to the molecular weight of the free polymer and with respect to the monomer conversion were observed, suggesting that ATRP is well controlled and relatively densely end-grafted layers were obtained. The polymer grafting density controlled by adjusting the initiator surface coverage was confirmed by the polymer layer swelling capacity and film thickness measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Lego
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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