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Yang L, Hu J, Li MC, Xu M, Gu ZY. Solid-state nanopore: chemical modifications, interactions, and functionalities. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200775. [PMID: 36071031 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore technology is a burgeoning detection technology for single-molecular sensing and ion rectification. Solid-state nanopores have attracted more and more attention because of their higher stability and tunability than biological nanopores. However, solid-state nanopores still suffer the drawbacks of low signal-to-noise ratio and low resolution, which hinders their practical applications. Thus, developing operatical and useful methods to overcome the shortages of solid-state nanopores is urgently needed. Here, we summarize the recent research on nanopore modification to achieve this goal. Modifying solid-state nanopores with different coating molecules can improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of nanopores. The modified molecules can introduce different functions into the nanopores, greatly expanding the applications of this novel detection technology. We hope that this review of nanopore modification will provide new ideas for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Jun Hu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Min-Chao Li
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Ming Xu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, 1 Wenyuan Rd, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
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2
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Bell D, Ludwanowski S, Lüken A, Sarikaya B, Walther A, Wessling M. Hydrogel membranes made from crosslinked microgel multilayers with tunable density. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Mai VP, Yang RJ. Active control of salinity-based power generation in nanopores using thermal and pH effects. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18624-18631. [PMID: 35518343 PMCID: PMC9053878 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting blue energy from saline solutions has attracted much attention recently. Salinity-based power generation in nanopores is governed by both passive factors (e.g., the nanopore diameter, nanopore length, nanopore material, and pore density) and active factors (e.g., the concentration gradient, temperature, and pH environment). The present study performs COMSOL multiphysics numerical simulations based on the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations, Navier–Stokes equations and heat transfer equation to examine the combined effects of the temperature gradient and pH level on the diffusion voltage and maximum power generation in single silica nanopores with lengths of 100 nm and 500 nm, respectively. In performing the simulations, the pH value is adjusted in the range of pH 5–11, the salinity concentration gradient is 100-fold and 1000-fold, respectively. Three different thermal conditions are considered, namely (1) isothermal-room temperature (298 K); (2) asymmetric thermal (temperature of low-concentration reservoir and high-concentration reservoir are 323 K and 298 K, respectively); and (3) isothermal-high temperature (323 K). The results show that the generated power varies significantly with both the pH level and the temperature conditions. In particular, the asymmetric thermal condition yields an effective improvement in the power generation performance since it reduces the surface charge density on the surface of the nanopore near the low-concentration end and therefore suppresses the ion concentration polarization (ICP) effect. The improvement in the energy harvesting performance is particularly apparent at pH levels in the range of 9–10 (about 100% higher than that of pH 7). Overall, the results confirm the feasibility of using active factors to enhance the power generation performance of salinity gradient-based nanopore systems. The combined effects of pH and thermal conditions on enhancing blue energy harvesting through nanopores are investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Phung Mai
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan +886-6-2766549 +886-6-2757575 extn 63343
| | - Ruey-Jen Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan +886-6-2766549 +886-6-2757575 extn 63343
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4
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Bayat H, Raoufi M, Zamrik I, Schönherr H. Poly(diethylene glycol methylether methacrylate) Brush-Functionalized Anodic Alumina Nanopores: Curvature-Dependent Polymerization Kinetics and Nanopore Filling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2663-2672. [PMID: 32073275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of poly(diethylene glycol methylether methacrylate) (PDEGMA) brushes by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization inside ordered cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide with different pore radii between 20 and 185 nm. In particular, the dependence of polymerization kinetics and the degree of pore filling on the interfacial curvature were analyzed. On the basis of field emission scanning electron microscopy data and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), it was concluded that the polymerization rate was faster at the pore orifice compared to the pore interior and also as compared to the analogous reaction carried out on flat aluminum oxide substrates. The apparent steady-state polymerization rate near the orifice increased with decreasing pore size. Likewise, the overall apparent polymerization rate estimated from TGA data indicated stronger confinement for pores with increased curvature as well as increased mass transport limitations due to the blockage of the pore orifice. Only for pores with a diameter to length ratio of ∼1, PDEGMA brushes were concluded to grow uniformly with constant thickness. However, because of mass transport limitations in longer pores, incomplete pore filling was observed, which leads presumably to a PDEGMA gradient brush. This study contributes to a better understanding of polymer brush-functionalized nanopores and the impact of confinement, in which the control of polymer brush thickness together with grafting density along the nanopores is key for applications of PDEGMA brushes confined inside nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Bayat
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Imad Zamrik
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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5
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Zhu Z, Wang D, Tian Y, Jiang L. Ion/Molecule Transportation in Nanopores and Nanochannels: From Critical Principles to Diverse Functions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8658-8669. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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6
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Yanagishita T, Okubo Y, Kondo T, Masuda H. Selective through-holing of anodic porous alumina membranes with large area. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38455-38460. [PMID: 35559098 PMCID: PMC9090565 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anodic porous alumina membranes with site controlled through-holes were prepared by the formation of a masking layer on the surface of anodic porous alumina and subsequent selective second anodization in concentrated sulfuric acid to form a readily soluble layer. After the anodization, the residual Al substrate was removed, and the highly soluble alumina layer formed in concentrated sulfuric acid was dissolved selectively by wet etching. An advantageous point of this process is the controllability of the pattern of through-holes, and the preparation of large samples with selective through-holes is possible. The pattern of through-holes was controlled by changing the mask pattern formed on the surface of anodic porous alumina. The alumina membranes obtained by this process are expected to be used for various applications that require porous alumina membranes with site controlled through-holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yanagishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minamiosawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Yuki Okubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minamiosawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kondo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minamiosawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minamiosawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
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7
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Guo T, Gao J, Xu M, Ju Y, Li J, Xue H. Hierarchically Porous Organic Materials Derived From Copolymers: Preparation and Electrochemical Applications. POLYM REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2018.1488730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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8
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Wei R, Yang F, Gu R, Liu Q, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhao W, Zhao C. Design of Robust Thermal and Anion Dual-Responsive Membranes with Switchable Response Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36443-36455. [PMID: 30277384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, poly(ionic liquids/ N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIL/NIPAM) modified poly(ether sulfone) microporous membranes were prepared using a pore-filling method. Due to the anion-sensitive wettability of the PIL and the thermal-sensitive phase transformation of PNIPAM, the permeability of the modified membranes showed robust anion and thermal dual-responsive behaviors. In addition, the response temperature of the membranes could be adjusted precisely from 30 to 55 °C by anion exchange, which was attributed to the cooperative interaction of the PIL and PNIPAM. The switchable response temperature and the dual-responsive performances of the membranes were demonstrated by measuring the water fluxes under various conditions. The results indicated that the membrane permeabilities increased when exchanging the counteranions (CAs) from hydrophilic to hydrophobic ones; the thermal response behaviors were also obvious, and the sensitivity increased when increasing the hydrophobicity of the CA (the fluxes could be adjusted from 0 to 3800 mL/m2 mmHgh by controlling the temperature and CAs). At last, filtration tests were designed with the membranes, and the results indicated that by controlling the temperature and/or CA species, three different poly(ethylene glycol) molecules could be easily separated according to their molecule sizes in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jukai Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu J, Shi G, Liu Y, Chen S, Shang C. Creating a smart textile via the self-assembly of responsive polymer particles on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Gaoli Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Cong Shang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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10
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Yan G, Cao Q, Xin J, Luo F, Zhu L. Control of electro-osmotic flow by mixed polymer brushes: Molecular dynamics simulations. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yan
- School Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering; Beijing Information Science and Technology University; Beijing 100192 People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Jiaxing University; Jiaxing 314001 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Xin
- School Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering; Beijing Information Science and Technology University; Beijing 100192 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Luo
- School Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering; Beijing Information Science and Technology University; Beijing 100192 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqing Zhu
- School Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering; Beijing Information Science and Technology University; Beijing 100192 People's Republic of China
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11
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Le NL, Ulbricht M, Nunes SP. How Do Polyethylene Glycol and Poly(sulfobetaine) Hydrogel Layers on Ultrafiltration Membranes Minimize Fouling and Stay Stable in Cleaning Chemicals? Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Lieu Le
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering
Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl
für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Suzana P. Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering
Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Huang K, Szleifer I. Design of Multifunctional Nanogate in Response to Multiple External Stimuli Using Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6422-6430. [PMID: 28421749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses the interplay between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of disordered proteins to orchestrate complicated molecular gates such as the nuclear pore complex to control the transport of biological masses. Inspired by nature, we here theoretically show that well-defined gate shape, sensitive response to pH and salt concentration, and selectivity in cargo transport can be simultaneously achieved by grafting amphiphilic diblock copolymers made of sequence-controlled hydrophobic and ionizable monomers on the inner surface of solid-state nanopore. As a result, multiple functions such as ionic gating and molecular filtering can be implemented into one single copolymer nanogate. The gate structure and thermodynamics is a result of the self-assembly of the sequence-designed copolymer in the confined geometry that minimizes the free energy of the system. Our theory further predicts a phase transition and discontinuous charge regulation of the confined copolymer that allows logical gating in biosensors and nanofluidic devices. As an example of application, a nanolocker with the potential of molecular pumping has also been designed with the cooperation of two amphiphilic copolymer gates. Our results highlight the importance of polymer sequence in nanogating, and these insights can be used to guide the rational design of polymer-coated smart nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Cao Q, You H. Electroosmotic Flow in Mixed Polymer Brush-Grafted Nanochannels. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8120438. [PMID: 30974715 PMCID: PMC6431973 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed polymer brush-grafted nanochannels—where two distinct species of polymers are alternately grafted on the inner surface of nanochannels—are an interesting class of nanostructured hybrid materials. By using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation method, we are able to simulate the electrokinetic transport dynamics of the fluid in such nanochannels as well as the conformational behaviors of the mixed polymer brush. We find that (1) the brush adopts vertically-layered and longitudinally-separated structures due to the coupling of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and applied electric field; (2) the solvent quality affects the brush conformations and the transport properties of the EOF; (3) the EOF flux non-monotonically depends on the grafting density, although the EOF velocity in the central region of the channel monotonically depends on the grafting density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Hao You
- Center for Simulational Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Hou X. Smart Gating Multi-Scale Pore/Channel-Based Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7049-64. [PMID: 27296766 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Smart gating membranes are important and promising in membrane science and technology. Rapid progress in developing smart membranes is transforming technology in many different fields, from energy and environmental to the life sciences. How a specific smart behavior for controllable gating of porous membranes can be obtained, especially for nano- and micrometer-sized multi-scale pore/channel-based membrane systems is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, P. R. China
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16
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Gajda M, Ulbricht M. Capillary pore membranes with grafted diblock copolymers showing reversibly changing ultrafiltration properties with independent response to ions and temperature. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Pereira Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Engineering (KAUST), Biological
and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Chun KY, Choi W, Roh SC, Han CS. Patchable, flexible heat-sensing hybrid ionic gate nanochannel modified with a wax-composite. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12427-12434. [PMID: 26130272 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02743h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat-driven ionic gate nanochannels have been recently demonstrated, which exploit temperature-responsive polymer brushes based on wettability. These heat-sensing artificial nanochannels operate in a broad temperature-response boundary and fixed liquid cell environment, thereby experiencing limited system operation in the flat and solid state. Here we have developed a patchable and flexible heat-sensing artificial ionic gate nanochannel, which can operate in the range of the human body temperature. A wax-elastic copolymer, coated onto a commercial nanopore membrane by a controlled-vacuum filtration method, was used for the construction of temperature-responsive nanopores. The robust and flexible nanochannel heat sensor, which is combined with an agarose gel electrolyte, can sustain reversible thermo-responsive ionic gating based on the volumetric work of the wax-composite layers in a selective temperature range. The ionic current is also effectively distinguished in the patchable bandage-type nanochannel for human heat-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Yong Chun
- Development Group for Creative Research Engineers of Convergence Mechanical System, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Jiang Y, Liang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Tu S. Preparation and biocompatibility of grafted functional β-cyclodextrin copolymers from the surface of PET films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ran J, Wu L, Zhang Z, Xu T. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): A versatile and forceful tool for functional membranes. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Gajda AM, Ulbricht M. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle heaters in smart porous membrane valves. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1317-1326. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid membranes with a permeability switchable by excitation with a high-frequency electromagnetic field were created by immobilizing (super)paramagnetic Fe3O4 on the walls of track-etched pores and further functionalization with poly(N-isopropylacryl amide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Gajda
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)
- Duisburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)
- Duisburg, Germany
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22
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Frost S, Ulbricht M. Thermoresponsive ultrafiltration membranes for the switchable permeation and fractionation of nanoparticles. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Yin D, Ulbricht M. Antibody-Imprinted Membrane Adsorber via Two-Step Surface Grafting. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4489-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401444y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Technische
Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische
Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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24
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Stimuli-responsive gating membranes responding to temperature, pH, salt concentration and anion species. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Yin D, Ulbricht M. Protein-selective adsorbers by molecular imprinting via a novel two-step surface grafting method. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3209-3219. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Jiang L. From symmetric to asymmetric design of bio-inspired smart single nanochannels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10048-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Himstedt HH, Yang Q, Qian X, Ranil Wickramasinghe S, Ulbricht M. Toward remote-controlled valve functions via magnetically responsive capillary pore membranes. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Modification of ultrafiltration membranes with block copolymer nanolayers for produced water treatment: The roles of polymer chain density and polymerization time on performance. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Ou B, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Liao B, Yi S, Ou Y, Zhang X, Li D. Covalent functionalization of graphene with poly(methyl methacrylate) by atom transfer radical polymerization at room temperature. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Koivula R, Makkonen-Craig S, Harjula R, Paronen M. Ion exchange properties of sulfonated polycarbonate and polyimide track etch membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Wei Q, Wang X, Zhou F. A versatile macro-initiator with dual functional anchoring groups for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on various substrates. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20148h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Kuroki H, Ito T, Ohashi H, Tamaki T, Yamaguchi T. Biomolecule-Recognition Gating Membrane Using Biomolecular Cross-Linking and Polymer Phase Transition. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9226-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kuroki
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Taichi Ito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohashi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Tamaki
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takeo Yamaguchi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
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33
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Brovchenko I, Oleinikova A. Effect of Pore Size on the Condensation/Evaporation Transition of Confined Water in Equilibrium with Saturated Bulk Water. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9990-10000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brovchenko
- Physical Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
| | - Alla Oleinikova
- Physical Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
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34
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Stimuli–responsive track-etched membranes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: Influence of grafting density and pore size. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Himstedt HH, Yang Q, Dasi LP, Qian X, Wickramasinghe SR, Ulbricht M. Magnetically activated micromixers for separation membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5574-5581. [PMID: 21462955 DOI: 10.1021/la200223g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a radically novel approach to reduce concentration polarization and, potentially, also fouling by colloids present in aqueous feeds: magnetically responsive micromixing membranes. Hydrophilic polymer chains, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), were grafted via controlled surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) on the surface of polyamide composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes and then end-capped with superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles. The results of all functionalization steps, that is, bromide ATRP initiator immobilization, SI-ATRP, conversion of PHEMA end groups from bromide to amine, and carboxyl-functional Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticle immobilization via peptide coupling, have been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). These nanoparticles experience a magnetic force as well as a torque under an oscillating external magnetic field. It has been shown, using particle image velocimetry (PIV), that the resulting movement of the polymer brushes at certain magnetic field frequencies induces mixing directly above the membrane surface. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that with such membranes the NF performance could significantly be improved (increase of flux and salt rejection) by an oscillating magnetic field, which can be explained by a reduced concentration polarization in the boundary layer. However, the proof-of-concept presented here for the active alteration of macroscopic flow via surface-anchored micromixers based on polymer-nanoparticle conjugates has much broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath H Himstedt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
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36
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37
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Cai T, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Teo SLM. Surface-functionalized and surface-functionalizable poly(vinylidene fluoride) graft copolymer membranes via click chemistry and atom transfer radical polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2936-2945. [PMID: 21341769 DOI: 10.1021/la2001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with azide-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) side chains (PVDF-g-P[GMA-(N3)(OH)]) were synthesized via free radical-initiated graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) from ozone-pretreated PVDF backbone (PVDF-g-PGMA), followed by reaction of the oxirane rings in the GMA side chains with sodium azide. Alkyne-functionalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (alkynyl-PNIPAM), prepared a priori by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), was used for the click reaction with the azido-containing PGMA side chains of the PVDF-g-P[GMA-(N3)(OH)] copolymer to give rise to the thermoresponsive PVDF-g-P[GMA-click-PNIPAM] copolymer. Both the PVDF-g-P[GMA-(N3)(OH)] and PVDF-g-P[GMA-click-PNIPAM] copolymers can be readily cast into microporous membranes by phase inversion in an aqueous medium. The PVDF-g-P[GMA-(N3)(OH)] microporous membranes with azido-containing surfaces could be further functionalized via surface click reaction with alkyne-terminated PNIPAM of controlled chain lengths to obtain the PVDF-g-P[GMA-click-PNIPAM]surface microporous membranes. The surface composition and morphology of the PVDF-g-P[GMA-click-PNIPAM] membranes can be adjusted by the temperature of casting medium, while the flux through both types of membranes exhibits thermoresponsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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38
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Yang Q, Ulbricht M. Cylindrical Membrane Pores with Well-Defined Grafted Linear and Comblike Glycopolymer Layers for Lectin Binding. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1025972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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39
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Yang Q, Adrus N, Tomicki F, Ulbricht M. Composites of functional polymeric hydrogels and porous membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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40
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41
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Brovchenko I, Oleinikova A. Condensation/Evaporation Transition of Water in Spherical Pores in Equilibrium with Saturated Bulk Water. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16494-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108099v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brovchenko
- Physical Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
| | - Alla Oleinikova
- Physical Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
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42
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Zhao YH, Wee KH, Bai R. A novel electrolyte-responsive membrane with tunable permeation selectivity for protein purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:203-211. [PMID: 20356236 DOI: 10.1021/am900654d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrolyte-responsive membrane, RC-g-PSBMA, was successfully prepared from regenerated cellulose (RC) membrane through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of a zwitterionic monomer, sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). Different degrees of polymerization for the grafted SBMA polymers (i.e., PSBMA) on the RC membrane were easily obtained by adjusting the ATRP reaction conditions. The electrolyte-responsive behavior of RC-g-PSBMA was first evaluated through the permeation experiments with sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions of different concentrations. It was found that the permeability of RC-g-PSBMA showed a clear dependence on NaCl concentration in the solutions. To further examine the potential of RC-g-PSBMA for protein purification, bovine serum album (BSA) was chosen as a model protein and polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes were used as representative impurities in the solutions. The rejection rates of BSA and NPs by RC-g-PSBMA were examined with the solutions containing BSA and NPs at different NaCl concentrations. The results showed that the rejection rates of BSA were at a very low level regardless of the concentration of NaCl in the solutions, indicating that the membrane allowed BSA to permeate. However, the rejection rates of NPs of different sizes by RC-g-PSBMA changed remarkably with the concentration of NaCl in the solutions. The study has demonstrated the possibility to separate BSA from NPs of different sizes by using the same membrane but simply altering the concentration of NaCl in the solutions. Membranes with such properties will have a great potential for protein purification as well as for many other separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Zhao
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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44
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Lee SH, Dreyer DR, An J, Velamakanni A, Piner RD, Park S, Zhu Y, Kim SO, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS. Polymer Brushes via Controlled, Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) from Graphene Oxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 31:281-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Mathieu M, Friebe A, Franzka S, Ulbricht M, Hartmann N. Surface-initiated polymerization on laser-patterned templates: morphological scaling of nanoconfined polymer brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12393-12398. [PMID: 19685895 DOI: 10.1021/la901718k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear laser processing of silane-based monolayers is used to fabricate nanostructured chemical templates for the selective growth of polymer brushes in confined domains via surface-initiated polymerization (SIP). Upon varying the laser parameters, reactive domains with lateral dimensions from several micrometers down to the sub-100-nm range are fabricated. This provides a versatile means for studying the morphological scaling behavior of confined polymer brushes. Here, the surface-initiated growth of a stimuli-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm), via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is investigated. Polymer chains at the domain boundaries extend into the surrounding polymer-free areas. For this reason the width of confined polymer brushes is significantly larger than that of the underlying domains. Within experimental error, though, the excess width does not depend on the domain size. In contrast, the brush height decreases more and more when the domain size falls below a certain value. Simple considerations point to a geometrical scaling relation between height and width of the polymer brushes. These results are considered as essential for implementation of SIP routines in laser-assisted fabrication schemes targeting micro- and nanofluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Mathieu
- CeNIDE - Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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46
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Geismann C, Tomicki F, Ulbricht M. Block Copolymer Photo-Grafted Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Capillary Pore Membranes Distinctly Switchable by Two Different Stimuli. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390903212755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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48
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Tailored “Grafting-From” Functionalization of Microfiltration Membrane Surface Photo-Initiated by Immobilized Iniferter. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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