1
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Protein-friendly atom transfer radical polymerisation of glycerol(monomethacrylate) in buffer solution for the synthesis of a new class of polymer bioconjugates. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Oligoglycidol-Functionalised Styrene Macromolecules as Reactive Surfactants in the Emulsion Polymerisation of Styrene: The Impact of Chain Length and Concentration on Particle Size and Colloidal Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071557. [PMID: 32674421 PMCID: PMC7408138 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive surfactants (surfmers), which are covalently attached to the surface of sub-micron sized polymer particles during emulsion polymerisation, are applied to tailor the surface functionality of polymer particles for an application of choice. We present a systematic study on the use of oligoglycidol-functionalised styrene macromolecules as surfmers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene. Firstly, we report the impact of the surfmer concentration on the particle size for polymerisations performed above and below the critical micelle concentration. Secondly, we report the influence of the oligoglycidol chain length on the particle size. Thirdly, we conducted experiments to analyse the influence of the surfmer concentration and its chain length on the colloidal stability of the aqueous polystyrene nanoparticles in sodium chloride solutions. We demonstrated that the size of polystyrene particles could be influenced by changing both the surfmer concentration and its chain length. Furthermore, we showed that the colloidal stability of the oligoglycidol-functionalized polystyrene particles is dependent on the particle size, and not directly related to the oligoglycidol chain length.
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3
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Yu L, Dai X, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Tan J. Better RAFT Control is Better? Insights into the Preparation of Monodisperse Surface-Functional Polymeric Microspheres by Photoinitiated RAFT Dispersion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaocong Dai
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhaohua Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Itoh T, Kojima K, Shimomoto H, Ihara E. Control of lengths and densities of surface-attached chains on polymer particles prepared by dispersion polymerization using macromonomer stabilizer. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Inam M, Jones JR, Pérez-Madrigal MM, Arno MC, Dove AP, O’Reilly RK. Controlling the Size of Two-Dimensional Polymer Platelets for Water-in-Water Emulsifiers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:63-70. [PMID: 29392177 PMCID: PMC5785766 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of biorelevant applications, particularly in pharmaceutical formulations and the food and cosmetic industries, require the stabilization of two water-soluble blended components which would otherwise form incompatible biphasic mixtures. Such water-in-water emulsions can be achieved using Pickering stabilization, where two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are particularly effective due to their high surface area. However, control over the shape and size of the 2D nanomaterials is challenging, where it has not yet been possible to examine chemically identical nanostructures with the same thickness but different surface areas to probe the size-effect on emulsion stabilization ability. Hence, the rationale design and realization of the full potential of Pickering water-in-water emulsion stabilization have not yet been achieved. Herein, we report for the first time 2D poly(lactide) platelets with tunable sizes (with varying coronal chemistry) and of uniform shape using a crystallization-driven self-assembly methodology. We have used this series of nanostructures to explore the effect of 2D platelet size and chemistry on the stabilization of a water-in-water emulsion of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/dextran mixture. We have demonstrated that cationic, zwitterionic, and neutral large platelets (ca. 3.7 × 106 nm2) all attain smaller droplet sizes and more stable emulsions than their respective smaller platelets (ca. 1.2 × 105 nm2). This series of 2D platelets of controlled dimensions provides an excellent exemplar system for the investigation of the effect of just the surface area on the potential effectiveness in a particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria M. Pérez-Madrigal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Arno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Mckenzie A, Hoskins R, Swift T, Grant C, Rimmer S. Core (Polystyrene)-Shell [Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)] Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:7577-7590. [PMID: 28192649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A set of water-swollen core-shell particles was synthesized by emulsion polymerization of a 1,3-dioxolane functional monomer in water. After removal of the 1,3-dioxolane group, the particles' shells were shown to swell in aqueous media. Upon hydrolysis, the particles increased in size from around 70 to 100-130 nm. A bicinchoninic acid assay and ζ-potential measurements were used to investigate the adsorption of lysozyme, albumin, or fibrinogen. Each of the core-shell particles adsorbed significantly less protein than the noncoated core (polystyrene) particles. Differences were observed as both the amount of difunctional, cross-linking monomer and the amount of shell monomer in the feed were changed. The core-shell particles were shown to be resistant to protein adsorption, and the degree to which the three proteins adsorbed was dependent on the formulation of the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mckenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Richard Hoskins
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Thomas Swift
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Colin Grant
- Department of Engineering, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, U.K
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7
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Mable CJ, Thompson KL, Derry MJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Binks BP, Armes SP. ABC Triblock Copolymer Worms: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation as Pickering Emulsifiers for Millimeter-Sized Droplets. Macromolecules 2016; 49:7897-7907. [PMID: 27795581 PMCID: PMC5081568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polymerization-induced
self-assembly (PISA) is used to prepare
linear poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)–poly(2-hydroxypropyl
methacrylate)–poly(benzyl methacrylate) [PGMA–PHPMA–PBzMA]
triblock copolymer nano-objects in the form of a concentrated aqueous
dispersion via a three-step synthesis based on reversible addition–fragmentation
chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. First, GMA is polymerized via
RAFT solution polymerization in ethanol, then HPMA is polymerized
via RAFT aqueous solution polymerization, and finally BzMA is polymerized
via “seeded” RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization. For
certain block compositions, highly anisotropic worm-like particles
are obtained, which are characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The design rules
for accessing higher order morphologies (i.e., worms or vesicles)
are briefly explored. Surprisingly, vesicular morphologies cannot
be accessed by targeting longer PBzMA blocks—instead, only
spherical nanoparticles are formed. SAXS is used to rationalize these
counterintuitive observations, which are best explained by considering
subtle changes in the relative enthalpic incompatibilities between
the three blocks during the growth of the PBzMA block. Finally, the
PGMA–PHPMA–PBzMA worms are evaluated as Pickering emulsifiers
for the stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions. Millimeter-sized
oil droplets can be obtained using low-shear homogenization (hand-shaking)
in the presence of 20 vol % n-dodecane. In contrast,
control experiments performed using PGMA–PHPMA diblock copolymer
worms indicate that these more delicate nanostructures do not survive
even these mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - K L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - M J Derry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - O O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - B P Binks
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - S P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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8
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Rymaruk MJ, Thompson KL, Derry MJ, Warren NJ, Ratcliffe LPD, Williams CN, Brown SL, Armes SP. Bespoke contrast-matched diblock copolymer nanoparticles enable the rational design of highly transparent Pickering double emulsions. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14497-506. [PMID: 27406976 PMCID: PMC5047046 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of highly transparent oil-in-water Pickering emulsions using contrast-matched organic nanoparticles. This is achieved via addition of judicious amounts of either sucrose or glycerol to an aqueous dispersion of poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)500 [PGMA-PTFEMA] diblock copolymer nanoparticles prior to high shear homogenization with an equal volume of n-dodecane. The resulting Pickering emulsions comprise polydisperse n-dodecane droplets of 20-100 μm diameter and exhibit up to 96% transmittance across the visible spectrum. In contrast, control experiments using non-contrast-matched poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(benzyl methacrylate)300 [PGMA56-PBzMA300] diblock copolymer nanoparticles as a Pickering emulsifier only produced conventional highly turbid emulsions. Thus contrast-matching of the two immiscible phases is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the preparation of highly transparent Pickering emulsions: it is essential to use isorefractive nanoparticles in order to minimize light scattering. Furthermore, highly transparent oil-in-water-in-oil Pickering double emulsions can be obtained by homogenizing the contrast-matched oil-in-water Pickering emulsion prepared using the PGMA56-PTFEMA500 nanoparticles with a contrast-matched dispersion of hydrophobic poly(lauryl methacrylate)39-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)800 [PLMA39-PTFEMA800] diblock copolymer nanoparticles in n-dodecane. Finally, we show that an isorefractive oil-in-water Pickering emulsion enables fluorescence spectroscopy to be used to monitor the transport of water-insoluble small molecules (pyrene and benzophenone) between n-dodecane droplets. Such transport is significantly less efficient than that observed for the equivalent isorefractive surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Conventional turbid emulsions do not enable such a comparison to be made because the intense light scattering leads to substantial spectral attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rymaruk
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
| | - Kate L. Thompson
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
| | - Liam P. D. Ratcliffe
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
| | - Clive N. Williams
- Scott Bader Company Ltd , Wollaston, Wellingborough , NN29 7RL , Northants , UK
| | - Steven L. Brown
- Scott Bader Company Ltd , Wollaston, Wellingborough , NN29 7RL , Northants , UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building , Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , Yorkshire , UK . ;
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9
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Mann G, Ellis A, Twyman LJ. Modifying the Product Distribution of a Reaction within the Controlled Microenvironment of a Colloidosome. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, S2 7HF, U.K
| | - A. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, S2 7HF, U.K
| | - L. J. Twyman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, S2 7HF, U.K
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10
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Synthesis of sub-micron sized hollow, and nanoporous phenylsiloxane spheres through use of phenyltrimethoxysilane as surfmer: Insights into the surfactant and factors influencing the particle architecture. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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12
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Mable CJ, Warren NJ, Thompson KL, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. Framboidal ABC triblock copolymer vesicles: a new class of efficient Pickering emulsifier. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6179-6188. [PMID: 30090233 PMCID: PMC6054058 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02346g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pickering emulsions offer important advantages over conventional surfactant-stabilized emulsions, including enhanced long-term stability, more reproducible formulations and reduced foaming problems. The recent development of polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) offers considerable scope for the design of a wide range of block copolymer nanoparticles with tunable surface wettability that may serve as bespoke Pickering emulsifiers. In the present study, we exploit PISA to design a series of model framboidal ABC triblock copolymer vesicles with exquisite control over surface roughness. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were utilized to characterize these nanoparticles, which were subsequently used to stabilize n-dodecane emulsion droplets in water. The adsorption efficiency, Aeff, of the nanoparticles at the n-dodecane/water interface was determined as a function of increasing vesicle surface roughness using a turbidimetry assay. A strong correlation between surface roughness and Aeff was observed, with Aeff increasing from 36% up to 94%. This is a significant improvement in Pickering emulsifier efficiency compared to that reported previously for similar vesicles with smooth surfaces. In summary, nanoparticles with appreciable surface roughness are much more effective Pickering emulsifiers and this parameter can be readily fine-tuned using a highly efficient PISA formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mable
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - N J Warren
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - K L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - O O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - S P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ;
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13
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Colloidosomes: Synthesis, properties and applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 447:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Mann D, Chattopadhyay S, Pargen S, Verheijen M, Keul H, Buskens P, Möller M. Glucose-functionalized polystyrene particles designed for selective deposition of silver on the surface. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10941d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Tan J, Zhao G, Lu Y, Zeng Z, Winnik MA. Synthesis of PMMA Microparticles with a Narrow Size Distribution by Photoinitiated RAFT Dispersion Polymerization with a Macromonomer as the Stabilizer. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501432s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario Canada
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, and Key Laboratory of Designed Synthesis and Application
of Polymer Material, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario Canada
| | - Yijie Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario Canada
| | - Zhaohua Zeng
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, and Key Laboratory of Designed Synthesis and Application
of Polymer Material, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario Canada
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16
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Cunningham VJ, Alswieleh AM, Thompson KL, Williams M, Leggett GJ, Armes SP, Musa OM. Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)–Poly(benzyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization: Synthesis, Characterization, and Interfacial Activity. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Cunningham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Abdullah M. Alswieleh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Kate L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Mark Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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17
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Zhou J, Wang H, Zhang L, Ma J. Ab initio
reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer emulsion polymerization of styrene/butyl acrylate mediated by poly(acrylic acid)-block
-polystyrene trithiocarbonate. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Hailong Wang
- College of Resource and Environment; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- College of Resource and Environment; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology; Xi'an 710021 China
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18
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Li QL, Gu WX, Gao H, Yang YW. Self-assembly and applications of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s and their derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13201-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Jbeily M, Naolou T, Bilal M, Amado E, Kressler J. Enzymatically synthesized polyesters with pendent OH groups as macroinitiators for the preparation of well-defined graft copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jbeily
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Toufik Naolou
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Elkin Amado
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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20
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Tan J, Rao X, Yang J, Zeng Z. Synthesis of Highly Monodisperse Surface-Functional Microspheres by Photoinitiated RAFT Dispersion Polymerization Using Macro-RAFT Agents. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite
and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory
of Designed Synthesis and Application of Polymer Material, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Rao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite
and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory
of Designed Synthesis and Application of Polymer Material, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianwen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite
and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory
of Designed Synthesis and Application of Polymer Material, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite
and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory
of Designed Synthesis and Application of Polymer Material, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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21
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Yang P, Armes SP. Preparation of well-defined poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) macromonomers via atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:242-248. [PMID: 24123461 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of six near-monodisperse methacrylic macromonomers is prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate using a tertiary amine-functionalized initiator at 50 °C, followed by quaternization with excess 4-vinylbenzyl chloride at 20 °C. GPC analyses indicate polydispersities of around 1.20 and their mean degrees of polymerization (DP) range from 20 to 70, as judged by both (1) H NMR and UV spectroscopy. The former technique is more convenient but the latter proved more accurate for the higher DP values, provided that an appropriate model compound is utilized for calibration. Finally, these new macromonomers are used to prepare sterically stabilized polystyrene latexes with relatively narrow size distributions via alcoholic dispersion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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22
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The synthesis and solution properties of hyperbranched polyglycerols modified with hexafluorobutyl acrylate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Popadyuk A, Tarnavchyk I, Popadyuk N, Kohut A, Samaryk V, Voronov S, Voronov A. A novel copolymer of N-[(tert-butylperoxy)methyl]acrylamide and maleic anhydride for use as a reactive surfactant in emulsion polymerization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Vo CD, Cadman CJ, Donno R, Goos JACM, Tirelli N. Combination of episulfide ring-opening polymerization with ATRP for the preparation of amphiphilic block copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:156-62. [PMID: 23319175 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the combination of ATRP and ring-opening episulfide polymerization as a means to synthesize polysulfide-based low-dispersity amphiphilic block copolymers. The most significant finding is the possibility to perform ATRP under mild conditions using poly(propylene sulfide) macroinitiators, apparently without any significant copper sequestration by the polysulfides. Using glycerol monomethacrylate (GMMA) as a hydrophilic monomer, the polymers self-assembled in colloidal structures with a morphology depending on the PS/GMMA ratio, but also probably on GMMA degree of polymerization. We here also present a new AFM-based method to calculate the average number of amphiphilic macromolecules per micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Duan Vo
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Charbonnier A, Brochon C, Cloutet E, Navarro C, Hadziioannou G. Synthesis of functional polymer particles by dispersion polymerization in organic media: A tool toward stable electrophoretic inks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Charbonnier
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS; Université bordeaux 1; UMR 5629-16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Cyril Brochon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS; Université bordeaux 1; UMR 5629-16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS; Université bordeaux 1; UMR 5629-16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | | | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS; Université bordeaux 1; UMR 5629-16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac France
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26
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Motoyanagi J, Tan NM, Minoda M. Synthesis of well-defined poly(vinyl ether)-based macromonomers having pendant glycerols via living cationic polymerization and their application to the preparation of core−shell polymer particles. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Motoyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology; Graduate School ofScience and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology; Graduate School ofScience and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Masahiko Minoda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology; Graduate School ofScience and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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27
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Ratcliffe LPD, Ryan AJ, Armes SP. From a Water-Immiscible Monomer to Block Copolymer Nano-Objects via a One-Pot RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization Formulation. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301909w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. P. D. Ratcliffe
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - A. J. Ryan
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - S. P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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28
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Pelton R, Cui Y, Zhang D, Chen Y, Thompson KL, Armes SP, Brook MA. Facile phenylboronate modification of silica by a silaneboronate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:594-598. [PMID: 23268744 DOI: 10.1021/la3040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic and colloidal silica surfaces were readily modified with alkoxysilaneboronate, IV, yielding silica surfaces with covalently bonded phenylboronic acid groups. XPS and neutron activation confirmed the presence of boron. The ability of these surfaces to specifically interact with polyols was demonstrated with polyol-coated latex and ARS, a dye that specifically couples to boronic acid groups immobilized on colloidal or macroscopic silica. This is a new, direct approach for introduction of phenylboronic acid groups onto silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pelton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Thompson KL, Giakoumatos EC, Ata S, Webber GB, Armes SP, Wanless EJ. Direct observation of giant Pickering emulsion and colloidosome droplet interaction and stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16501-16511. [PMID: 23088251 DOI: 10.1021/la3025765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of two 2-mm pendant oil droplets grown in the presence of an aqueous solution of poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)-stabilized polystyrene latex particles was observed using a high-speed video camera. The coalescence behavior was monitored as a function of oil type (n-dodecane versus sunflower oil) and particle size (135 versus 902 nm), as well as in the presence and absence of an oil-soluble cross-linker [tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-terminated poly(propylene glycol)]. The damping coefficient of the coalescing n-dodecane droplets was found to increase in the presence of the latex, demonstrating particle adsorption. Coalescence times increased when the oil phase was changed from n-dodecane to sunflower oil, because of the much higher viscosity of the latter oil. In addition, increasing the adsorbed particle size from 135 to 902 nm led to longer coalescence times because of the greater distance separating the oil droplets. Coalescence times observed in the presence of the larger 902-nm particles indicated that two different modes of contact can occur prior to a coalescence event (bilayer or bridging monolayer of particles in the film). Addition of an oil-soluble surface-active cross-linker to the sunflower oil phase to react with the hydroxy groups of the particle stabilizer reduced the interfacial elasticity and ultimately prevented coalescence after cross-linking for 20 min at 25 °C. Such giant colloidosomes can remain in contact for several hours without undergoing coalescence, which demonstrates their high stability. Furthermore, coalescence is prevented even if the cross-linker is present in only one of the pendant droplets. Finally, evidence for cross-linker diffusion from one pendant droplet to another was indicated by a visible filament connecting the two droplets upon retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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30
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Dispersion polymerization of styrene using a polystyrene/poly(l-glutamic acid) block copolymer as a stabilizer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Yang P, Armes SP. Synthesis and characterization of novel polyacid-stabilized latexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13189-13200. [PMID: 22891891 DOI: 10.1021/la302657x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel polyacid macromonomers based on 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) via a two-step route. First, a range of well-defined PHPMA homopolymer precursors were synthesized by ATRP using a tertiary amine-functionalized initiator, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrylamide, and a CuCl/2, 2'-bipyridine (bpy) catalyst in alcoholic media at 50 °C. ATRP polymerizations were relatively slow and poorly controlled in pure isopropanol (IPA), especially when targeting higher degrees of polymerization (DP > 30). Improved control was achieved by addition of water: low polydispersity (M(w)/M(n) < 1.25) PHPMA homopolymers of DP = 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 were successfully prepared using a 9:1 w/w % IPA/water mixture at 50 °C. These PHPMA homopolymer precursors were then derivatized to produce the corresponding poly(2-(succinyloxy)propyl methacrylate) (PSPMA) macromonomers by quaternizing the tertiary amine end-group with excess 4-vinylbenzyl chloride, followed by esterification of the pendent hydroxyl groups using excess succinic anhydride at 20 °C. These polyacid macromonomers were evaluated as reactive steric stabilizers for polystyrene latex synthesis under either aqueous emulsion polymerization or alcoholic dispersion polymerization conditions. Near-monodisperse polystyrene latexes were obtained via aqueous emulsion polymerization using 10 wt % PSPMA macromonomer (with respect to styrene monomer) with various initiators as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, disk centrifuge photosedimentometry and light scattering studies. PSPMA macromomer concentrations as low as 1.0 wt % also produced near-monodisperse latexes, suggesting that these PSPMA macromonomers are highly effective stabilizers. Alcoholic dispersion polymerization of styrene conducted in various ethanol/water mixtures with 10 wt % PSPMA(50) macromonomer produced relatively large near-monodisperse latexes. Increasing the water content in such formulations led to smaller latexes, as expected. Control experiments conducted with 10 wt % PSPMA(50) homopolymer produced relatively large polydisperse latexes via emulsion polymerization and only macroscopic precipitates via alcoholic dispersion polymerization. Thus the terminal styrene group on the macromonomer chains is essential for the formation of well-defined latexes. FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that these latexes contained PSPMA macromonomer, whereas (1)H NMR spectroscopy studies of dissolved latexes allowed stabilizer contents to be determined. Aqueous electrophoresis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirmed that the PSPMA macromonomer chains were located at the latex surface, as expected. Finally, these polyacid-stabilized polystyrene latexes exhibited excellent freeze-thaw stability and remained colloidally stable in the presence of electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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32
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Thompson KL, Chambon P, Verber R, Armes SP. Can Polymersomes Form Colloidosomes? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12450-3. [PMID: 22809433 DOI: 10.1021/ja305789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Thompson
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Robert Verber
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield,
South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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33
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Semsarilar M, Jones ER, Blanazs A, Armes SP. Efficient synthesis of sterically-stabilized nano-objects via RAFT dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate in alcoholic media. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3378-82. [PMID: 22605479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of diblock copolymer nano-objects: alcohol is a good idea! RAFT dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate in alcohol using weak polyelectrolyte-based chain transfer agents allows the facile synthesis of sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nano-objects with very high monomer conversions. Such syntheses are usually problematic when conducted in water due to electrostatic repulsion between highly charged stabilizer chains, which impedes in situ self-assembly. Construction of a detailed phase diagram facilitates reproducible syntheses of well-defined diblock copolymer spheres, worms or vesicles, since it allows mixed phase regions to be avoided. Aqueous electrophoresis studies confirm that these nano-objects can acquire substantial surface charge when transferred to aqueous solution due to ionization (or protonation) of the polyacid (or polybase) stabilizer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Semsarilar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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34
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Reed KM, Borovicka J, Horozov TS, Paunov VN, Thompson KL, Walsh A, Armes SP. Adsorption of sterically stabilized latex particles at liquid surfaces: effects of steric stabilizer surface coverage, particle size, and chain length on particle wettability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7291-7298. [PMID: 22502638 DOI: 10.1021/la300735u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of five near-monodisperse sterically stabilized polystyrene (PS) latexes were synthesized using three well-defined poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) macromonomers with mean degrees of polymerization (DP) of 30, 50, or 70. The surface coverage and grafting density of the PGMA chains on the particle surface were determined using XPS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The wettability of individual latex particles adsorbed at the air-water and n-dodecane-water interfaces was studied using both the gel trapping technique and the film calliper method. The particle equilibrium contact angle at both interfaces is relatively insensitive to the mean DP of the PGMA stabilizer chains. For a fixed stabilizer DP of 30, particle contact angles were only weakly dependent on the particle size. The results are consistent with a model of compact hydrated layers of PGMA stabilizer chains at the particle surface over a wide range of grafting densities. Our approach could be utilized for studying the adsorption behavior of a broader range of sterically stabilized inorganic and polymeric particles of practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Reed
- Surfactant & Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, Humberside HU6 7RX, UK
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35
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Warren NJ, Muise C, Stephens A, Armes SP, Lewis AL. Near-monodisperse poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine)-based macromonomers prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization and thiol-ene click chemistry: novel reactive steric stabilizers for aqueous emulsion polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2928-2936. [PMID: 22191694 DOI: 10.1021/la204083z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) macromonomers have been prepared by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) using a bifunctional disulfide-based initiator. To attach a terminal polymerizable methacrylate group, the central disulfide bond was cleaved and the resulting thiols were conjugated to 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) in water. Here TCEP serves as both the disulfide cleavage agent and also the catalyst for the subsequent Michael addition, which is highly selective for the acrylate group. The resulting methacrylate-terminated macromonomers were used as a reactive steric stabilizer for the aqueous emulsion polymerization of styrene, yielding near-monodisperse PMPC-stabilized polystyrene (PS) latexes of around 100-200 nm in diameter. As a comparison, the disulfide-containing PMPC homopolymer precursor and the intermediate thiol-functional PMPC homopolymer (PMPC-SH) were also evaluated as potential steric stabilizers. Interestingly, near-monodisperse latexes were also obtained in each case. These three sterically-stabilized latexes, prepared using either PMPC macromonomer, disulfide-based PMPC homopolymer, or PMPC-SH homopolymer as a reactive steric stabilizer, remained colloidally stable after both freeze-thaw experiments and the addition of an electrolyte, indicating that a coronal layer of PMPC chains prevented flocculation in each case. In contrast, both a charge-stabilized PS latex prepared in the absence of any steric stabilizer and a PS latex prepared in the presence of a nonfunctional PMPC homopolymer exhibited very poor colloidal stability when subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle or the addition of an electrolyte, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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36
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Pargen S, Willems C, Keul H, Pich A, Möller M. Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Polystyrene Nanoparticles Using Oligoglycidol Macromonomers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Pargen
- DWI an der
RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Willems
- DWI an der
RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmut Keul
- DWI an der
RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI an der
RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI an der
RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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37
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McKee JR, Ladmiral V, Niskanen J, Tenhu H, Armes SP. Synthesis of Sterically-Stabilized Polystyrene Latexes Using Well-Defined Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Macromonomers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2016584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. McKee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PB 55, FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. Ladmiral
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - J. Niskanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PB 55, FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Tenhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PB 55, FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, U.K
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38
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Fielding LA, Tonnar J, Armes SP. All-acrylic film-forming colloidal polymer/silica nanocomposite particles prepared by aqueous emulsion polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11129-11144. [PMID: 21776995 DOI: 10.1021/la202066n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of all-acrylic, film-forming, core-shell colloidal nanocomposite particles via in situ aqueous emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with n-butyl acrylate in the presence of a glycerol-functionalized ultrafine silica sol using a cationic azo initiator at 60 °C is reported. It is shown that relatively monodisperse nanocomposite particles can be produced with typical mean weight-average diameters of 140-330 nm and silica contents of up to 39 wt %. The importance of surface functionalization of the silica sol is highlighted, and it is demonstrated that systematic variation of parameters such as the initial silica sol concentration and initiator concentration affect both the mean particle diameter and the silica aggregation efficiency. The nanocomposite morphology comprises a copolymer core and a particulate silica shell, as determined by aqueous electrophoresis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Moreover, it is shown that films cast from n-butyl acrylate-rich copolymer/silica nanocomposite dispersions are significantly more transparent than those prepared from the poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate)/silica nanocomposite particles reported previously. In the case of the aqueous emulsion homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of ultrafine silica, a particle formation mechanism is proposed to account for the various experimental observations made when periodically sampling such nanocomposite syntheses at intermediate comonomer conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Fielding
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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39
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Li W, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of PEO-based Macromonomer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Cationic Surface-Active Monomers as Reactive Surfactants for AGET Emulsion ATRP of n-Butyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201058t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Thompson KL, Armes SP, York DW. Preparation of Pickering emulsions and colloidosomes with relatively narrow size distributions by stirred cell membrane emulsification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2357-2363. [PMID: 21294550 DOI: 10.1021/la104970w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stirred cell membrane emulsification has been used to prepare Pickering emulsions and covalently cross-linked colloidosomes using poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) stabilized polystyrene particles as the sole emulsifier. Pickering emulsions of 44-269 μm in size can be prepared with coefficients of variation as low as 25%, by varying the emulsification parameters. The cell membranes consisted of 5 μm pores with a pore-to-pore spacing of 200 μm. Significantly more uniform emulsions are produced when these open pores are restricted to a narrow ring around the membrane surface. Increasing the oil flux rate through this annular ring membrane increases both the size and polydispersity of the resulting emulsion droplets. There was no evidence for a "push off" force contributing to droplet detachment over the oil flux range investigated. Increasing the paddle stirrer speed from 500 to 1500 rpm reduces the average droplet diameter from 269 to 51 μm while simultaneously decreasing the coefficient of variation from 47% to 25%. Any further increase in surface shear led to droplet breakup within the dispersion cell and resulted in a significantly more polydisperse emulsion. The Pickering emulsions reported here have much narrower droplet size distributions than those prepared in control experiments by conventional homogenization (25% vs 74% coefficients of variation). Finally, low polydispersity colloidosomes can be conveniently prepared by the addition of an oil soluble polymeric cross-linker to the dispersed phase to react with the stabilizer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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42
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Pelton R, Zhang D, Thompson KL, Armes SP. Borate binding to polyol-stabilized latex. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2118-2123. [PMID: 21323363 DOI: 10.1021/la1046832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Borate or 4-carboxyphenylboronate anions condense with diol units on poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) stabilizer chains at the surface of polystyrene latex, increasing the latex charge density. Combining Leibler's equilibrium binding model with Ohshima's hydrogel electrophoresis model simulated the primary experimental observation: the electrophoretic mobility of this latex becomes much more negative above pH 9.5 because of borate anion binding. There is an unusual inverse relation between the electrophoretic mobility and the density of borate anions bound to the latex particles. Very high solution concentrations of borate ions and hence high ionic strengths are required to give high densities of bound borate ions. Thus, mobilities decrease in spite of increasing charge density with borate addition because of increased screening at high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pelton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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43
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Walsh A, Thompson KL, Armes SP, York DW. Polyamine-functional sterically stabilized latexes for covalently cross-linkable colloidosomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18039-18048. [PMID: 21062023 DOI: 10.1021/la103804y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sterically stabilized polystyrene latexes were prepared by aqueous emulsion polymerization using a poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) stabilizer in the presence of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4-VBC; 1.0 wt % based on styrene). Partial quaternization of the amine groups on the PEI chains by 4-VBC occurs in situ, hence producing a chemically grafted steric stabilizer. Such 4-VBC-modified PEI chains were grafted more efficiently onto the polystyrene particles than unmodified PEI, as judged by aqueous electrophoresis, XPS, and nitrogen microanalysis. Moreover, partially quaternized PEI gave significantly smaller polystyrene particles than those synthesized in the absence of any PEI stabilizer or those synthesized using unmodified PEI. The partially quaternized PEI-stabilized polystyrene latex proved to be an effective emulsifier at pH 9, forming stable oil-in-water Pickering emulsions when homogenized (12,000 rpm, 2 min, 20 °C) with four model oils, namely, n-dodecane, methyl myristate, isononyl isononanoate, and sunflower oil. The primary and/or secondary amine groups on the PEI stabilizer chains were successfully cross-linked using three commercially available polymeric reagents, namely, tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-terminated poly(propylene glycol) (PPG-TDI), poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PPG-DGE), or poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEG-DGE). Cross-linking with the former reagent led to robust colloidosomes that survived the removal of the internal oil phase on washing with excess alcohol, as judged by optical microscopy and SEM. PPG-TDI reacted very rapidly with the PEI stabilizer chains, with cross-linking being achieved during homogenization. Well-defined colloidosomes could be formed only by using sunflower oil and isononyl isononanoate with this cross-linker at 20 °C. However, cooling to 0 °C allowed colloidosomes to be formed using n-dodecane, presumably because of the slower rate of cross-linking at this reduced temperature. PPG-DGE proved to be a more generic cross-linker because it formed robust colloidosomes with all four model oils. However, cross-linking was much slower than that achieved using PPG-TDI, with intact colloidosomes being formed only after ∼12 h at 20 °C. The PEG-DGE cross-linker allowed cross-linking to be conducted at 20 °C from the aqueous phase (rather from within the oil droplets for the oil-soluble PPG-TDI or PPG-DGE cross-linkers). In this case, well-defined colloidosomes were obtained at 50 vol % with surprisingly little intercolloidosome aggregation, as judged by laser diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Walsh
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
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Thompson KL, Armes SP, Howse JR, Ebbens S, Ahmad I, Zaidi JH, York DW, Burdis JA. Covalently Cross-Linked Colloidosomes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - S. P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - J. R. Howse
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K
| | - S. Ebbens
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K
| | - I. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - J. H. Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - D. W. York
- Procter & Gamble, Newcastle Technical Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE12 9TS, U.K
| | - J. A. Burdis
- Procter & Gamble, Newcastle Technical Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE12 9TS, U.K
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Zhang D, Thompson KL, Pelton R, Armes SP. Controlling deposition and release of polyol-stabilized latex on boronic acid-derivatized cellulose. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17237-17241. [PMID: 20939492 DOI: 10.1021/la1034504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)-stabilized polystyrene (PGMA-PS) latex particles undergo specific, pH-dependent adsorption onto regenerated cellulose film bearing surface phenylboronic acid groups (cellulose-PBA). Deposition occurs at pH 10 and is driven by the boronate ester formation with the polyol latex surface coating. In contrast, no deposition occurs at pH 4, and previously deposited particles can be readily desorbed at this lower pH. In control experiments, conventional anionic sulfate-stabilized polystyrene latex did not deposit onto the hydrophilic cellulose surface. The distribution of boronate groups in the cellulose was determined by exposure to Alizarin Red S dye, which forms a fluorescent complex with phenylboronic acid; confocal microscopy was used to determine a surface density of 3 nm(2) per boronic acid group on the cellulose surface. Although the boronic acid binding constant with PGMA is relatively low (5.4 L/mol), the cooperative interactions between multiple PBA surface sites and the many PGMA chains per latex particle are sufficient to induce specific latex adsorption, providing a convenient new tool for controlling nanoparticle deposition on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
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Thompson KL, Armes SP. From well-defined macromonomers to sterically-stabilised latexes to covalently cross-linkable colloidosomes: exerting control over multiple length scales. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5274-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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