1
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Kitina PV, Glаgoleva AA, Vasilevskaya VV. Polyampholytes with Various Charge Distributions: Conformation States via Computer Simulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400426. [PMID: 39082438 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/09/2024]
Abstract
By means of molecular dynamics computer simulation, the conformational space of polyampholyte macromolecules with various distributions of the charged groups along the chain is studied. A coarse-grained model where each monomer unit of the chain is presented as a non-charged group in the backbone of the macromolecule connected with a charged side pendant is considered. A limiting case of fully charged chains in the isoelectric point is investigated. The oppositely charged monomer units are distributed in various patterns: regular alternating, multiblock, or random sequences. It is found that the chains with random unit distribution adopt much more compacted conformations than the chains with regular distributions with comparable block lengths. Calculating the chain size and its fluctuation along with the spatial density distribution, coil, and globular conformations are distinguished and arranged on the diagrams in terms of chain length, block length, and Bjerrum length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina V Kitina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilov str. 28, bld. 1, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Anna A Glаgoleva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilov str. 28, bld. 1, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Valentina V Vasilevskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilov str. 28, bld. 1, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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2
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Smith JD, Chen R, Osores NN, Gopalan P. Porous Morphology of High Grafting Density Mixed Polyelectrolyte Brushes Grown from a Y-Inimer Coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10623-10633. [PMID: 38726951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mixed A/B polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes of opposite charges are grown from a Y-shaped initiator-bearing coating to facilitate intimate mixing of the A and B polyelectrolytes in a 1:1 grafting ratio. The design of the Y-shaped inimer includes both ATRP and NMP initiators attached to a common Y-junction. A copolymer of a Y-shaped inimer with glycidyl methacrylate is cross-linked to the substrate resulting in a stable ultrathin coating decorated with Y-shaped initiators. Weak PE A/B mixed brushes based on poly(methacrylic acid)/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PMAA/P2VP) with a high grafting density of ∼1 chain/nm2 are grown by surface-initiated ATRP and NMP, respectively. Detailed morphological characterization of the PMAA/P2VP brushes in response to pH changes reveals a nanoporous morphology under conditions that maximize complex coacervate formation between oppositely charged brushes. The charge ratio between the A and B brushes is varied via the composition of the brushes to further study the morphology evolution. The effect of intimate contact between the A and B brushes on the morphology is probed by comparing with a mixed A/B PE system with random fluctuations in grafting composition. A quantitative and qualitative study of the pore evolution with pH as well as charge composition is presented using a combination of atomic force microscopy, water contact angle measurement, and image analysis using Gwyddion software. These studies demonstrate that the porous morphology is enhanced and most uniform when the brushes are grown from the Y-inimer, indicating that a 1:1 grafting ratio and intimate contact between A and B brushes are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ri Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicolas Noriega Osores
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Robertson H, Willott JD, Gregory KP, Johnson EC, Gresham IJ, Nelson ARJ, Craig VSJ, Prescott SW, Chapman R, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. From Hofmeister to hydrotrope: Effect of anion hydrocarbon chain length on a polymer brush. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:983-994. [PMID: 36571860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Specific ion effects govern myriad biological phenomena, including protein-ligand interactions and enzyme activity. Despite recent advances, detailed understanding of the role of ion hydrophobicity in specific ion effects, and the intersection with hydrotropic effects, remains elusive. Short chain fatty acid sodium salts are simple amphiphiles which play an integral role in our gastrointestinal health. We hypothesise that increasing a fatty acid's hydrophobicity will manifest stronger salting-out behaviour. EXPERIMENTS Here we study the effect of these amphiphiles on an exemplar thermoresponsive polymer brush system, conserving the carboxylate anion identity while varying anion hydrophobicity via the carbon chain length. Ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring were used to characterise the thermoresponse and viscoelasticity of the brush, respectively, whilst neutron reflectometry was used to reveal the internal structure of the brush. Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational investigations provide insight into polymer-ion interactions. FINDINGS Surface sensitive techniques unveiled a non-monotonic trend in salting-out ability with increasing anion hydrophobicity, revealing the bundle-like morphology of the ion-collapsed system. An intersection between ion-specific and hydrotropic effects was observed both experimentally and computationally; trending from good anti-hydrotrope towards hydrotropic behaviour with increasing anion hydrophobicity, accompanying a change in hydrophobic hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Robertson
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joshua D Willott
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kasimir P Gregory
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Edwin C Johnson
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Isaac J Gresham
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew R J Nelson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Vincent S J Craig
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stuart W Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Grant B Webber
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Erica J Wanless
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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4
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Gresham IJ, Willott JD, Johnson EC, Li P, Webber GB, Wanless EJ, Nelson AR, Prescott SW. Effect of surfactants on the thermoresponse of PNIPAM investigated in the brush geometry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:260-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Wang C, Zhao H. Polymer brush-based nanostructures: from surface self-assembly to surface co-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5138-5152. [PMID: 35781482 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface structures play an important role in the practical applications of materials. The synthesis of polymer brushes on a solid surface has emerged as an effective tool for tuning surface properties. The fabrication of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures has greatly facilitated the development of materials with unique surface properties. In this review article, synthetic methods used in the synthesis of polymer brushes, and self-assembly approaches applied in the fabrication of surface nanostructures including self-assembly of polymer brushes, co-assembly of polymer brushes and "free" block copolymer chains, and polymerization induced surface self-assembly, are reviewed. It is demonstrated that polymer brush-based surface nanostructures, including spherical surface micelles, wormlike surface structures, layered structures and surface vesicles, can be fabricated. Meanwhile, the challenges in the synthesis and applications of the surface nanostructures are discussed. This review is expected to be helpful for understanding the principles, methods and applications of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
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6
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Kudaibergenov SE. Synthetic and natural polyampholytes: Structural and behavioral similarity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology Atyrau Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile Satbayev University Almaty Kazakhstan
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7
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Ofridam F, Tarhini M, Lebaz N, Gagnière É, Mangin D, Elaissari A. pH
‐sensitive polymers: Classification and some fine potential applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ofridam
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Mohamad Tarhini
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA UMR 5280 Villeurbanne France
| | - Noureddine Lebaz
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Émilie Gagnière
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Denis Mangin
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA UMR 5280 Villeurbanne France
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8
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Hou W, Liu Y, Zhao H. Surface Nanostructures Based on Assemblies of Polymer Brushes. Chempluschem 2020; 85:998-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangmeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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9
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Chen C, Zhao P, Ni M, Li C, Xie Y, Fei J. Temperature-induced amperometric glucose biosensor based on a poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)/graphene oxide composite film. Analyst 2019; 144:1960-1967. [PMID: 30694261 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-induced sensing film consisting of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL), graphene oxide (GO) and glucose oxidase (GOD) was fabricated and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The PVCL/GO/GOD/GCE composite film was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphological properties of the composite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The direct electron transfer (DET) of GOD was achieved. GOD at PVCL/GO/GOD/GCE exhibited a couple of well-defined redox peaks with a formal potential of -0.432 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The composite film showed temperature-induced catalytic activity towards glucose. Large peak currents were observed by amperometry at -0.39 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) when the temperature was above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PVCL, and then disappeared when it was below the LCST. The modified electrode displayed an excellent electrocatalytic response to glucose. The detection of glucose with the composite film ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 mmol L-1 above 35 °C. The constructed biosensor also possesses good stability, reproducibility and anti-interference ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ramirez R, Woodcock J, Kilbey SM. ARGET-ATRP synthesis and swelling response of compositionally varied poly(methacrylic acid-co-N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) polyampholyte brushes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6290-6302. [PMID: 30014055 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00882e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the composition of polyampholytes, which are comprised of charge-positive and charge-negative repeat units, directly contributes to trade-offs between charge and structure, which are externally regulated by solution pH and added salt. Here, the relative ratio of anionic and cationic comonomers is varied to tailor the stimuli-responsiveness of poly(methacrylic acid-co-N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (P(MAA-co-DEAEMA)) brushes to changes in solution pH and an added zwitterion. These systems display a strong dependence on excess repeating units of either type and the random incorporation appears to facilitate self-neutralization of charges. Pseudo-living growth with smooth comonomer incorporation is achieved using activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP), creating well-defined brushes. In situ ellipsometry measurements of solvated brush thickness indicate that at low and high pH, the brushes display polyelectrolyte behavior with a strong compositional dependence, but at intermediate pH values, the brushes show the characteristic collapse attributed to self-neutralization of polyampholytes. The polyampholyte brushes maintain these patterns of behavior across all compositions and in the presence of an added zwitterion, which contributes additional hydrophobic character as evidenced by decreases in the swollen layer thicknesses. The response of the P(MAA-co-DEAEMA) brushes to the organic osmolyte betaine is consistent with its tendency to stabilize proteins and peptides in a kosmotropic fashion. These studies add perspective to efforts to manipulate sequence in polyampholytic polymers, support broader efforts to tailor interfacial soft films for applications in biotechnology and sensing, and understand aggregation and stability of biological polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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11
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Rosenthal A, Rauch S, Eichhorn KJ, Stamm M, Uhlmann P. Enzyme immobilization on protein-resistant PNIPAAm brushes: impact of biotin linker length on enzyme amount and catalytic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:351-357. [PMID: 30056296 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) brushes with terminal click functionality can be used to selectively immobilize enzymes. Exploiting their inherent protein-repellent and thus non-fouling properties, surfaces with specific bioactivity can be created in this way. This report describes the functionalization of alkyne-PNIPAAm brushes with two biotin linkers of different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer length via click chemistry and the subsequent immobilization of streptavidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) by the strong interaction between biotin and streptavidin. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to quantify the biotin and the SA-HRP amount on the PNIPAAm brushes. Enzyme activities are determined by UV‑vis spectroscopy. A better accessibility to the alkyne-functionalized chain ends for the short biotin-PEG3 linker leads to a higher biotin amount on these PNIPAAm brushes, which in turn results in higher SA‑HRP amounts on biotin-PEG3-modified brushes in the swollen (20 °C) and collapsed state (37 °C) compared to biotin-PEG23-modified ones. For both linkers, an increased immobilization temperature leads to higher SA-HRP amounts due to an enhanced reaction kinetics and mobility. All immobilized SA-HRP amounts are in range of 81-98% monolayer coverage, except for SA-HRP immobilized on biotin-PEG23-modified PNIPAAm brushes at 20 °C, exhibiting only 43% monolayer coverage. A high mobility of the biotin linker combined with a low surface loading of SA-HRP is found to be beneficial for the activity of SA-HRP. Hence, the highest specific activity as measured by HRP-catalyzed 3,3´,5,5´‑tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation is found for a low SA-HRP amount on biotin-PEG23-modified brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauch
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Stamm
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Hamilton Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States.
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12
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Erwin AJ, Korolovych VF, Iatridi Z, Tsitsilianis C, Ankner JF, Tsukruk VV. Tunable Compartmentalized Morphologies of Multilayered Dual Responsive Star Block Polyampholytes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Erwin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Volodymyr F. Korolovych
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zacharoula Iatridi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - John F. Ankner
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Abbaspoor S, Agbolaghi S, Mahmoudi M, Jahanbani Y, Abbasi F, Sarvari R. Effect of miscibility on migration of third component in star-like co-continuous and disperse-within-disperse mixed brushes. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleheh Abbaspoor
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Samira Agbolaghi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mojgan Mahmoudi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Yalda Jahanbani
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Raana Sarvari
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; Tehran Iran
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14
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Morphologies of spherical polyampholyte brushes: Effects of counterion valence and charged monomer sequence. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Willott JD, Murdoch TJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Physicochemical behaviour of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Keating JJ, Imbrogno J, Belfort G. Polymer Brushes for Membrane Separations: A Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28383-28399. [PMID: 27709877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The fundamentals and applications of polymer brush-modified membranes are reviewed. This new class of synthetic membranes is explored with an emphasis on tuning the membrane performance through polymer brush grafting. This work highlights the intriguing performance characteristics of polymer brush-modified membranes in a variety of separations. Polymer brushes are a versatile and effective means in designing membranes for applications in protein adsorption and purification, colloid stabilization, sensors, water purification, pervaporation of organic compounds, gas separations, and as stimuli responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Keating
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Georges Belfort
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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18
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Reversible Switched Detection of Dihydroxybenzenes Using a Temperature-sensitive Electrochemical Sensing Film. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Wang H, Li P, Xu K, Tan Y, Lu C, Li Y, Liang X, Wang P. Synthesis and characterization of multi-sensitive microgel-based polyampholyte hydrogels with high mechanical strength. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Srinivasan N, Bhagawati M, Ananthanarayanan B, Kumar S. Stimuli-sensitive intrinsically disordered protein brushes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5145. [PMID: 25312006 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting polymers onto surfaces at high density to yield polymer brush coatings is a widely employed strategy to reduce biofouling and interfacial friction. These brushes almost universally feature synthetic polymers, which are often heterogeneous and do not readily allow incorporation of chemical functionalities at precise sites along the constituent chains. To complement these synthetic systems, we introduce a biomimetic, recombinant intrinsically disordered protein that can assemble into an environment-sensitive brush. This macromolecule adopts an extended conformation and can be grafted to solid supports to form oriented protein brushes that swell and collapse dramatically with changes in solution pH and ionic strength. We illustrate the value of sequence specificity by using proteases with mutually orthogonal recognition sites to modulate brush height in situ to predictable values. This study demonstrates that stimuli-responsive brushes can be fabricated from proteins and introduces them as a new class of smart biomaterial building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Maniraj Bhagawati
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Bernards M, He Y. Polyampholyte polymers as a versatile zwitterionic biomaterial platform. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1479-88. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.938976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Lei H, Wang M, Tang Z, Luan Y, Liu W, Song B, Chen H. Control of lysozyme adsorption by pH on surfaces modified with polyampholyte brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:501-508. [PMID: 24377837 DOI: 10.1021/la403781s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of lysozyme is difficult to control by pH because of the relatively high isoelectric point of this protein (11.1). In this article, we demonstrate good control of lysozyme adsorption by pH in the range of 4-10 on silicon surfaces through modification with poly(2-(dimethylamino ethyl) methacrylate)-block-poly(methacrylic acid) (PDMAEMA-b-PMAA) diblock copolymer brushes. We show that the thickness of the outer PMAA block (lPMAA) is critical to the adsorption. When lPMAA was less than 10 nm, adsorption increased with increasing pH, and the difference in adsorption between high and low pH increased with lPMAA. The ratio of adsorption at pH 10 and pH 4 reached values as high as 16.4. When lPMAA was more than 10 nm, the adsorption tendency on the PDMAEMA-b-PMAA diblock copolymer brushes was similar to that on PMAA homopolymer brushes. These results indicate that the combination of PDMAEMA and PMAA gives adsorption behavior reflecting the properties of both polymers. However, if the outer PMAA block is thicker than a critical value, then the protein-resistant effect of the inner PDMAEMA block is screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, PR China
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Sudre G, Hourdet D, Creton C, Cousin F, Tran Y. pH-Responsive Swelling of Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes Synthesized by the Grafting Onto Route. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sudre
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering; ESPCI ParisTech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères; UMR CNRS 5223 - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1; 15, Bd A. Latarjet 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Dominique Hourdet
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering; ESPCI ParisTech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Costantino Creton
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering; ESPCI ParisTech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Fabrice Cousin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Yvette Tran
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering; ESPCI ParisTech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Zurick
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Matthew Bernards
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
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Pizio O, Sokołowski S. Restricted primitive model for electrolyte solutions in slit-like pores with grafted chains: Microscopic structure, thermodynamics of adsorption, and electric properties from a density functional approach. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:204715. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Topham PD, Glidle A, Toolan DTW, Weir MP, Skoda MWA, Barker R, Howse JR. The relationship between charge density and polyelectrolyte brush profile using simultaneous neutron reflectivity and in situ attenuated total internal reflection FTIR. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6068-6076. [PMID: 23607484 DOI: 10.1021/la4005592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel experimental study of a pH-responsive polyelectrolyte brush at the silicon/D2O interface. A poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] brush was grown on a large silicon crystal which acted as both a substrate for a neutron reflectivity solid/liquid experiment but also as an FTIR-ATR spectroscopy crystal. This arrangement has allowed for both neutron reflectivities and FTIR spectroscopic information to be measured in parallel. The chosen polybase brush shows strong IR bands which can be assigned to the N-D(+) stretch, D2O, and a carbonyl group. From such FTIR data, we are able to closely monitor the degree of protonation along the polymer chain as well as revealing information concerning the D2O concentration at the interface. The neutron reflectivity data allows us to determine the physical brush profile normal to the solid/liquid interface along with the corresponding degree of hydration. This combined approach makes it possible to quantify the charge on a polymer brush alongside the morphology adopted by the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Topham
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Li B, Yu B, Huck WTS, Liu W, Zhou F. Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization on Nonconducting Substrates: Controlled Brush Growth through Catalyst Diffusion. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1708-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3116197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid
Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid
Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid
Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid
Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 China
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Saha S, Bruening ML, Baker GL. Surface-initiated Polymerization of Azidopropyl Methacrylate and its Film Elaboration via Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2012; 45:10.1021/ma301556v. [PMID: 24293702 PMCID: PMC3843497 DOI: 10.1021/ma301556v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Azidopropyl methacrylate (AzPMA), a functional monomer with a pendent azido group, polymerizes from surfaces and provides polymer brushes amenable to subsequent elaboration via click chemistry. In DMF at 50 °C, click reactions between poly(AzPMA) brushes and an alkynylated dye proceed with >90% conversion in a few minutes. However, in aqueous solutions, reaction with an alkyne-containing poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG, Mn=5000) gives <10% conversion after a 12-h reaction at room temperature. Formation of copolymers with AzPMA and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (mPEGMA) enables control over the hydrophilicity and functional group density in the copolymer to increase the yield of aqueous click reactions. The copolymers show reaction efficiencies as high as 60%. These studies suggest that for aqueous applications such as bioconjugation via click chemistry, control over brush hydrophilicity is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gregory L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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29
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Pei Y, Travas-Sedjic J, Williams DE. Electrochemical switching of conformation of random polyampholyte brushes grafted onto polypyrrole. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13241-13248. [PMID: 22924861 DOI: 10.1021/la302202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the possibilities for subtle control over redox-driven surface switching that could be obtained by altering the balance between hydrophobic, ionic, and dipolar components of polymer brushes that are grafted onto electrochemically active conducting polymers (ECP). We extend our previous work on the conformation switching of polyzwitterionic brushes grafted onto ECP to the case of ABC random polyampholyte brushes: here, a statistical near-neutral copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (METAC), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMA). The statistical polyampholyte differs from the polyzwitterion in that it is not strictly neutral and the charges do not have a defined spatial relationship to one another. The consequence is a significant change in the switching behavior that is also dependent on the salt concentration in the electrolyte. The results can be understood by reference to the theory of polyampholyte conformation in solution given by Higgs and Joanny modified to apply to a surface-bound brush. Three states of the polyampholyte brush are deduced from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): collapsed, partially collapsed, and expanded. At low salt concentration, the behavior was the opposite of that of the polyzwitterion: the brush switched between partially collapsed with the ECP reduced and expanded with the ECP oxidized. With increase of salt concentration, the switch changed, to collapsed with the ECP oxidized and partially collapsed with ECP reduced. At still higher salt concentration, the switch changed back again, to partially collapsed with the ECP reduced and expanded with the ECP oxidized. Measurements of surface wetting under electrochemical control supported the interpretation. The behavior can be contrasted with that of zwitterionic brushes, which show a switch between collapsed with ECP oxidized and expanded with ECP reduced, independent of salt concentration over the same range (10(-3)-2 M NaCl) as that studied here, and that of zwitterionic-hydrophobic block copolymers where the switch is suppressed at low salt concentration. The results illustrate the significant range of behavior that can be engineered into these electrochemically switchable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Pei
- Polymer Electronic Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Masaki M, Kokufuta E. Polyampholyte gels of a cross-linked polyanion or polycation network into which an oppositely charged polyion was immobilized. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Galvin CJ, Genzer J. Applications of surface-grafted macromolecules derived from post-polymerization modification reactions. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Lee Y, Geckeler KE. Cellular Interactions of a Water-Soluble Supramolecular Polymer Complex of Carbon Nanotubes with Human Epithelial Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Dunlop IE, Thomas RK, Titmus S, Osborne V, Edmondson S, Huck WTS, Klein J. Structure and collapse of a surface-grown strong polyelectrolyte brush on sapphire. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3187-3193. [PMID: 22292571 DOI: 10.1021/la204655h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have used neutron reflectometry to investigate the behavior of a strong polyelectrolyte brush on a sapphire substrate, grown by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a silane-anchored initiator layer. The initiator layer was deposited from vapor, following treatment of the substrate with an Ar/H(2)O plasma to improve surface reactivity. The deposition process was characterized using X-ray reflectometry, indicating the formation of a complete, cross-linked layer. The brush was grown from the monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (METAC), which carries a strong positive charge. The neutron reflectivity profile of the swollen brush in pure water (D(2)O) showed that it adopted a two-region structure, consisting of a dense surface region ∼100 Å thick, in combination with a diffuse brush region extending to around 1000 Å from the surface. The existence of the diffuse brush region may be attributed to electrostatic repulsion from the positively charged surface region, while the surface region itself most probably forms due to polyelectrolyte adsorption to the hydrophobic initiator layer. The importance of electrostatic interactions in maintaining the brush region is confirmed by measurements at high (1 M) added 1:1 electrolyte, which show a substantial transfer of polymer from the brush to the surface region, together with a strong reduction in brush height. On addition of 10(-4) M oppositely charged surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), the brush undergoes a dramatic collapse, forming a single dense layer about 200 Å in thickness, which may be attributed to the neutralization of the monomers by adsorbed dodecyl sulfate ions in combination with hydrophobic interactions between these dodecyl chains. Subsequent increases in surfactant concentration result in slow increases in brush height, which may be caused by stiffening of the polyelectrolyte chains due to further dodecyl sulfate adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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35
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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes: “Grafting-Onto” Route. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Jhon YK, Arifuzzaman S, Özçam AE, Kiserow DJ, Genzer J. Formation of polyampholyte brushes via controlled radical polymerization and their assembly in solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:872-882. [PMID: 22112235 DOI: 10.1021/la203697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the formation of polyampholytic block copolymer brushes and their assembly in solution. Specifically, we employ "surface-initiated" activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) sequentially to form diblock copolymer grafts comprising blocks of poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) and poly(sodium methacrylate) (PNaMA) on flat impenetrable silica surfaces, i.e., SiO(x)/PNaMA-b-PDMAEMA and SiO(x)/PDMAEMA-b-PNaMA. Protonation of the PNaMA block results in formation of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). We demonstrate that ARGET-ATRP of NaMA provides a convenient route to preparation of PMAA, which is an alternative method to the more traditional approach based on preparing PMAA by polymerizing tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) followed by cleavage of the tert-butyl group. We also discuss conformational changes of the individual polyelectrolyte blocks in solution as a function of solution pH by monitoring adsorption behavior of functionalized polystyrene spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young K Jhon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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Xu L, Crawford K, Gorman CB. Effects of Temperature and pH on the Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) Brushes. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, North Carolina 28795-8204, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, North Carolina 28795-8204, United States
| | - Christopher B. Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, North Carolina 28795-8204, United States
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39
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Xu Y, Hoshi Y, Ober CK. Photo-switchable polyelectrolyte brush for dual protein patterning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Orski SV, Fries KH, Sontag SK, Locklin J. Fabrication of nanostructures using polymer brushes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Kirsebom H, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B. Stimuli-responsive polymers in the 21st century: Elaborated architecture to achieve high sensitivity, fast response, and robust behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Jia X, Jiang X, Liu R, Yin J. Multi-stimuli responsive poly(ether amine) (PEA) brush fabricated by “thiol-ene” click chemistry. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Laloyaux X, Mathy B, Nysten B, Jonas AM. Bidimensional Response Maps of Adaptive Thermo- and pH-Responsive Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1009484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laloyaux
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 box 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Mathy
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 box 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bernard Nysten
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 box 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alain M. Jonas
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 box 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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44
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A novel multi-responsive polyampholyte composite hydrogel with excellent mechanical strength and rapid shrinking rate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 345:360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1227] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Hinrichs K, Aulich D, Ionov L, Esser N, Eichhorn KJ, Motornov M, Stamm M, Minko S. Chemical and structural changes in a pH-responsive mixed polyelectrolyte brush studied by infrared ellipsometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10987-10991. [PMID: 19572506 DOI: 10.1021/la901219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work provides direct chemical and structural insight into pH-dependent changes of an ultrathin (d=12 nm) mixed polyelectrolyte brush. In-situ infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry was used for the first time to study the gradual pH-responsive behavior of the brush, constituted of weak anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP), respectively. The pH-dependent infrared fingerprints in the mid-infrared spectral range were analyzed as a function of chemical and structural changes in the mixed brush caused by pH changes. Thereby, the IR spectra were directly correlated to different chemical states of the brush, giving previously not accessible new information on the ionization of the thin film. In contrast to other techniques (e.g., classical attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy) we used almost plane Si-substrates for the IR ellipsometric approach with application of a single reflection mode. The optical path through Si is of minimal length, which makes a large spectral range accessible. For the most pronounced bands of the carboxyl group at 1718 cm(-1) and the carboxylate ion at 1565 cm(-1), the band amplitudes were correlated with the degree of ionization of the carboxylic groups. Interpretation of the pH-dependent changes in the spectral signature reveals gradual changes of the chemical structures of the mixed brush between three distinct switchable states: strongly ionized PAA at pH 10, strongly ionized P2VP at pH 2, and mainly nonionized functional groups in a "dry" PAA-P2VP polyelectrolyte complex in the range from pH=4 to pH=7. At intermediate pH, the IR spectra confirm the previously made hypothesis of the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex between P2VP and PAA in the mixed brush. From IR spectra it is also concluded that the polyelectrolyte complex is formed as a result of a small fraction of ionized functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hinrichs
- ISAS-Institute for Analytical Sciences, Department Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Rastogi A, Nad S, Tanaka M, Mota ND, Tague M, Baird BA, Abruña HD, Ober CK. Preventing Nonspecific Adsorption on Polymer Brush Covered Gold Electrodes Using a Modified ATRP Initiator. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2750-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900564t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Suddhasattwa Nad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Nicolas Da Mota
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Michele Tague
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Barbara A. Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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49
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Gao X, Kucerka N, Nieh MP, Katsaras J, Zhu S, Brash JL, Sheardown H. Chain conformation of a new class of PEG-based thermoresponsive polymer brushes grafted on silicon as determined by neutron reflectometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10271-10278. [PMID: 19705903 DOI: 10.1021/la901086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The thermoresponsive PEG-based copolymer poly[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (P(MEO(2)MA-co-OEGMA)] was grafted onto a silicon wafer, and its chain conformation in aqueous solution was studied by neutron reflectometry. The effects of temperature and salt concentration on the polymer's conformation were evaluated. With increasing temperature, it was found that the polymer brushes underwent a transition from an extended state to a compressed state, and eventually a collapsed state above the lower critical solution temperature. The presence of salt significantly affected the well-extended brushes but had little effect on compressed and collapsed brushes. This PEG-based thermoresponsive surface exhibited good protein adsorption resistance. Interestingly, extended and collapsed brushes showed the same level of protein repulsion, something that was not expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
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Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Sanjuan S, Slim C, Tran Y. Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of counterions exchange in polyelectrolyte brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5360-5370. [PMID: 19358586 DOI: 10.1021/la8034177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to characterize the transport of redox-active probe ions through quenched polyelectrolyte brushes. The counterion exchange through polyelectrolyte brushes is also investigated by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photolectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The synthesis of poly(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC) brushes is performed using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization followed by in situ quaternization reaction. The chloride (Cl(-)) counterions of the positively charged polymer brush are exchanged by ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) and ferricyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(3-)) ions that are both detectable by spectroscopy and electrochemically active. A good agreement is found when comparing the results obtained by spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR and XPS) and electrochemical (SECM and CV) methods. The counterions exchange is completely reversible and reproducible. We show that (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) and (Fe(CN)(6)(3-)) species form stable ion pairs with the quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer brush. The transport of iodide (I(-)) redox-active ions is also investigated. In all cases (ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, or iodide), we find that chloride counterions are partially replaced by electroactive ions. This partial exchange may be attributed to an osmotic effect, since the external salt concentration for the exchange is much lower than the counterion concentration inside the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Combellas
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, ESPCI, CNRS UMR 712, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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