1
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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2
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Phosphonium Ionic Liquid-Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202309. [PMID: 36756929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of zinc oxide and accelerators such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of rubber composites entail potential environmental risks. These are pervasive contaminants of roadway runoff originating from tire wear particles (TWPs). Herein, the effect of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) in styrene-butadiene rubber compounds was demonstrated with reduced ZnO loading and no DPG to minimize the environmental footprint of the vulcanization process. The structure and chemistry of PILs were found to be the influencing parameters impelling the cross-linking kinetics, enabling shorter induction times. The generation of active Zn2+ sites by PILs was examined through FTIR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. From a tire application perspective, the PILs not only enhanced the cure kinetics but also improved the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the rubber composites. Consequently, the harm caused by TWPs to the atmosphere, fuel intake, and CO2 emissions was minimal, thereby confirming the potential use of PILs in the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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3
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Hayeemasae N, Soontaranon S, Thainiramit P, Masa A. Structure-Property Relationships of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. J MACROMOL SCI B 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2023.2199633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hayeemasae
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
- Research Unit of Advanced Elastomeric Materials and Innovations for BCG Economy (AEMI), Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
| | | | - Panu Thainiramit
- Division of Physical Science (Physics), Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Abdulhakim Masa
- Research Unit of Advanced Elastomeric Materials and Innovations for BCG Economy (AEMI), Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
- Rubber Engineering & Technology Program, International College, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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4
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Wang CC, Xie MJ, Zhang R, Cao J, Tang MZ, Xu YX. Improved strength, creep resistance and recyclability of polyisoprene vitrimers by bottom-up construction of inhomogeneous network. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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5
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Osaka N, Takeda N, Adachi M, Okufuji M, Osaka R. Miscibility, Hierarchical Structures, and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Acrylic Rubber by the Formation of a Chemically and Physically Crosslinked Partially Miscible Interpenetrating Polymer Network with Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Natsuko Takeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Maki Adachi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Misaki Okufuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Rikuto Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
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6
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Gschwind L, Jordan C, Vennemann N, Susoff ML. Mechanochemical devulcanization of
EPDM
rubber waste. Correlation of process parameters with sol–gel analyses and revulcanization properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gschwind
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Carmen‐Simona Jordan
- Faculty of Management, Culture and Technology University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Lingen (Ems) Germany
| | - Norbert Vennemann
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Markus L. Susoff
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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7
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Chiari L, Nippa M, Ikeda Y, Sato T, Tsujimoto Y, Kato A, Chiba N, Fujinami M. In-situ positron annihilation lifetime measurements of strained isoprene rubber filled with carbon black. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Le Cam JB, Tayeb A, Charlès S. First evidence and characterization of strain-induced crystallization heterogeneity in natural rubber under homogeneous strain states. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Chiari L, Nippa M, Ikeda Y, Sato T, Tsujimoto Y, Kato A, Chiba N, Fujinami M. Free volume in carbon‐black‐filled isoprene rubber investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiari
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Madoka Nippa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuji Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Phenomenon Analysis Department NISSAN ARC, LTD Yokosuka Japan
| | - Naomichi Chiba
- Functional Analysis Department NISSAN ARC, LTD Yokosuka Japan
| | - Masanori Fujinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
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10
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Ikeda Y, Miyaji K, Sakaki Y, Ohashi T, Kobayashi H. Ingenious Material Design of the Vulcanization of Isoprene Rubber: Electron-Transfer and Dispersion Effects. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development,
Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kobayashi
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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11
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Chongcharoenchaikul T, Miyaji K, Junkong P, Poompradub S, Ikeda Y. Effects of organic components in cuttlebone on the morphological and mechanical properties of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/natural rubber composites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13557-13565. [PMID: 35530387 PMCID: PMC9070083 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clarification of the role of organic components in cuttlebone particles on the morphological and mechanical properties in terms of the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/natural rubber (NR) composites was revealed for the first time in this study. The organic components in cuttlebone particles affected the increased bound rubber layers and the decreased rubber chain orientation due to the formation of interfacial interactions (filler-to-filler and/or filler-to-rubber interactions). During SIC, the presence of organic components in cuttlebone particles did not significantly affect the crystallinity index and crystallite size in cuttlebone/NR composites. The increased moduli in the stress–strain curve resulted from the presence of biofiller, SIC, and organic components in the cuttlebone. Therefore, the presence of organic components in biofiller is an important factor in improving the mechanical properties of green rubber composite materials. The role of organic components in cuttlebone particles on the morphological and mechanical properties in terms of the strain-induced crystallization of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/NR composites was revealed for the first time in this study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitipat Chongcharoenchaikul
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.,Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand .,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Ratchathewee Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirilux Poompradub
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand .,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand.,Green Materials for Industrial Application Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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12
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Chongcharoenchaikul T, Miyaji K, Junkong P, Poompradub S, Ikeda Y. Synergistic effect of cuttlebone particles and
non‐rubber
components on reinforcing ability of natural rubber and synthetic isoprene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thitipat Chongcharoenchaikul
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Department of Chemical Technology Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sirilux Poompradub
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Department of Chemical Technology Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Green Materials for Industrial Application Research Unit Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
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13
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Zhao H, Zhang C, Liu G, Li J, Yang B, Ma H, Zhang X, Wang D. Crosslinking of Trans -1,4- Polyisoprene by γ-Ray Radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Zhang F, Gong Z, Cai W, Qian HJ, Lu ZY, Cui S. Single-chain mechanics of cis-1,4-polyisoprene and polysulfide. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Ge L, Liu Q. Preparation and Characterization of Diene Rubbers/Silica Composites via Reactions of Hydroxyl Groups and Blocked Polyisocyanates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:461. [PMID: 35160451 PMCID: PMC8839315 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the curing reaction rate and efficiency of sulfur-cured diene-based rubbers, the introduction of some chemical compounds as activators and accelerants is inevitably required, causing potential harm to humans and ecological systems. Moreover, silica is usually employed as a green filling material for rubber reinforcement, and a silane coupling agent is always required to improve its dispersion. Herein, we reported an effective method to cure hydroxyl-functionalized rubbers/silica composites with blocked polyisocyanates, avoiding the use of any other additives. The enhanced dispersion of silica by interaction with hydroxyl groups on molecular chains endowed the composites with high-mechanical performance. The mechanical properties and crosslinking kinetics of the resultant silica composites can be regulated by adjusting the content of hydroxyl groups in the rubber, as well as the amount of the blocked polyisocyanates. The dynamic heat build-up was related to the distance between crosslinking points. A SBROH/B-TDI/silica composite prepared with blocked toluene diisocyanatem (TDI) exhibited comparable tanδ (0.21 at 0 °C and 0.11 at 60 °C) to that of silica composites cured by sulfur with the help of a silane coupling agent (SBR/S/Si69/silica, 0.18 and 0.10), suggesting great applicable potential for new tire rubber compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China;
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16
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Gschwind L, Jordan C, Vennemann N. Devulcanization of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer rubber waste. Effect of diphenyl disulfide derivate as devulcanizing agent on vulcanization, and devulcanization process. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gschwind
- Faculty of Management, Culture and Technology University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck Lingen Germany
| | - Carmen‐Simona Jordan
- Faculty of Management, Culture and Technology University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck Lingen Germany
| | - Norbert Vennemann
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck Osnabrueck Germany
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17
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Tian C, Feng H, Qiu Y, Zhang G, Tan T, Zhang L. Facile strategy to incorporate amidoxime groups into elastomers toward self-crosslinking and self-reinforcement. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amidoxime modification of NBR and the formation of a multi-crosslinking network structure by self-crosslinking of AO-NBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ganggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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18
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Hu J, Yang F, Liu K, Kong Z, Qin J, Duan Y, Zhang J. Effects of cellulose nanocrystals on the vulcanization of natural rubber/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite and corresponding regulating strategies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhengqing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jinli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
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19
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Hou FY, Song YH, Zheng Q. Influence of Liquid Isoprene Rubber on Strain Softening of Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Nanocomposites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Takenaka M, Nishitsuji S, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi D, Koizumi S. Analyses of hierarchical structures in vulcanized SBR rubber by using contrast-variation USANS and SANS. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical structures of poly(styrene-ran-butadiene) (SBR) rubber vulcanized with sulfur in a swollen state were investigated by using the contrast-variation ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. The following three levels of hierarchical structure were found: (i) ZnO clusters surrounded by dense SBR networks of the order of 1000 Å in size, (ii) dense networks of SBR in the size range of 70–100 Å and (iii) a mesh size of the network of the order of 10 Å. In addition to the three kinds of structure, dense networks without ZnO of the order of 1000 Å were also observed. These last networks were formed by ZnO's reaction with sulfur. However, the ZnO clusters disappeared, which is associated with the diffusion of Zn.
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21
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Nakanishi Y, Mita K, Yamamoto K, Ichino K, Takenaka M. Effects of mixing process on spatial distribution and coexistence of sulfur and zinc in vulcanized EPDM rubber. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Munoz G, Dequidt A, Martzel N, Blaak R, Goujon F, Devémy J, Garruchet S, Latour B, Munch E, Malfreyt P. Heterogeneity Effects in Highly Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050757. [PMID: 33671017 PMCID: PMC7957597 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their level of refinement, micro-mechanical, stretch-based and invariant-based models, still fail to capture and describe all aspects of the mechanical properties of polymer networks for which they were developed. This is for an important part caused by the way the microscopic inhomogeneities are treated. The Elastic Network Model (ENM) approach of reintroducing the spatial resolution by considering the network at the level of its topological constraints, is able to predict the macroscopic properties of polymer networks up to the point of failure. We here demonstrate the ability of ENM to highlight the effects of topology and structure on the mechanical properties of polymer networks for which the heterogeneity is characterised by spatial and topological order parameters. We quantify the macro- and microscopic effects on forces and stress caused by introducing and increasing the heterogeneity of the network. We find that significant differences in the mechanical responses arise between networks with a similar topology but different spatial structure at the time of the reticulation, whereas the dispersion of the cross-link valency has a negligible impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Munoz
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicolas Martzel
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Ronald Blaak
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Florent Goujon
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Julien Devémy
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Sébastien Garruchet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Benoit Latour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
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23
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Hayeemasae N, Soontaranon S, Rasidi MSM, Masa A. Tensile and structural properties of natural rubber vulcanizates with different mastication times. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.09120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hayeemasae
- Prince of Songkla University, Thailand; Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | | | | | - Abdulhakim Masa
- Prince of Songkla University, Thailand; Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
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24
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Shahamatifard F, Rodrigue D, Park K, Frikha S, Mighri F. Preparation and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Shahamatifard
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - D. Rodrigue
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - K. Park
- CAMSO, Magog, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - F. Mighri
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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25
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Zheng Q, Wang G, Du J, Li J, Li J, Tang Q, Fan X. Investigation of Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polyether Cured with Different Isocyanates: Curing Process and Mechanical Property. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Zheng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Jiaojiao Du
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Qiufan Tang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
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26
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Qin X, Xu H, Zhang G, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Tan T, Bockstaller MR, Zhang L, Matyjaszewski K. Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48007-48015. [PMID: 33040537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers' sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 °C, 30 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Haoshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ganggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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27
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Miyaji K, Sugiyama T, Ohashi T, Saalwächter K, Ikeda Y. Study on Homogeneity in Sulfur Cross-Linked Network Structures of Isoprene Rubber by TD-NMR and AFM – Zinc Stearate System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther Universtität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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28
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Design of next-generation cross-linking structure for elastomers toward green process and a real recycling loop. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:889-898. [PMID: 36747421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently adopted cross-linking methods in rubber industry are suffering from variable persistent issues, including the utilization of toxic curing packages, release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and difficulties in the recycling of end-of-life materials. It is of great importance to explore a green cross-linking strategy in the area. Herein, we report a new "green" strategy based on hydrolyzable ester cross-links for cross-linking diene-typed elastomers. As a proof of concept, a commercial carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) is efficiently cross-linked by a bio-based agent, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), without any toxic additives. ESO exhibits an excellent plasticization effect and excellent scorch safety for XNBR. The cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the ESO-cured XNBR can be manipulated in a wide range by changing simply varying the content of ESO. In addition, zinc oxide (ZnO) performs as a catalyst to accelerate the epoxide opening reaction and improve the cross-linking efficiency, serving as reinforcement points to enhance the overall mechanical properties of the ESO-cured XNBR. Furthermore, the end-of-life elastomer materials demonstrate a closed-loop recovery by selectively cleaving the ester bonds, resulting in very high recovery of the mechanical performance of the recycled composites. This strategy provides an unprecedented green avenue to cross-link diene elastomers and a cost-effective approach to further recycle the obtained cross-linked elastomers at high efficiency.
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30
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Zhang G, Liang K, Feng H, Pang J, Liu N, Li X, Zhou X, Wang R, Zhang L. Design of Epoxy-Functionalized Styrene-Butadiene Rubber with Bio-Based Dicarboxylic Acid as a Cross-Linker toward the Green-Curing Process and Recyclability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kuan Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haoran Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianxun Pang
- Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Company, Ltd., PetroChina, 27 East Zunyi Road, Longtan District, Jilin 132021, China
| | - Naiqing Liu
- Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Company, Ltd., PetroChina, 27 East Zunyi Road, Longtan District, Jilin 132021, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Decoupling the Contributions of ZnO and Silica in the Characterization of Industrially-Mixed Filled Rubbers by Combining Small Angle Neutron and X-Ray Scattering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030502. [PMID: 32106486 PMCID: PMC7182841 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering techniques with neutrons and X-rays are powerful methods for the investigation of the hierarchical structure of reinforcing fillers in rubber matrices. However, when using only X-ray scattering, the independent determination of the filler response itself sometimes remains an issue because of a strong parasitic contribution of the ZnO catalyst and activator in the vulcanization process. Microscopic characterization of filler-rubber mixtures even with only catalytic amounts of ZnO is, therefore, inevitably complex. Here, we present a study of silica aggregates dispersed in an SBR rubber in the presence of the catalyst and show that accurate partial structure factors of both components can be determined separately from the combination of the two scattering probes, neutrons, and X-rays. A unique separation of the silica filler scattering function devoid of parasitic catalyst scattering becomes possible. From the combined analysis, the catalyst contribution is determined as well and results to be prominent in the correction scheme. The experimental nano-structure of the ZnO after the mixing process as the by-product of the scattering decomposition was found also to be affected by the presence or absence of silica in the rubber mixture, correlated with the shear forces in the mixing and milling processes during sample preparation. The presented method is well suited for studies of novel dual filler systems.
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33
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Li Y, Wu J, Zhang Q, Dong F, Xiong Y. Novel Architecture of ZnO Nanobundles Grown on Porous Silica as High Performance Vulcanization Accelerators that Reinforce Rubber Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiangbing Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingpo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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34
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Junkong P, Morimoto R, Miyaji K, Tohsan A, Sakaki Y, Ikeda Y. Effect of fatty acids on the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of rubber by active zinc/carboxylate complexes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4772-4785. [PMID: 35495229 PMCID: PMC9049146 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of new intermediates composed of dinuclear bridging bidentate zinc/carboxylate complexes. Using the combination of in situ time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and in situ time-resolved zinc K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the essential complex structure of the intermediates formed during the vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was determined to be independent of the aliphatic chain length of fatty acids. However, the reactivity of arachidic acid with ZnO was found to be low, which prolonged the induction period and curing time, and slowed down the curing rate in the vulcanization of isoprene rubber. These results help to understand the complicated vulcanization reaction of rubber, especially natural rubber, which inherently contains various fatty acids. The results obtained in this study are important for developing well-designed high-performance natural rubber products in the future. The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of new intermediates composed of dinuclear bridging bidentate zinc/carboxylate complexes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Rie Morimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Atitaya Tohsan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok 1518 Pracharat 1 Rd, Wongsawang, Bangsue Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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35
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Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of sulfur vulcanization reaction in rubber industry is generally improved thanks to the combined use of accelerators (as sulphenamides), activators (inorganic oxides), and co-activators (fatty acids). The interaction among these species is responsible for the formation of intermediate metal complexes, which are able to increase the reactivity of sulfur towards the polymer and to promote the chemical cross-links between the rubber chains. The high number of species and reactions that are involved contemporarily in the process hinders the complete understanding of its mechanism despite the long history of vulcanization. In this process, ZnO is considered to be the most efficient and major employed activator and zinc-based complexes that formed during the first steps of the reaction are recognized to play a main role in determining both the kinetic and the nature of the cross-linked products. However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the rubber entails its high consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the matrix, leading to a possible zinc leaching in the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i.e., tires). Thanks to the recent recognition of ZnO ecotoxicity, especially towards the aquatic environment, these aspects gain a critical importance in view of the urgent need to reduce or possibly substitute the ZnO employed in rubber vulcanization. In this review, the reactivity of ZnO as curing activator and its role in the vulcanization mechanism are highlighted and deeply discussed. A complete overview of the recent strategies that have been proposed in the literature to improve the vulcanization efficiency by reducing the amount of zinc that is used in the process is also reported.
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36
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Liu H, Huang GS, Wei LY, Zeng J, Fu X, Huang C, Wu JR. Inhomogeneous Natural Network Promoting Strain-induced Crystallization: A Mesoscale Model of Natural Rubber. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Ikeda Y, Sakaki Y, Yasuda Y, Junkong P, Ohashi T, Miyaji K, Kobayashi H. Roles of Dinuclear Bridging Bidentate Zinc/Stearate Complexes in Sulfur Cross-Linking of Isoprene Rubber. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoritaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Strategy Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kobayashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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38
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Ortega L, Cerveny S, Sill C, Isitman NA, Rodriguez-Garraza AL, Meyer M, Westermann S, Schwartz GA. The effect of vulcanization additives on the dielectric response of styrene-butadiene rubber compounds. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Cui J, Zhang L, Wu W, Cheng Z, Sun Y, Jiang H, Li C. Zinc oxide with dominant (1 0 0) facets boosts vulcanization activity. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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40
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41
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Xie ZT, Luo MC, Huang C, Wei LY, Liu YH, Fu X, Huang G, Wu J. Effects of graphene oxide on the strain-induced crystallization and mechanical properties of natural rubber crosslinked by different vulcanization systems. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Glebova Y, Severin N, Shershnev V, Rabe JP. Nitrogen-doped graphene as an alternative to ecotoxic zinc oxide in rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Glebova
- Department of Physics and Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies; Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Department of Physics and Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Department of Physics and Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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43
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Ohashi T, Sato T, Nakajima T, Junkong P, Ikeda Y. Necessity of two-dimensional visualization of validity in the nanomechanical mapping of atomic force microscopy for sulphur cross-linked rubber. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32930-32941. [PMID: 35547720 PMCID: PMC9086381 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the two-dimensional (2D) visualization of validity for nanomechanical mapping in atomic force microscopy (AFM) for sulphur cross-linked rubber is emphasized for accurately interpreting the nanoscale physical properties on the surface of the soft material. The “R-factor,” evaluated to be the difference between the experimental and theoretical force–deformation curves, was considered to be the reliability index of the AFM analysis for all data points on the sample surface. A small R-factor corresponds to high accuracy. The advantage of the R-factor mapping method is demonstrated using nanomechanical mapping data of the inhomogeneous isoprene rubber network by the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts and the Derjaguin, Muller, and Toporov contact mechanics models. The 2D R-factor mapping clearly and correctly supported the roles of sulphur cross-linking reagents to control the network morphology of vulcanizates. Additionally, the blanket effect, which is induced by the rubber layer on the hard part and influences experimental force–deformation curves, is firstly proposed in this study. Nanomechanical mapping with 2D reliability indexes is expected to contribute to an advance in AFM studies on soft matter such as rubber materials, leading to a more accurate understanding of the structural characteristics of the rubber networks. Thus, this validity confirmation method is necessary for developing rubber science and technology. The two-dimensional visualization of validity for nanomechanical mapping in atomic force microscopy for sulphur cross-linked rubber is emphasized for accurately interpreting the nanoscale physical properties on the surface of the soft material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ohashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Taichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Research Strategy Promotion Center
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
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Li SD, Chen J, Li LF, Wang ZF, Zhong JP, Yang L. VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RUBBER COAGULATED BY MICROORGANISMS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.82.83736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The network variations of natural rubber (NR) during the vulcanization process were investigated by 1H chemical shift by liquid-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NR latex coagulated by microorganisms (NR-m) was contrasted with NR latex coagulated by acid (NR-a). The influences of the coagulation process on the structures, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of NR were analyzed. The results show that the cross-link density (XLD) and mass percentage of cross-link network (A(Mc)) can be increased with the increment of the vulcanization time; while the mass percentage of dangling free ends of the hydrocarbon and small molecules (A(T2)), the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), and molecular mass of inter–cross-link chains (Mc) decreased with the prolonging of vulcanization time both NR-m and NR-a. NR-m exhibits shorter scorch times (ts1, ts2) and optimum cure time (t90) and shows higher maximum torque (MH) and minimum torque (ML) than that of NR-a. It is obvious that the higher XLD and A(Mc) and lower A(T2), T1, T2, and Mc values of NR-m result in higher stress, tensile strength, and tear strength of NR compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Dong Li
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, P.R. China
| | - Le-Fan Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fen Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Zhong
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
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Sakaki Y, Usami R, Tohsan A, Junkong P, Ikeda Y. Dominant formation of disulfidic linkages in the sulfur cross-linking reaction of isoprene rubber by using zinc stearate as an activator. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10727-10734. [PMID: 35541538 PMCID: PMC9078901 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A linear combination fitting in sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) measurements reveals each fraction of monosulfidic, disulfidic and polysulfidic linkages in solvent extracted sulfur cross-linked isoprene rubbers. The sulfidic linkage of a disulfidic type is found for the first time to be dominant when zinc stearate and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)cyclohexanamine are used as the activator and accelerator, respectively, for the sulfur cross-linking reaction at 140 °C. The presence of the bridging bidentate zinc/stearate complex as an intermediate for the sulfur cross-linking reaction is supposed to induce the generation of abundant disulfidic linkages in the rubber networks. This unexpected observation is of use for the material design of high performance rubber products with anti-aging and thermal stabilities. S-XANES is a powerful tool that was used to reveal the characteristics of the sulfur cross-linking of rubber. These results will contribute to the development of rubber science and technology. The bridging bidentate zinc/stearate complex, an intermediate for the sulfur cross-linking reaction, supposedly induces an abundance of disulfidic linkages in the rubber network.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sakaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Ryota Usami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Atitaya Tohsan
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok
- Bangkok 10800
- Thailand
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Research Strategy Promotion Center
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
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46
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Susanna A, D'Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Giannini L, Hanel T, Grandori R, Morazzoni F, Mostoni S, Santambrogio C, Scotti R. Catalytic effect of ZnO anchored silica nanoparticles on rubber vulcanization and cross-link formation. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Li SD, Chen J, Li LF, Wang ZF, Zhong JP, Yang L. INVESTIGATION OF THE VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RUBBER COAGULATED BY MICROORGANISMS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.16.83736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The network variations of NR during the vulcanization process were investigated by 1H chemical shift by liquid-state 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NR latexes coagulated by microorganisms (NR-m) or acid (NR-a) were contrasted. The influences of coagulation on the structures, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of NR were analyzed. The results show that the cross-link density (XLD) and mass percentage of cross-link network [A(Mc)] increased with the increment of the vulcanization time, whereas the mass percentage of bangling free ends of the hydrocarbon and small molecules [A(T2)], the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), the transverse relaxation time (T2), and the molecular mass of inter–cross-link chains (Mc) decreased with the prolonging of vulcanization time for both NR-m and NR-a. Although NR-m exhibits shorter scorch times and optimum cure time, it shows higher maximum torque and minimum torque than that of NR-a. It is obvious that the higher XLD and A(Mc), the lower the A(T2), T1, T2, and Mc values of NR-m, resulting in higher stress, tensile strength, and tear strength of NR compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Dong Li
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Fan Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fen Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Ping Zhong
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
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48
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Petković Didović M, Klepac D, Meera AP, Thomas S, Valić S. Presence of vacuoles in natural rubber-Cloisite 15A nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Petković Didović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
| | - Damir Klepac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
| | - A. P. Meera
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; P. D. Hills Kerala 686560 India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; P. D. Hills Kerala 686560 India
| | - Srećko Valić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
- Rudjer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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49
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Lian Q, Li Y, Li K, Cheng J, Zhang J. Insights into the Vulcanization Mechanism through a Simple and Facile Approach to the Sulfur Cleavage Behavior. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Lian
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Features of strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber revealed by experiments and simulations. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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