1
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Knol WC, de Vries QL, Brooijmans T, Gruendling T, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Hyphenation of liquid chromatography and pyrolysis-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry for polymer quantification and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341157. [PMID: 37062568 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) hyphenated to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) has been demonstrated as a powerful tool in polymer analysis. A main limitation to the wider application of the method are the long second-dimension Py-GC analysis times, resulting in limited first-dimension sampling and/or long overall run times. Therefore, we set out to develop an online hyphenated SEC×Py-MS/FID method, removing the GC separation and allowing for a drastically reduced second-dimension analysis time compared to SEC-Py-GC. The pyrolysis method had a cycle time of 1.31 min, which was facilitated by liquid nitrogen cooling of the programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) used for pyrolysis. The developed method featured no molar mass discrimination for masses above ±1.3 kDa, rendering it applicable to most commercial polymer systems. The method was demonstrated on multiple samples, including a complex industrial sample, yielding chemical composition heterogeneity and in some cases sequence heterogeneity information over the molar mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Quincy L de Vries
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Brooijmans
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Till Gruendling
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
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2
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Frisch H, Mundsinger K, Poad BLJ, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength-gated photoreversible polymerization and topology control. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2834-2842. [PMID: 32206267 PMCID: PMC7069517 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We exploit the wavelength dependence of [2 + 2] photocycloadditions and -reversions of styrylpyrene to exert unprecedented control over the photoreversible polymerization and topology of telechelic building blocks. Blue light (λ max = 460 nm) initiates a catalyst-free polymerization yielding high molar mass polymers (M n = 60 000 g mol-1), which are stable at wavelengths exceeding 430 nm, yet highly responsive to shorter wavelengths. UVB irradiation (λ max = 330 nm) induces a rapid depolymerization affording linear oligomers, whereas violet light (λ max = 410 nm) generates cyclic entities. Thus, different colors of light allow switching between a depolymerization that either proceeds through cyclic or linear topologies. The light-controlled topology formation was evidenced by correlation of mass spectrometry (MS) with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ion mobility data. Critically, the color-guided topology control was also possible with ambient laboratory light affording cyclic oligomers, while sunlight activated the linear depolymerization pathway. These findings suggest that light not only induces polymerization and depolymerization but that its color can control the topological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science , School of Chemistry and Physics , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia .
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- Centre for Materials Science , School of Chemistry and Physics , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia .
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility , Institute for Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility , Institute for Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science , School of Chemistry and Physics , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia .
- Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 18 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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3
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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4
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Nitsche T, Steinkoenig J, De Bruycker K, Bloesser FR, Blanksby SJ, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Mapping the Compaction of Discrete Polymer Chains by Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Abstract
A better understanding of the nutritional properties of rice starch is important because of the rapid rise of diet-related health complications, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancers. Rice starch that is slowly digested to glucose, and where significant quantities of starch which reach the lower gut ("resistant starch"), can mitigate, and also delay the onset of, these diseases. These digestibility properties depend to some extent on starch molecular structure. The characterization of this structure is therefore significant for understanding and developing healthier slower digestible rice. In this chapter, a series of techniques used for characterizing starch structure are reviewed and the procedure for preparing rice starch samples with minimum degradation for characterizing starch chain length distribution (CLD) and overall molecular structure is given. Some methods for choosing or developing plants showing desirable structural characteristics are briefly summarized.
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6
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Engelke J, Brandt J, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Strengths and limitations of size exclusion chromatography for investigating single chain folding – current status and future perspectives. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches for Single-Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) developed rapidly during the last decade, opening a multitude of avenues for the design of functional macromolecular chains able to collapse into defined nanoparticles. However, the analytical evaluation of the SCNP formation process still requires critical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Josef Brandt
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
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7
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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8
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Lang C, Barner L, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Direct access to biocompatible nitroxide containing polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening copolymerization of a nitroxide containing cyclic carbonate and d/l-lactide was used to directly access well-defined biocompatible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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9
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Fast DE, Lauer A, Menzel JP, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of Oxime Ester Photoinitiators. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Fast
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Lauer
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jan P. Menzel
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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10
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Uliyanchenko E. Applications of Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography Techniques for Polymer Analysis. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Zhang P, Mazoyer P, Gilbert RG. A broad-standard technique for correcting for band broadening in size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Fast DE, Zalibera M, Lauer A, Eibel A, Schweigert C, Kelterer AM, Spichty M, Neshchadin D, Voll D, Ernst H, Liang Y, Dietliker K, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C, Grützmacher H, Gescheidt G. Bis(mesitoyl)phosphinic acid: photo-triggered release of metaphosphorous acid in solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9917-20. [PMID: 27431207 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a photo-triggered, two-step fragmentation mechanism generating metaphosphorous acid.
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13
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Lauer A, Fast DE, Kelterer AM, Frick E, Neshchadin D, Voll D, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. Systematic Assessment of the Photochemical Stability of Photoinitiator-Derived Macromolecular Chain Termini. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauer
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für
Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - David E. Fast
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena Frick
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für
Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für
Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für
Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Brandt J, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. State-of-the-art analytical methods for assessing dynamic bonding soft matter materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5758-5785. [PMID: 24782412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic bonding materials are of high interest in a variety of fields in material science. The reversible nature of certain reaction classes is frequently employed for introducing key material properties such as the capability to self-heal. In addition to the synthetic effort required for designing such materials, their analysis is a highly complex--yet important--endeavor. Herein, we critically review the current state of the art analytical methods and their application in the context of reversible bonding on demand soft matter material characterization for an in-depth performance assessment. The main analytical focus lies on the characterization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Barqawi H, Schulz M, Olubummo A, Saurland V, Binder WH. 2D-LC/SEC-(MALDI-TOF)-MS Characterization of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Biocompatible PEOm–PIB–PEOn Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute
of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute
of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Adekunele Olubummo
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute
of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Volker Saurland
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute
of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Barqawi H, Ostas E, Liu B, Carpentier JF, Binder WH. Multidimensional Characterization of α,ω-Telechelic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s via Online Coupling of 2D Chromatographic Methods (LC/SEC) and ESI-TOF/MALDI-TOF-MS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3016739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Ostas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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18
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Zhao J, Chen J, Zhu H, Xiong YL. Mass spectrometric evidence of malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal adductions to radical-scavenging soy peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9727-36. [PMID: 22946674 PMCID: PMC3580276 DOI: 10.1021/jf3026277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidative peptides in food systems are potential targets of lipid oxidation-generated reactive aldehydes, such as malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In this study, covalent modifications on radical-scavenging peptides prepared from soy protein hydrolysate by MDA and HNE were characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). MS/MS analyses detected the formation of Schiff base type adducts of MDA on the side-chain groups of lysine, histidine, arginine, glutamine, and asparagine residues as well as the N-termini of peptides. MDA also formed a fluorescent product with lysine residues. HNE adducted on lysine residues through Schiff base formation and on histidine, arginine, glutamine, and asparagine residues mainly through Michael addition. Despite the extensive MDA modification, peptide cross-linking by this potential mechanism was undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Youling L. Xiong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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19
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Voll D, Neshchadin D, Hiltebrandt K, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. UV-Triggered End Group Conversion of Photo-Initiated Poly(methyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kai Hiltebrandt
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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A Snapshot of Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Products in Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Gruendling T, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Frick E, Glassner M, Schmid C, Barner-Kowollik C. Rapid UV Light-Triggered Macromolecular Click
Conjugations via the Use of o
-Quinodimethanes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:807-12. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Voll D, Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantitative Comparison of the Mesitoyl vs the Benzoyl Fragment in Photoinitiation: A Question of Origin. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research
(IMO), Polymer Reaction Design Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Song J, van Velde JW, Vertommen LLT, Smith DF, Heeren RMA, van den Brink OF. End-Group Analysis of Methacrylic (Co)polymers by LC-ESI-MS2. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junkan Song
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. van Velde
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Donald F. Smith
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Rizzarelli P, Zampino D, Ferreri L, Impallomeni G. Direct Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Quantitative Analysis of Sebacic and Terephthalic Acids in Biodegradable Polymers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:654-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102579q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Zampino
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Ferreri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Impallomeni
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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25
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Soeriyadi AH, Bennet F, Whittaker MR, Barker PJ, Barner-Kowollik C, Davis TP. Degradation of poly(butyl methacrylate) model compounds studied via high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Song J, Grün CH, Heeren RMA, Janssen HG, van den Brink OF. High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry on Poly(methyl methacrylate). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:10168-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Song J, Grün CH, Heeren RMA, Janssen HG, van den Brink OF. High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry on Poly(methyl methacrylate). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Gilbert RG. Size-separation characterization of starch and glycogen for biosynthesis-structure-property relationships. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1425-38. [PMID: 21107973 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starch and glycogen are highly branched polymers of glucose of great importance to humans in managing and mitigating nutrition-related diseases, especially diabetes and obesity, and in industrial uses, for example in food and paper-making. Size-separation characterization using multiple-detection size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, also known as gel-permeation chromatography, GPC) is able to furnish substantial amounts of information on the relationships between the biosynthesis, processing, structure, and properties of these biopolymers, and achieves superior characterization for use in industrial product and process improvements. Multi-detector SEC is able to give much more information about structure than simple averages such as total molecular weight or size; the detailed information yielded by this technique has already given new information on important biosynthesis-structure-property reactions, and has considerable potential in this field in the future. However, it must be used with care to avoid artifacts arising from incomplete dissolution of the substrate and shear scission during separation. It is also essential in interpreting data to appreciate that this size-separation technique can only ever give size distributions, never true molecular weight distributions. Other size-separation techniques, particularly field-flow fractionation, require substantial technical development to be used on undegraded native starches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (LCAFS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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29
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Gruendling T, Kaupp M, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Photoinduced Conjugation of Dithioester- and Trithiocarbonate-Functional RAFT Polymers with Alkenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101893u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Gruendling
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kaupp
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1413-23. [PMID: 20967430 PMCID: PMC3026666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched polymers are among the most important polymers, ranging from polyolefins to polysaccharides. Branching plays a key role in the chain dynamics. It is thus very important for application properties such as mechanical and adhesive properties and digestibility. It also plays a key role in viscous properties, and thus in the mechanism of the separation of these polymers in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Critically reviewing the literature, particularly on SEC of polyolefins, polyacrylates and starch, we discuss common pitfalls but also highlight some unexplored possibilities to characterize branched polymers. The presence of a few long-chain branches has been shown to lead to a poor separation in SEC, as evidenced by multiple-detection SEC or multidimensional liquid chromatography. The local dispersity can be large in that case, and the accuracy of molecular weight determination achieved by current methods is poor, although hydrodynamic volume distributions offer alternatives. In contrast, highly branched polymers do not suffer from this extensive incomplete separation in terms of molecular weight. Representation of (a) a linear polymer chain and various branched polymer structures with (b) longchain branches (amylose-like), (c) short-chain branches (amylopectin-like), (d) both short-chain and long-chain branches (polyacrylate- or polyethylene-like). ![]()
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31
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Investigation of Polymerization Mechanisms of Poly(n-Butyl Acrylate)s Generated in Different Solvents by LC−ESI−MS2. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Hart-Smith G, Barner-Kowollik C. Contemporary Mass Spectrometry and the Analysis of Synthetic Polymers: Trends, Techniques and Untapped Potential. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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34
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A Perfect Couple: PLP/SEC/ESI-MS for the Accurate Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficients in Free Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Gaborieau M, Causon TJ, Guillaneuf Y, Hilder EF, Castignolles P. Molecular Weight and Tacticity of Oligoacrylates by Capillary Electrophoresis - Mass Spectrometry. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligo(acrylic acid) efficiently stabilizes polymeric particles, especially particles produced by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (as hydrophilic block of an amphiphilic copolymer). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has a far higher resolution power to separate these oligomers than the commonly used size exclusion chromatography. Coupling CE to electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection unravels the separation mechanism. CE separates these oligomers, not only according to their degree of polymerization, but also according to their tacticity, in agreement with NMR analysis. Such analysis will provide insight into the role of these oligomers as stabilizers in emulsion polymerization, and into the mechanism of the RAFT polymerization with respect to degree of polymerization and tacticity.
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36
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Dietrich M, Glassner M, Gruendling T, Schmid C, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Facile conversion of RAFT polymers into hydroxyl functional polymers: a detailed investigation of variable monomer and RAFT agent combinations. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bennet F, Schneider-Baumann M, Voll D, Rölle T, Fäcke T, Weiser MS, Bruder FK, Junkers T. Detailed investigation of the propagation rate of urethane acrylates. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Propagation rate coefficients are provided—for the first time—for an entire class of urethane moieties containing acrylates, which display an extremely high propagation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Francesca Bennet
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Maria Schneider-Baumann
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Junkers
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
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38
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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