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Knaapila M, Monkman AP. Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1090-1108. [PMID: 23341026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the phase behavior of polyfluorene solutions and gels has expanded tremendously in recent years. The relationship between the structure formation and photophysics is known at the quantitative level. The factors which we understand control these relationships include virtually all important materials parameters such as solvent quality, side chain branching, side chain length, molecular weight, thermal history and myriad functionalizations. This review describes advances in controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. It discusses the demarcation lines between solutions, gels, and macrophase separation in conjugated polymers and reviews essential solid state properties needed for understanding of solutions. It gives an insight into polyfluorene and polyfluorene beta phase in solutions and gels and describes all the structural levels in solvent matrices, ranging from intramolecular structures to the diverse aggregate classes and network structures and agglomerates of these units. It goes on to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of these structures. It details the manifold molecular parameters used in their control and continues with the molecular confinement and touches on permanently cross-linked networks. Particular focus is placed on the experimental results of archetypical polyfluorenes and solvent matrices and connection between structure and photonics. A connection is also made to the mean field type theories of hairy-rod like polymers. This altogether allows generalizations and provides a guideline for materials scientists, synthetic chemists and device engineers as well, for this important class of semiconductor, luminescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Fytas G, Nothofer HG, Scherf U, Vlassopoulos D, Meier G. Structure and Dynamics of Nondilute Polyfluorene Solutions. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011416f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Fytas
- FO.R.T.H., Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece; Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Universität Postdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, D-14476 Golm, Germany; and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, P.O. Box 1913, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. G. Nothofer
- FO.R.T.H., Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece; Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Universität Postdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, D-14476 Golm, Germany; and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, P.O. Box 1913, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - U. Scherf
- FO.R.T.H., Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece; Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Universität Postdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, D-14476 Golm, Germany; and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, P.O. Box 1913, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D. Vlassopoulos
- FO.R.T.H., Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece; Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Universität Postdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, D-14476 Golm, Germany; and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, P.O. Box 1913, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - G. Meier
- FO.R.T.H., Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece; Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Universität Postdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, D-14476 Golm, Germany; and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, P.O. Box 1913, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Petekidis G, Vlassopoulos D, Fytas G, Fleischer G, Wegner G. Dynamics of Wormlike Polymers in Solution: Self-Diffusion and Zero-Shear Viscosity. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000976w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Petekidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - D. Vlassopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - G. Fytas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - G. Fleischer
- Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnerstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - G. Wegner
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
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Thünemann AF, Ruppelt D, Schnablegger H, Blaul J. Rigid-Rod Complex of a Cationic Poly(p-phenylene) and a Fluorinated Amphiphile. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991972y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Thünemann
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 14476 Golm, Germany, and Universität Karlsruhe, Polymer Institut, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk Ruppelt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 14476 Golm, Germany, and Universität Karlsruhe, Polymer Institut, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heimo Schnablegger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 14476 Golm, Germany, and Universität Karlsruhe, Polymer Institut, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Blaul
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 14476 Golm, Germany, and Universität Karlsruhe, Polymer Institut, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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