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Mollahosseini A, Abdelrasoul A. Molecular dynamics simulation for membrane separation and porous materials: A current state of art review. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107947. [PMID: 34126546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Computational frameworks have been under specific attention within the last two decades. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, identical to the other computational approaches, try to address the unknown question, lighten the dark areas of unanswered questions, to achieve probable explanations and solutions. Owing to their complex microporous structure on one side and the intricate biochemical nature of various materials used in the structure, separative membrane materials possess peculiar degrees of complications. More notably, as nanocomposite materials are often integrated into separative membranes, thin-film nanocomposites and porous separative nanocomposite materials could possess an additional level of complexity with regard to the nanoscale interactions brought to the structure. This critical review intends to cover the recent methods used to assess membranes and membrane materials. Incorporation of MD in membrane technology-related fields such as desalination, fuel cell-based energy production, blood purification through hemodialysis, etc., were briefly covered. Accordingly, this review could be used to understand the current extent of MD applications for separative membranes. The review could also be used as a guideline to use the proper MD implementation within the related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mollahosseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Amira Abdelrasoul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada.
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2
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Vergadou N, Theodorou DN. Molecular Modeling Investigations of Sorption and Diffusion of Small Molecules in Glassy Polymers. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E98. [PMID: 31398889 PMCID: PMC6723301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9080098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With a wide range of applications, from energy and environmental engineering, such as in gas separations and water purification, to biomedical engineering and packaging, glassy polymeric materials remain in the core of novel membrane and state-of the art barrier technologies. This review focuses on molecular simulation methodologies implemented for the study of sorption and diffusion of small molecules in dense glassy polymeric systems. Basic concepts are introduced and systematic methods for the generation of realistic polymer configurations are briefly presented. Challenges related to the long length and time scale phenomena that govern the permeation process in the glassy polymer matrix are described and molecular simulation approaches developed to address the multiscale problem at hand are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Vergadou
- Molecular Thermodynamics and Modelling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, GR-15310 Athens, Greece.
| | - Doros N Theodorou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780 Athens, Greece
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3
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Bradler PR, Fischer J, Wallner GM, Lang RW. Characterization of Irradiation Crosslinked Polyamides for Solar Thermal Applications-Basic Thermo-Analytical and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090969. [PMID: 30960893 PMCID: PMC6403631 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 66 (PA 66) and short glass fiber reinforced versions of PA 66 are widely used for solar-thermal applications, in which thermal and environmental loading of components is from high importance. In this study, the influence of crosslinking via electronic beam irradiation on the morphology and mechanical behavior of unreinforced PA 66 and two types of short glass fiber reinforced PA 66 (30 wt % glass fiber content, 35 wt % glass fiber content) was investigated. In total, five different electronic beam irradiation doses in the range of 0 and 200 kGy were applied. Besides experiments with unconditioned specimens, also preconditioned specimens saturated with water at 80 °C for seven days were investigated. It was found that irradiation causes a shift to lower melting temperatures and lower melting enthalpies, while simultaneously leading to higher glass transition temperatures (TG), increasing small strain modulus values and higher tensile strengths. Also, as expected, preconditioning samples in water at 80 °C to water uptake saturation leads to a shift to lower TG values (‘plasticization’ effect). In terms of tensile behavior at room temperature, water saturated specimens (being above TG at room temperature) exhibited lower modulus and tensile strength values compared to quasi-dry specimens (being below TG at room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Bradler
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Joerg Fischer
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Gernot M Wallner
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Reinhold W Lang
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Chen P, Terenzi C, Furó I, Berglund LA, Wohlert J. Hydration-Dependent Dynamical Modes in Xyloglucan from Molecular Dynamics Simulation of 13C NMR Relaxation Times and Their Distributions. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2567-2579. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Terenzi
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cheng D, Huang Z, Ye Z, Ren R, Wang J, Huang C. Study of the equilibrium swelling of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl methacrylate) immersed in water via MD simulation. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Akkermans RLC. Solvation Free Energy of Regular and Azeotropic Molecular Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1675-1683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinier L. C. Akkermans
- Dassault Systèmes, BIOVIA Ltd., 334 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0WN, United Kingdom
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7
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Eslami H, Kesik M, Karimi-Varzaneh HA, Müller-Plathe F. Sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in poly(methyl methacrylate). J Chem Phys 2014; 139:124902. [PMID: 24089799 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to determine the solubility and diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The solubilities of CO2 in the polymer are calculated employing our grand canonical ensemble simulation method, fixing the target excess chemical potential of CO2 in the polymer and varying the number of CO2 molecules in the polymer matrix till establishing equilibrium. It is shown that the calculated sorption isotherms of CO2 in PMMA, employing this method well agrees with experiment. Our results on the diffusion coefficients of CO2 and N2 in PMMA are shown to obey a common hopping mechanism. It is shown that the higher solubility of CO2 than that of N2 is a consequence of more attractive interactions between the carbonyl group of polymer and the sorbent. While the residence time of CO2 beside the carbonyl group of polymer is about three times higher than that of N2, the diffusion coefficient of CO2 in PMMA is higher than that of N2. The higher diffusion coefficient of CO2, compared to N2, in PMMA is shown to be due to the higher (≈3 times) swelling of polymer upon CO2 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
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Canales M, Aradilla D, Alemán C. Water absorption in polyaniline emeraldine base. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hörstermann H, Hentschke R, Amkreutz M, Hoffmann M, Wirts-Rütters M. Predicting water sorption and volume swelling in dense polymer systems via computer simulation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:17013-24. [PMID: 21141921 DOI: 10.1021/jp105210y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic model structures of amorphous polyamide 6 (PA-6) and of an adhesive system consisting of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) as epoxy resin and isophorone diamine (IPD) as a curing agent are generated. For the adhesive, we use a new approach for the generation of the cross-linked polymer networks. It takes into account the chemical reaction kinetics of the curing reaction and, therefore, results in more realistic network structures. On the basis of the corresponding model structures, the equilibrium water content and the swelling ratio of amorphous PA-6 and of the DGEBA+IPD networks are calculated via computer simulation for different thermodynamic conditions. A hybrid method is used combining the molecular dynamics technique with an accelerated test particle insertion method. The results are in reasonable agreement with experiments and, in the case of the PA-6 system, with results obtained via other computer simulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hörstermann
- Fachbereich Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Eslami H, Mehdipour N. Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation of water solubility in polyamide-6,6. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:669-73. [PMID: 21031194 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation is employed to calculate the solubility of water in polyamide-6,6. It is shown that performing two separate simulations, one in the polymeric phase and one in the gaseous phase, is sufficient to find the phase coexistence point. In this method, the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase is expanded as a first-order Taylor series in terms of pressure. Knowing the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase in terms of pressure, another simulation for water in the gaseous phase, in the grand canonical ensemble, is done in which the target chemical potential is set in terms of pressure in the gas phase. The phase coexistence point can easily be calculated from the results of these two independent simulations. Our calculated sorption isotherms and solubility coefficients of water in polyamide-6,6, over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, agree with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran.
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Marque G, Verdu J, Prunier V, Brown D. A molecular dynamics simulation study of three polysulfones in dry and hydrated states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Li X, Li F, Shi Y, Chen Q, Sun H. Predicting water uptake in poly(perfluorosulfonic acids) using force field simulation methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:14543-52. [PMID: 20931118 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Eslami H, Müller-Plathe F. Water permeability of poly(ethylene terephthalate): A grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:234904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3274805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Özal TA, Peter C, Hess B, van der Vegt NFA. Modeling Solubilities of Additives in Polymer Microstructures: Single-Step Perturbation Method Based on a Soft-Cavity Reference State. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702329q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba A. Özal
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Berk Hess
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Marque G, Neyertz S, Verdu J, Prunier V, Brown D. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Water in Amorphous Kapton. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Marque
- LMOPS, UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bâtiment IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France, LIM, UMR CNRS 8006, ENSAM, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, and EDF R&D, Site des Renardières, 77818 Moret-sur-Loing, France
| | - Sylvie Neyertz
- LMOPS, UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bâtiment IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France, LIM, UMR CNRS 8006, ENSAM, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, and EDF R&D, Site des Renardières, 77818 Moret-sur-Loing, France
| | - Jacques Verdu
- LMOPS, UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bâtiment IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France, LIM, UMR CNRS 8006, ENSAM, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, and EDF R&D, Site des Renardières, 77818 Moret-sur-Loing, France
| | - Valéry Prunier
- LMOPS, UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bâtiment IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France, LIM, UMR CNRS 8006, ENSAM, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, and EDF R&D, Site des Renardières, 77818 Moret-sur-Loing, France
| | - David Brown
- LMOPS, UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bâtiment IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France, LIM, UMR CNRS 8006, ENSAM, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, and EDF R&D, Site des Renardières, 77818 Moret-sur-Loing, France
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17
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Hess B, Peter C, Ozal T, van der Vegt NFA. Fast-Growth Thermodynamic Integration: Calculating Excess Chemical Potentials of Additive Molecules in Polymer Microstructures. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702070n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berk Hess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Peter
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tugba Ozal
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Ferreira ML, Pedroni VI, Alimenti GA, Gschaider ME, Schulz PC. The interaction between water vapor and chitosan II: Computational study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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20
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Vitrac O, Hayert M. Effect of the distribution of sorption sites on transport diffusivities: A contribution to the transport of medium-weight-molecules in polymeric materials. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Neyertz S, Brown D. Influence of System Size in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Gas Permeation in Glassy Polymers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048500q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Neyertz
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France
| | - David Brown
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France
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Adriaensens P, Pollaris A, Rulkens R, Litvinov VM, Gelan J. Study of the water uptake of polyamide 46 based copolymers by magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Pinel E, Brown D, Bas C, Mercier R, Albérola ND, Neyertz S. Chemical Influence of the Dianhydride and the Diamine Structure on a Series of Copolyimides Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pinel
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
| | - D. Brown
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
| | - C. Bas
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
| | - R. Mercier
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
| | - N. D. Albérola
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
| | - S. Neyertz
- Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), UMR CNRS 5041, Université de Savoie, Bât. IUT, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France, and BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France
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Permeability of gases in rubbery polymer membrane: application of a psuedo-nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Kikuchi H, Kuwajima S, Fukuda M. Novel method to estimate solubility of small molecules in cis-polyisoprene by molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1398590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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27
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Fernández de Velasco-Ruiz M, Quijada-Garrido I, Benavente R, Barrales-Rienda J. Miscibility studies of erucamide (13-cis-docosenamide)/poly(laurolactam) (nylon 12) (PA-12) blends. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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29
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Fukuda M. Solubilities of small molecules in polyethylene evaluated by a test-particle-insertion method. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang J, Khong KT, Kang ET. Surface passivation of nylon-6,6 films by graft copolymerization for reduction of moisture sorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20001114)78:7<1366::aid-app70>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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van der Vegt NFA, Briels WJ. Efficient sampling of solvent free energies in polymers. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Knopp B, Suter UW, Gusev AA. Atomistically Modeling the Chemical Potential of Small Molecules in Dense Polymer Microstructures. 1. Method. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970383u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Knopp
- Department of Materials, Institute of Polymers, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich W. Suter
- Department of Materials, Institute of Polymers, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei A. Gusev
- Department of Materials, Institute of Polymers, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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