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Zhang Q, He XH. Phase Separation of Polymer Blends Induced by an External Static Electric Field. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Merekalov AS, Derikov YI, Ezhov AA, Kriksin YA, Erukhimovich IY, Kudryavtsev YV. Orientation control of the hexagonal and lamellar phases in thin block copolymers films using in-plane AC electric field. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Ma M, Fu Y. Electromechanical response of lamellar forming ionic diblock copolymer thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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5
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Kriisa A, Roth CB. Jumping In and Out of the Phase Diagram Using Electric Fields: Time Scale for Remixing of Polystyrene/Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:188-192. [PMID: 35619428 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate it is possible to repeatedly jump polystyrene (PS)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends from the one-phase to two-phase region by simply turning on and off an electric field at a fixed temperature near the phase boundary. This builds on our previous work that established electric fields enhance the miscibility of PS/PVME blends by shifting the phase separation temperature TS(E) of 50/50 blends up by 13.5 ± 1.4 K when field strengths of E = 1.7 × 107 V/m are applied (J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 141, 134908). Monitoring the early stages of phase separation and remixing by fluorescence, we measure the remixing time scale τ(T) with and without electric fields, finding τ(T) is unchanged by the presence of the field and well fit by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann expression. These observations are consistent with a mobility-limited process several degrees from the phase boundary where electric fields have shifted the miscibility transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kriisa
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Wu J, Wang X, Ji Y, He L, Li S. Phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in electric fields: a self-consistent field theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10309-19. [PMID: 27020849 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in external electrostatic fields by using real-space self-consistent field theory. The lamella, cylinder, sphere, and ellipsoid structures were observed and analyzed by their segment distributions, which were arranged to two types of phase diagrams to examine the phase behavior in weak and strong electric fields. One type was constructed on the basis of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and volume fraction. We identified an ellipsoid structure with a body-centered cuboid arrangement as a stable phase and discussed the shift of phase boundaries in the electric fields. The other type of phase diagrams was established on the basis of the dielectric constants of two blocks in the electric fields. We then determined the regions of ellipsoid phase in the phase diagrams to examine the influence of dielectric constants on the phase transition between ellipsoidal and hexagonally packed cylinder phases. A general agreement was obtained by comparing our results with those described in previous experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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8
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Pester CW, Schmidt K, Ruppel M, Schoberth HG, Böker A. Electric-Field-Induced Order–Order Transition from Hexagonally Perforated Lamellae to Lamellae. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Markus Ruppel
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien
und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstraße
69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien
und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstraße
69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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9
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Kathrein CC, Kipnusu WK, Kremer F, Böker A. Birefringence Analysis of the Effect of Electric Fields on the Order–Disorder Transition Temperature of Lamellae Forming Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Kathrein
- Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI
- Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wycliffe K. Kipnusu
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl
für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien, Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung - IAP, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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10
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Kriisa A, Roth CB. Electric fields enhance miscibility of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134908. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4897216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kriisa
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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11
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Schoberth HG, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Urban VS, Böker A. Orientation-Dependent Order-Disorder Transition of Block Copolymer Lamellae in Electric Fields. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:469-473. [PMID: 35581799 DOI: 10.1021/mz400013u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields have been shown to stabilize the disordered phase of near-critical block copolymer solutions. Here, we use in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to examine how the initial orientation of lamellar domains with respect to the external field (φ) affects the shift in the order-disorder transition temperature (TODT) of lyotropic solutions of poly(styrene-b-isoprene) in toluene. We find a downward shift of the transition temperature, which scales with lamellar orientation as ΔTODT ∼ cos2 φ, in accordance with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko G. Schoberth
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Ruppel M, Pester CW, Langner KM, Sevink GJA, Schoberth HG, Schmidt K, Urban VS, Mays JW, Böker A. Electric field induced selective disordering in lamellar block copolymers. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3854-3867. [PMID: 23573901 DOI: 10.1021/nn3059604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
External electric fields align nanostructured block copolymers by either rotation of grains or nucleation and growth depending on how strongly the chemically distinct block copolymer components are segregated. In close vicinity to the order-disorder transition, theory and simulations suggest a third mechanism: selective disordering. We present a time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study that demonstrates how an electric field can indeed selectively disintegrate ill-aligned lamellae in a lyotropic block copolymer solution, while lamellae with interfaces oriented parallel to the applied field prevail. The present study adds an additional mechanism to the experimentally corroborated suite of mechanistic pathways, by which nanostructured block copolymers can align with an electric field. Our results further unveil the benefit of electric field assisted annealing for mitigating orientational disorder and topological defects in block copolymer mesophases, both in close vicinity to the order-disorder transition and well below it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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13
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McCulloch B, Portale G, Bras W, Pople JA, Hexemer A, Segalman RA. Dynamics of Magnetic Alignment in Rod–Coil Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Wim Bras
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - John A. Pople
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, SLAC, P.O. Box 4349, Stanford,
California 94309, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemistry
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
- Materials Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Ly DQ, Pinna M, Honda T, Kawakatsu T, Zvelindovsky AVM. Kinetic pathways of sphere-to-cylinder transition in diblock copolymer melt under electric field. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:074904. [PMID: 23445032 DOI: 10.1063/1.4791639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Q Ly
- Computational Physics Group and Institute of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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15
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Flier BMI, Baier MC, Huber J, Müllen K, Mecking S, Zumbusch A, Wöll D. Heterogeneous diffusion in thin polymer films as observed by high-temperature single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:480-8. [PMID: 22088172 DOI: 10.1021/ja208581r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the dynamics of perylene diimide (PDI) molecules in thin supported polystyrene (PS) films at temperatures up to 135 °C. Such high temperatures, so far unreached in single-molecule spectroscopy studies, were achieved using a custom-built setup which allows for restricting the heated mass to a minimum. This enables temperature-dependent single-molecule fluorescence studies of structural dynamics in the temperature range most relevant to the processing and to applications of thermoplastic materials. In order to ensure that polymer chains were relaxed, a molecular weight of 3000 g/mol, clearly below the entanglement length of PS, was chosen. We found significant heterogeneities in the motion of single PDI probe molecules near T(g). An analysis of the track radius of the recorded single-probe molecule tracks allowed for a distinction between mobile and immobile molecules. Up to the glass transition temperature in bulk, T(g,bulk), probe molecules were immobile; at temperatures higher than T(g,bulk) + 40 K, all probe molecules were mobile. In the range between 0 and 40 K above T(g,bulk) the fraction of mobile probe molecules strongly depends on film thickness. In 30-nm thin films mobility is observed at lower temperatures than in thick films. The fractions of mobile probe molecules were compared and rationalized using Monte Carlo random walk simulations. Results of these simulations indicate that the observed heterogeneities can be explained by a model which assumes a T(g) profile and an increased probability of probe molecules remaining at the surface, both effects caused by a density profile with decreasing polymer density at the polymer-air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente M I Flier
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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16
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17
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McCulloch B, Portale G, Bras W, Segalman RA. Increased Order–Disorder Transition Temperature for a Rod–Coil Block Copolymer in the Presence of a Magnetic Field. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201093r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McCulloch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Wim Bras
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Carrasco PM, Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Constantinou M, Georgopanos P, Rangou S, Avgeropoulos A, Zafeiropoulos NE, Grande HJ, Cabañero G, Mecerreyes D, Garcia I. Influence of Anion Exchange in Self-Assembling of Polymeric Ionic Liquid Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200213s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Maria Carrasco
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marios Constantinou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sofia Rangou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Zafeiropoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Hans-Jurge Grande
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Germán Cabañero
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ignacio Garcia
- New Materials Department, CIDETEC - Centre for Electrochemical Technologies, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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19
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Schmidt K, Pester CW, Schoberth HG, Zettl H, Schindler KA, Böker A. Electric Field Induced Gyroid-to-Cylinder Transitions in Concentrated Diblock Copolymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100278q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schmidt
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Christian W. Pester
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko G. Schoberth
- Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heiko Zettl
- Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Böker
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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20
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Maerzke KA, Siepmann JI. Effects of an Applied Electric Field on the Vapor−Liquid Equilibria of Water, Methanol, and Dimethyl Ether. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:4261-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Maerzke
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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21
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Samin S, Tsori Y. Stability of binary mixtures in electric field gradients. J Chem Phys 2010; 131:194102. [PMID: 19929041 DOI: 10.1063/1.3257688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the influence of electric field gradients on the phase behavior of nonpolar binary mixtures. Small fields give rise to smooth composition profiles, whereas large enough fields lead to a phase-separation transition. The critical field for demixing as well as the equilibrium phase-separation interface are given as a function of the various system parameters. We show how the phase diagram in the temperature-composition plane is affected by electric fields, assuming a linear or nonlinear constitutive relations for the dielectric constant. Finally, we discuss the unusual case where the interface appears far from any bounding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sela Samin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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22
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Effects of Electric Fields on Block Copolymer Nanostructures. COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS I 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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