1
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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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The Lysozyme Inhibitor Thionine Acetate Is Also an Inhibitor of the Soluble Lytic Transglycosylase Slt35 from Escherichia coli. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144189. [PMID: 34299465 PMCID: PMC8307938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic transglycosylases such as Slt35 from E. coli are enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall remodelling and recycling, which represent potential targets for novel antibacterial agents. Here, we investigated a series of known glycosidase inhibitors for their ability to inhibit Slt35. While glycosidase inhibitors such as 1-deoxynojirimycin, castanospermine, thiamet G and miglitol had no effect, the phenothiazinium dye thionine acetate was found to be a weak inhibitor. IC50 values and binding constants for thionine acetate were similar for Slt35 and the hen egg white lysozyme. Molecular docking simulations suggest that thionine binds to the active site of both Slt35 and lysozyme, although it does not make direct interactions with the side-chain of the catalytic Asp and Glu residues as might be expected based on other inhibitors. Thionine acetate also increased the potency of the beta-lactam antibiotic ampicillin against a laboratory strain of E. coli.
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3
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Franceus J, Lormans J, Cools L, D’hooghe M, Desmet T. Evolution of Phosphorylases from N-Acetylglucosaminide Hydrolases in Family GH3. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorick Franceus
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Lormans
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Cools
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Tan CT, Xu X, Qiao Y, Wang Y. A peptidoglycan storm caused by β-lactam antibiotic's action on host microbiota drives Candida albicans infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2560. [PMID: 33963193 PMCID: PMC8105390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The commensal fungus Candida albicans often causes life-threatening infections in patients who are immunocompromised with high mortality. A prominent but poorly understood risk factor for the C. albicans commensal‒pathogen transition is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Here, we report that β-lactam antibiotics cause bacteria to release significant quantities of peptidoglycan fragments that potently induce the invasive hyphal growth of C. albicans. We identify several active peptidoglycan subunits, including tracheal cytotoxin, a molecule produced by many Gram-negative bacteria, and fragments purified from the cell wall of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Feeding mice with β-lactam antibiotics causes a peptidoglycan storm that transforms the gut from a niche usually restraining C. albicans in the commensal state to promoting invasive growth, leading to systemic dissemination. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying a significant risk factor for C. albicans infection, which could inform clinicians regarding future antibiotic selection to minimize this deadly disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Teng Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Blériot Y. Contributing to the Study of Enzymatic and Chemical Glycosyl Transfer Through the Observation and Mimicry of Glycosyl Cations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis account describes our efforts dedicated to: 1) the design of glycomimetics aimed at targeting therapeutically relevant carbohydrate processing enzymes, and 2) the observation, characterization, and exploitation of glycosyl cations as a tool for studying the glycosylation reaction. These findings have brought important data regarding this key ionic species as well as innovative strategies to access iminosugars of interest.1 Introduction2 The Glycosyl Cation, A Central Species in Glycosciences2.1 A Selection of the Strategies Developed so far to Gain Insights into Glycosyl Cations Structure2.2 When Superacids Meet Carbohydrates3 Chemical Probes to Gain Insights into the Pseudorotational Itinerary of Glycosides During Glycosidic Bond Hydrolysis3.1 Conformationally Locked Glycosides3.1.1 The Xylopyranose Case3.1.2 The Mannopyranose Case3.2 Conformationally Flexible Iminosugars3.2.1 Nojirimycin Ring Homologues3.2.2 Noeuromycin Ring Homologues3.2.3 Seven-Membered Iminosugar C-Glycosides4 N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine Mimics5 Ring Contraction: A Useful Tool to Increase Iminosugar’s Structural Diversity6 Regioselective Deprotection of Iminosugar C-Glycosides to Introduce Diversity at C2 Position7 Conclusion
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6
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Meekrathok P, Stubbs KA, Aunkham A, Kaewmaneewat A, Kardkuntod A, Bulmer DM, Berg B, Suginta W. NAG‐thiazoline is a potent inhibitor of the
Vibrio campbellii
GH20 β‐
N
‐Acetylglucosaminidase. FEBS J 2020; 287:4982-4995. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyanat Meekrathok
- School of Chemistry Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Anuwat Aunkham
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE) Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong Thailand
| | - Anuphon Kaewmaneewat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE) Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong Thailand
| | - Apinya Kardkuntod
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE) Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong Thailand
| | - David M. Bulmer
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences Newcastle University UK
| | - Bert Berg
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences Newcastle University UK
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE) Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong Thailand
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7
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Constructing and deconstructing the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2020; 29:629-646. [PMID: 31747090 PMCID: PMC7021008 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The history of modern medicine cannot be written apart from the history of the antibiotics. Antibiotics are cytotoxic secondary metabolites that are isolated from Nature. The antibacterial antibiotics disproportionately target bacterial protein structure that is distinct from eukaryotic protein structure, notably within the ribosome and within the pathways for bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis (for which there is not a eukaryotic counterpart). This review focuses on a pre-eminent class of antibiotics-the β-lactams, exemplified by the penicillins and cephalosporins-from the perspective of the evolving mechanisms for bacterial resistance. The mechanism of action of the β-lactams is bacterial cell-wall destruction. In the monoderm (single membrane, Gram-positive staining) pathogen Staphylococcus aureus the dominant resistance mechanism is expression of a β-lactam-unreactive transpeptidase enzyme that functions in cell-wall construction. In the diderm (dual membrane, Gram-negative staining) pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa a dominant resistance mechanism (among several) is expression of a hydrolytic enzyme that destroys the critical β-lactam ring of the antibiotic. The key sensing mechanism used by P. aeruginosa is monitoring the molecular difference between cell-wall construction and cell-wall deconstruction. In both bacteria, the resistance pathways are manifested only when the bacteria detect the presence of β-lactams. This review summarizes how the β-lactams are sensed and how the resistance mechanisms are manifested, with the expectation that preventing these processes will be critical to future chemotherapeutic control of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
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8
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Yamaguchi T. [Development of a Novel Affinity Labeling Method for Target Identification of Bioactive Small Molecules]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 139:1513-1521. [PMID: 31787638 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Target identification (target-ID) is an important step in elucidating the mechanisms of action of bioactive small molecules. In the past few decades, a number of target-ID methods have been developed. Among these, affinity labeling has been reliably used for specific modifications, as well as for the identification of weakly interacting protein targets, membrane-associated protein targets, and target-interacting proteins under native cellular conditions, which are generally difficult to achieve by conventional pull-down methods. In general, affinity labeling utilizes chemical probes composed of a bioactive small molecule, a reactive group, and a detection unit. However, the design and synthesis of highly functionalized chemical probes is often time-consuming. To address this issue, we have recently developed some simple affinity labeling methods using small fluorogenic tags, such as 4-alkoxy-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (O-NBD), 2,3-dichloromaleimide (diCMI), and 4-azidophthalimide (AzPI), and successfully achieved the specific fluorescent labeling of target proteins, even in living cells. These methods should be useful for target-ID in phenotypic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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9
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Coines J, Acosta-Gutierrez S, Bodrenko I, Rovira C, Ceccarelli M. Glucose transport via the pseudomonad porin OprB: implications for the design of Trojan Horse anti-infectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8457-8463. [PMID: 30951074 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the transport through outer-membrane porins is crucial to understand how anti-infectives enter Gram-negative bacteria and perform their function. Here we elucidated the transport mechanism of substrates through the Pseudomonads sugar-specific porin OprB by means of multiscale modeling. We used molecular dynamics simulations to quantify the energetics of transport and thus a diffusion model to quantify the macroscopic flux of molecules through OprB. Our results show that Trp171 and several glutamate residues in the constriction region are key for the transport of glucose, the preferred natural substrate, through OprB. The unveiled transport mechanism suggests that 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin (DNJ-NAc), an anti-infective structurally similar to glucose, can enter the cell via OprB. We quantified its energetics and macroscopic flux through OprB providing a comparative analysis with the natural substrate. Thus this pore can be considered as a promising gateway for exploiting the Trojan Horse strategy in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Coines
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Lumyong K, Kongkathip B, Chuanopparat N, Kongkathip N. A new approach to asymmetric synthesis of (−)-epiquinamide from d-glucose. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Ho LA, Winogrodzki JL, Debowski AW, Madden Z, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL, Stubbs KA. A mechanism-based GlcNAc-inspired cyclophellitol inactivator of the peptidoglycan recycling enzyme NagZ reverses resistance to β-lactams in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10630-10633. [PMID: 30178799 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of a potent mechanism-based inactivator of NagZ, an enzyme critical to the production of inducible AmpC β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria, is presented. This inactivator significantly reduces MIC values for important β-lactams against a clinically relevant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Ho
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Judith L Winogrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada.
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Zarina Madden
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada.
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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12
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Dik DA, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Cell-Wall Recycling of the Gram-Negative Bacteria and the Nexus to Antibiotic Resistance. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5952-5984. [PMID: 29847102 PMCID: PMC6855303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the cell wall to the viability of the bacterium is underscored by the breadth of antibiotic structures that act by blocking key enzymes that are tasked with cell-wall creation, preservation, and regulation. The interplay between cell-wall integrity, and the summoning forth of resistance mechanisms to deactivate cell-wall-targeting antibiotics, involves exquisite orchestration among cell-wall synthesis and remodeling and the detection of and response to the antibiotics through modulation of gene regulation by specific effectors. Given the profound importance of antibiotics to the practice of medicine, the assertion that understanding this interplay is among the most fundamentally important questions in bacterial physiology is credible. The enigmatic regulation of the expression of the AmpC β-lactamase, a clinically significant and highly regulated resistance response of certain Gram-negative bacteria to the β-lactam antibiotics, is the exemplar of this challenge. This review gives a current perspective to this compelling, and still not fully solved, 35-year enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Dik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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13
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Bouquet J, King DT, Vadlamani G, Benzie GR, Iorga B, Ide D, Adachi I, Kato A, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL, Blériot Y, Désiré J. Selective trihydroxylated azepane inhibitors of NagZ, a glycosidase involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4609-4619. [PMID: 28513749 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00838d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of d-gluco-like configured 4,5,6-trihydroxyazepanes bearing a triazole, a sulfonamide or a fluorinated acetamide moiety at C-3 is described. These synthetic derivatives have been tested for their ability to selectively inhibit the muropeptide recycling glucosaminidase NagZ and to thereby increase sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams, a pathway with substantial therapeutic potential. While introduction of triazole and sulfamide groups failed to lead to glucosaminidase inhibitors, the NHCOCF3 analog proved to be a selective inhibitor of NagZ over other glucosaminidases including human O-GlcNAcase and lysosomal hexosaminidases HexA and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouquet
- Equipe Synthèse Organique, Groupe Glycochimie, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
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14
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Dik DA, Marous DR, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Lytic transglycosylases: concinnity in concision of the bacterial cell wall. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28644060 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic reactions serve bacteria for a series of astonishingly diverse purposes. These purposes include cell-wall synthesis, remodeling, and degradation; for the detection of cell-wall-acting antibiotics; for the expression of the mechanism of cell-wall-acting antibiotics; for the insertion of secretion systems and flagellar assemblies into the cell wall; as a virulence mechanism during infection by certain Gram-negative bacteria; and in the sporulation and germination of Gram-positive spores. Significant advances in the mechanistic understanding of each of these processes have coincided with the successive discovery of new LTs structures. In this review, we provide a systematic perspective on what is known on the structure-function correlations for the LTs, while simultaneously identifying numerous opportunities for the future study of these enigmatic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dik
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Daniel R Marous
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Jed F Fisher
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
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15
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Nayyab S, O’Connor M, Brewster J, Gravier J, Jamieson M, Magno E, Miller RD, Phelan D, Roohani K, Williard P, Basu A, Reid CW. Diamide Inhibitors of the Bacillus subtilis N-Acetylglucosaminidase LytG That Exhibit Antibacterial Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:421-427. [PMID: 28448118 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminidases (GlcNAcases) play an important role in the remodeling and recycling of bacterial peptidoglycan by degrading the polysaccharide backbone. Genetic deletions of autolysins can impair cell division and growth, suggesting an opportunity for using small molecule autolysin inhibitors both as tools for studying the chemical biology of autolysins and also as antibacterial agents. We report here the synthesis and evaluation of a panel of diamides that inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis. Two compounds, fgkc (21) and fgka (5), were found to be potent inhibitors (MIC 3.8 ± 1.0 and 21.3 ± 0.1 μM, respectively). These compounds inhibit the B. subtilis family 73 glycosyl hydrolase LytG, an exo GlcNAcase. Phenotypic analysis of fgkc (21)-treated cells demonstrates a propensity for cells to form linked chains, suggesting impaired cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Nayyab
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - Mary O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jennifer Brewster
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - James Gravier
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - Mitchell Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ethan Magno
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ryan D. Miller
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - Drew Phelan
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - Keyana Roohani
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
| | - Paul Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Christopher W. Reid
- Department
of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, United States
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16
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Acebrón I, Mahasenan KV, De Benedetti S, Lee M, Artola-Recolons C, Hesek D, Wang H, Hermoso JA, Mobashery S. Catalytic Cycle of the N-Acetylglucosaminidase NagZ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6795-6798. [PMID: 28482153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-acetylglucosaminidase NagZ of Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyzes the first cytoplasmic step in recycling of muropeptides, cell-wall-derived natural products. This reaction regulates gene expression for the β-lactam resistance enzyme, β-lactamase. The enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-(1→4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-d-muramyl-peptide (1) to N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (2) and 1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-d-muramyl-peptide (3). The structural and functional aspects of catalysis by NagZ were investigated by a total of seven X-ray structures, three computational models based on the X-ray structures, molecular-dynamics simulations and mutagenesis. The structural insights came from the unbound state and complexes of NagZ with the substrate, products and a mimetic of the transient oxocarbenium species, which were prepared by synthesis. The mechanism involves a histidine as acid/base catalyst, which is unique for glycosidases. The turnover process utilizes covalent modification of D244, requiring two transition-state species and is regulated by coordination with a zinc ion. The analysis provides a seamless continuum for the catalytic cycle, incorporating large motions by four loops that surround the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Acebrón
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC , 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kiran V Mahasenan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Cecilia Artola-Recolons
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC , 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC , 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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17
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Vadlamani G, Stubbs KA, Désiré J, Blériot Y, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL. Conformational flexibility of the glycosidase NagZ allows it to bind structurally diverse inhibitors to suppress β-lactam antibiotic resistance. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1161-1170. [PMID: 28370529 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
NagZ is an N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase that participates in the peptidoglycan (PG) recycling pathway of Gram-negative bacteria by removing N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from PG fragments that have been excised from the cell wall during growth. The 1,6-anhydromuramoyl-peptide products generated by NagZ activate β-lactam resistance in many Gram-negative bacteria by inducing the expression of AmpC β-lactamase. Blocking NagZ activity can thereby suppress β-lactam antibiotic resistance in these bacteria. The NagZ active site is dynamic and it accommodates distortion of the glycan substrate during catalysis using a mobile catalytic loop that carries a histidine residue which serves as the active site general acid/base catalyst. Here, we show that flexibility of this catalytic loop also accommodates structural differences in small molecule inhibitors of NagZ, which could be exploited to improve inhibitor specificity. X-ray structures of NagZ bound to the potent yet non-selective N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase inhibitor PUGNAc (O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene) amino-N-phenylcarbamate), and two NagZ-selective inhibitors - EtBuPUG, a PUGNAc derivative bearing a 2-N-ethylbutyryl group, and MM-156, a 3-N-butyryl trihydroxyazepane, revealed that the phenylcarbamate moiety of PUGNAc and EtBuPUG completely displaces the catalytic loop from the NagZ active site to yield a catalytically incompetent form of the enzyme. In contrast, the catalytic loop was found positioned in the catalytically active conformation within the NagZ active site when bound to MM-156, which lacks the phenylcarbamate extension. Displacement of the catalytic loop by PUGNAc and its N-acyl derivative EtBuPUG alters the active site conformation of NagZ, which presents an additional strategy to improve the potency and specificity of NagZ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grishma Vadlamani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T2N2
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Équipe "Synthèse Organique" Groupe Glycochimie, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Yves Blériot
- IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Équipe "Synthèse Organique" Groupe Glycochimie, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5S 1P6
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T2N2
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18
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Carbohydrate recognition and lysis by bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:87-100. [PMID: 28109980 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The major component of bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan (PG), a complex polymer formed by long glycan chains cross-linked by peptide stems. PG is in constant equilibrium requiring well-orchestrated coordination between synthesis and degradation. The resulting cell-wall fragments can be recycled, act as messengers for bacterial communication, as effector molecules in immune response or as signaling molecules triggering antibiotics resistance. Tailoring and recycling of PG requires the cleavage of different covalent bonds of the PG sacculi by a diverse set of specific enzymes whose activities are strictly regulated. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that govern PG remodeling focusing on the structural information available for the bacterial lytic enzymes and the mechanisms by which they recognize their substrates.
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19
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Domínguez-Gil T, Molina R, Alcorlo M, Hermoso JA. Renew or die: The molecular mechanisms of peptidoglycan recycling and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 28:91-104. [PMID: 27620957 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious health threats. Cell-wall remodeling processes are tightly regulated to warrant bacterial survival and in some cases are directly linked to antibiotic resistance. Remodeling produces cell-wall fragments that are recycled but can also act as messengers for bacterial communication, as effector molecules in immune response and as signaling molecules triggering antibiotic resistance. This review is intended to provide state-of-the-art information about the molecular mechanisms governing this process and gather structural information of the different macromolecular machineries involved in peptidoglycan recycling in Gram-negative bacteria. The growing body of literature on the 3D structures of the corresponding macromolecules reveals an extraordinary complexity. Considering the increasing incidence and widespread emergence of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens in clinics, structural information on the main actors of the recycling process paves the way for designing novel antibiotics disrupting cellular communication in the recycling-resistance pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Domínguez-Gil
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Inst. Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Molina
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Inst. Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcorlo
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Inst. Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Inst. Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: targeting cell-wall metabolism for new antibacterial discovery and development. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:975-92. [PMID: 27228070 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and is resistant to most antibiotics. With therapeutic options against P. aeruginosa dwindling, and the lack of new antibiotics in advanced developmental stages, strategies for preserving the effectiveness of current antibiotics are urgently required. β-Lactam antibiotics are important agents for treating P. aeruginosa infections, thus, adjuvants that potentiate the activity of these compounds are desirable for extending their lifespan while new antibiotics - or antibiotic classes - are discovered and developed. In this review, we discuss recent research that has identified exploitable targets of cell-wall metabolism for the design and development of compounds that hinder resistance and potentiate the activity of antipseudomonal β-lactams.
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21
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Harit VK, Ramesh NG. Amino-functionalized iminocyclitols: synthetic glycomimetics of medicinal interest. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A review on the syntheses and biological activities of unnatural glycomimetics highlighting the effect of replacement of hydroxyl groups of natural iminosugars by amino functionalities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kant Harit
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi - 110016
- India
| | - Namakkal G. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi - 110016
- India
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22
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Bolchi C, Valoti E, Fumagalli L, Straniero V, Ruggeri P, Pallavicini M. Enantiomerically Pure Dibenzyl Esters of l-Aspartic and l-Glutamic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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23
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de la Fuente A, Mena-Barragán T, Farrar-Tobar RA, Verdaguer X, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C, Riera A. Stereoselective synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin (DNJNAc) and ureido-DNJNAc derivatives as new hexosaminidase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6500-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin (DNJNAc) and ureido-DNJNAc derivatives as potent hexosaminidase inhibitors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de la Fuente
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Barragán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41012 Sevilla
- Spain
| | | | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
| | | | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41012 Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
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24
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Blériot Y, Tran AT, Prencipe G, Jagadeesh Y, Auberger N, Zhu S, Gauthier C, Zhang Y, Désiré J, Adachi I, Kato A, Sollogoub M. Synthesis of 1,2-trans-2-Acetamido-2-deoxyhomoiminosugars. Org Lett 2014; 16:5516-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Blériot
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet,
TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Anh Tuan Tran
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Prencipe
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yerri Jagadeesh
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet,
TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nicolas Auberger
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet,
TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Sha Zhu
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet,
TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet,
TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Isao Adachi
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
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25
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Kuhn H, Gutelius D, Black E, Nadolny C, Basu A, Reid C. Anti-bacterial glycosyl triazoles - Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine derivative with bacteriostatic activity against Bacillus. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1213-1217. [PMID: 25431647 PMCID: PMC4241850 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosaminidases (GlcNAcases) play an important role in the remodeling and recycling of bacterial peptidoglycan. Inhibitors of bacterial GlcNAcases can serve as antibacterial agents and provide an opportunity for the development of new antibiotics. We report the synthesis of triazole derivatives of N-acetylglucosamine using a copper promoted azide-alkyne coupling reaction between 1-azido-N-acetylglucosamine and a small library of terminal alkynes prepared via the Ugi reaction. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Two compounds that show bacteriostatic activity against Bacillus were identified, with MIC values of approximately 60 μM in both cases. Bacillus subtilis cultured in the presence of sub-MIC amounts of the glycosyl triazole inhibitors exhibit an elongated phenotype characteristic of impaired cell division. This represents the first report of inhibitors of bacterial cell wall GlcNAcases that demonstrate inhibition of cell growth in whole cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eimear Black
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912; Department of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Providence RI 02917
| | - Christina Nadolny
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912; Department of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Providence RI 02917
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912; Department of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Providence RI 02917
| | - Christopher Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912; Department of Science and Technology, Bryant University, Providence RI 02917
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26
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The sentinel role of peptidoglycan recycling in the β-lactam resistance of the Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioorg Chem 2014; 56:41-8. [PMID: 24955547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan is the structural polymer of the bacterial cell envelope. In contrast to an expectation of a structural stasis for this polymer, during the growth of the Gram-negative bacterium this polymer is in a constant state of remodeling and extension. Our current understanding of this peptidoglycan "turnover" intertwines with the deeply related phenomena of the liberation of small peptidoglycan segments (muropeptides) during turnover, the presence of dedicated recycling pathways for reuse of these muropeptides, β-lactam inactivation of specific penicillin-binding proteins as a mechanism for the perturbation of the muropeptide pool, and this perturbation as a controlling mechanism for signal transduction leading to the expression of β-lactamase(s) as a key resistance mechanism against the β-lactam antibiotics. The nexus for many of these events is the control of the AmpR transcription factor by the composition of the muropeptide pool generated during peptidoglycan recycling. In this review we connect the seminal observations of the past decades to new observations that resolve some, but certainly not all, of the key structures and mechanisms that connect to AmpR.
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27
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Mondon M, Hur S, Vadlamani G, Rodrigues P, Tsybina P, Oliver A, Mark BL, Vocadlo DJ, Blériot Y. Selective trihydroxyazepane NagZ inhibitors increase sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:10983-5. [PMID: 24136176 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AmpC β-lactamase confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in many Gram negative bacteria. Inducible expression of AmpC requires an N-acetylglucosaminidase termed NagZ. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of hydroxyazepane inhibitors of NagZ. We find that these inhibitors enhance the susceptibility of clinically relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Mondon
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Équipe "Synthése Organique" Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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28
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Bourgault JP, Maddirala AR, Andreana PR. A one-pot multicomponent coupling/cyclization for natural product herbicide (±)-thaxtomin A. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8125-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The herbicide (±)-thaxtomin A has been synthesized in a one-pot two step process through an Ugi reaction followed by base-mediated cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo, USA
| | - Amarendar Reddy Maddirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo, USA
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo, USA
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29
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Stubbs KA, Bacik JP, Perley-Robertson GE, Whitworth GE, Gloster TM, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL. The development of selective inhibitors of NagZ: increased susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to β-lactams. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1973-81. [PMID: 24009110 PMCID: PMC3920638 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of inducible chromosomal AmpC β-lactamases within the clinic is a growing concern because these enzymes deactivate a broad range of even the most recently developed β-lactam antibiotics. As a result, new strategies are needed to block the action of this antibiotic resistance enzyme. Presented here is a strategy to combat the action of inducible AmpC by inhibiting the β-glucosaminidase NagZ, which is an enzyme involved in regulating the induction of AmpC expression. A divergent route facilitating the rapid synthesis of a series of N-acyl analogues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxynojirimycin is reported here. Among these compounds are potent NagZ inhibitors that are selective against functionally related human enzymes. These compounds reduce minimum inhibitory concentration values for β-lactams against a clinically relevant Gram-negative bacterium bearing inducible chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of a NagZ–inhibitor complex provides insight into the molecular basis for inhibition by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 (Australia).
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30
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Bacik JP, Whitworth GE, Stubbs KA, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL. Active site plasticity within the glycoside hydrolase NagZ underlies a dynamic mechanism of substrate distortion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 23177201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NagZ is a glycoside hydrolase that participates in peptidoglycan (PG) recycling by removing β-N-acetylglucosamine from PG fragments that are excised from the bacterial cell wall during growth. Notably, the products formed by NagZ, 1,6-anhydroMurNAc-peptides, activate β-lactam resistance in many Gram-negative bacteria, making this enzyme of interest as a potential therapeutic target. Crystal structure determinations of NagZ from Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis in complex with natural substrate, trapped as a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, and bound to product, define the reaction coordinate of the NagZ family of enzymes. The structures, combined with kinetic studies, reveal an uncommon degree of structural plasticity within the active site of a glycoside hydrolase, and unveil how NagZ drives substrate distortion using a highly mobile loop that contains a conserved histidine that has been proposed as the general acid/base.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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31
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Abstract
Many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria recycle a significant proportion of the peptidoglycan components of their cell walls during their growth and septation. In many--and quite possibly all--bacteria, the peptidoglycan fragments are recovered and recycled. Although cell-wall recycling is beneficial for the recovery of resources, it also serves as a mechanism to detect cell-wall-targeting antibiotics and to regulate resistance mechanisms. In several Gram-negative pathogens, anhydro-MurNAc-peptide cell-wall fragments regulate AmpC β-lactamase induction. In some Gram-positive organisms, short peptides derived from the cell wall regulate the induction of both β-lactamase and β-lactam-resistant penicillin-binding proteins. The involvement of peptidoglycan recycling with resistance regulation suggests that inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the recycling might synergize with cell-wall-targeted antibiotics. Indeed, such inhibitors improve the potency of β-lactams in vitro against inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. We describe the key steps of cell-wall remodeling and recycling, the regulation of resistance mechanisms by cell-wall recycling, and recent advances toward the discovery of cell-wall-recycling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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