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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Mathur V, Alam O, Siddiqui N, Jha M, Manaithiya A, Bawa S, Sharma N, Alshehri S, Alam P, Shakeel F. Insight into Structure Activity Relationship of DPP-4 Inhibitors for Development of Antidiabetic Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:5860. [PMID: 37570832 PMCID: PMC10420935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article sheds light on the various scaffolds that can be used in the designing and development of novel synthetic compounds to create DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review highlights a variety of scaffolds with high DPP-4 inhibition activity, such as pyrazolopyrimidine, tetrahydro pyridopyrimidine, uracil-based benzoic acid and esters, triazole-based, fluorophenyl-based, glycinamide, glycolamide, β-carbonyl 1,2,4-triazole, and quinazoline motifs. The article further explains that the potential of the compounds can be increased by substituting atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Docking of existing drugs like sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin was done using Maestro 12.5, and the interaction with specific residues was studied to gain a better understanding of the active sites of DPP-4. The structural activities of the various scaffolds against DPP-4 were further illustrated by their inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Additionally, various synthesis schemes were developed to make several commercially available DPP4 inhibitors such as vildagliptin, sitagliptin and omarigliptin. In conclusion, the use of halogenated scaffolds for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is likely to be an area of increasing interest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mathur
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Mukund Jha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Division of Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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3
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Tangara S, Faïon L, Piveteau C, Capet F, Godelier R, Michel M, Flipo M, Deprez B, Willand N, Villemagne B. Rapid and Efficient Access to Novel Bio-Inspired 3-Dimensional Tricyclic SpiroLactams as Privileged Structures via Meyers’ Lactamization. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030413. [PMID: 36986512 PMCID: PMC10054226 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of privileged structure has been used as a fruitful approach for the discovery of novel biologically active molecules. A privileged structure is defined as a semi-rigid scaffold able to display substituents in multiple spatial directions and capable of providing potent and selective ligands for different biological targets through the modification of those substituents. On average, these backbones tend to exhibit improved drug-like properties and therefore represent attractive starting points for hit-to-lead optimization programs. This article promotes the rapid, reliable, and efficient synthesis of novel, highly 3-dimensional, and easily functionalized bio-inspired tricyclic spirolactams, as well as an analysis of their drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salia Tangara
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Léo Faïon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Capet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181—UCCS—Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Romain Godelier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Michel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Flipo
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Villemagne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
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Kalli SB, Velmurugan V. Design, synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of piperazine sulphonamide derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e95096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes (T2DM) is considered one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders in the world. It is known as insulin resistance and persistent hyperglycemia. Over the past decade, inhibition of the enzymatic dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has indeed been demonstrated to be an efficient and safe intervention for type 2 diabetes. In order to develop innovative DPP-4 inhibitors, several in silico techniques including 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, in-silico toxicity has been performed to confirm a total of 18 novel piperazine and pyridine derivatives to be synthesized from many designed molecules. These molecules have indeed been docked onto the protein surface of the DPP-4 enzyme, and ADMET characteristics have also been generated in silico. The compounds were then developed and analysed using FT-IR. Then, these compounds were investigated for DPP-4 inhibition in vitro. The most promising compound 8h showed 27.32% inhibition at 10μmol L-1 concentration over DPP-4 so selected for further in-vivo anti-diabetic evaluation. Compound 8h decreased blood glucose excursion in a dose-dependent manner during the OGTT and STZ-induced glucose models in normal Albino Wistar rats. Low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in Albino Wistar rats treated chronically for 21 days with compound 8h resulted in a reduction in serum glucose levels. This highlighted that 8h is a moderately strong and specific blockbuster molecule that can be structurally modified to boost its effectiveness and overall pharmacological profile as a DPP-4 inhibitor.
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Neogliptin, a Novel 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-Based Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030273. [PMID: 35337071 PMCID: PMC8949241 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds that contain (R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoic acid substituted with bicyclic amino moiety (2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) were designed using molecular modelling methods, synthesised, and found to be potent DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors. Compound 12a (IC50 = 16.8 ± 2.2 nM), named neogliptin, is a more potent DPP-4 inhibitor than vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Neogliptin interacts with key DPP-4 residues in the active site and has pharmacophore parameters similar to vildagliptin and sitagliptin. It was found to have a low cardiotoxic effect compared to sitagliptin, and it is superior to vildagliptin in terms of ADME properties. Moreover, compound 12a is stable in aqueous solutions due to its low intramolecular cyclisation potential. These findings suggest that compound 12a has unique properties and can act as a template for further type 2 diabetes mellitus drug development.
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6
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Kumar S, Mittal A, Mittal A. A review upon medicinal perspective and designing rationale of DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116354. [PMID: 34428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the highly prevalence disorder and increasing day by day worldwidely. T2DM is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by deficiency in insulin or resistance to insulin and thus increases the glucose levels in the blood. Various approaches are there to treat diabetes but still there is no cure for this disease. DPP-4 inhibitor is a privileged target in the field of drug discovery and provides various opportunities in exploring this target for development of molecules as antidiabetic agents. DPP-4 acts by inhibiting the incretin action and thus decreases the level of blood glucose by imparting minimal side effects. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin etc. are the different DPP-4 based drugs approved throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cyanopyrrolidines, triazolopiperazine amide, pyrrolidines are basic core nucleus present in various DPP-4 inhibitors and has potential effects. In the past few years, researchers had applied various approaches to synthesize potent DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agent without side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular risks, retinopathy etc. This review will also emphasize the recent strategies and rationale utilized by researchers for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. This review also reveals about the various other approaches like molecular modelling, ligand based drug designing, high throughput screening etc. are used by the various research group for the development of potential DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana 142021, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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7
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Tomovic K, Ilic BS, Smelcerovic A. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Cocrystallized Gliptin-like Pyrrolidine, Trifluorophenyl, and Pyrimidine-2,4-Dione Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9639-9648. [PMID: 34190540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Approved and potent reported dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors with gliptin-like structures are classified here according to their structures and mechanisms of the inhibition in three groups: (i) those with pyrrolidine or analogs as P1 fragment with α-aminoacyl linker, (ii) structures with trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment with β-aminobutanoyl linker, and (iii) DPP-4 inhibitors with pyrimidine-2,4-dione or analogs as P1' fragment. The structure-activity relationship analysis was performed for those whose cocrystallized structures with the enzyme were published. While inhibitors with pyrrolidine and trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment bind in a similar way in S1, S2 and S2 extensive domains of the enzyme, the binding mode of pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives/analogs differs with additional interactions in S1' and S2' pockets. Three general schemes of fragmented gliptins and gliptin-like structures with the enzyme and protein-ligand interaction fingerprints were made, which might be useful in the creation of DPP-4 inhibitor's design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Budimir S Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
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8
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Shah BM, Modi P, Trivedi P. Recent Medicinal Chemistry Approach for the Development of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3595-3621. [PMID: 33045957 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201012153255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, a metabolic disease, occurs due to a decreased or no effect of insulin on the blood glucose level. The current oral medications stimulate insulin release, increase glucose absorption and its utilization, and decrease hepatic glucose output. Two major incretin hormones like Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagonlike peptide - 1 (GLP-1) stimulate insulin release after a meal, but their action is inhibited by enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase- IV. OBJECTIVE The activity of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP prolongs and extends with DPP IV inhibitors, which are responsible for the stimulation of insulin secretion and regulation of blood glucose level. DPP IV inhibitors have shown effectiveness and endurability with a neutral effect on weight as well as less chances of hypoglycemia in the management of type 2 diabetes. These journeys started from Sitagliptin (marketed in 2006) to Evogliptin (marketed in 2015, Korea). CONCLUSION Treatment of type 2 diabetes includes lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin. Newer and superior therapies are needed more than currently prescribed drugs. Various heterocyclic derivatives have been tried, but due to masking of DASH proteins, CYP enzymes, and hERG channel, they showed side effects. Based on these, the study has been focused on the development of safe, influential, selective, and long-lasting inhibitors of DPP IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
| | - Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institutes of Pharmacy, Sarkhej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Priti Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
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Zhou PX, Yang X, Wang J, Ge C, Feng W, Liang YM, Zhang Y. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Allylation of Electron-Deficient Polyfluoroarenes with gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4920-4924. [PMID: 34085517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed C-H allylation of electron-deficient polyfluoroarenes with gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes is reported. It provides a useful and facile approach to 2-fluoroallylic polyfluoroarenes in moderate to excellent yields with high Z-selectivity. In addition, this new approach has good functional group compatibility and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xin Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Wang Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
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10
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Nath V, Ramchandani M, Kumar N, Agrawal R, Kumar V. Computational identification of potential dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitors: Structure based virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation and knowledge based SAR studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Drug discovery approaches targeting the incretin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103810. [PMID: 32325333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Incretin pathway plays an important role in the development of diabetes medications. Interventions in DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor have shown remarkable efficacy in experimental and clinical studies and imperatively become one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in the T2DM drug discovery pipeline. Herein, we analyzed the actionmechanismsof DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor targeting the incretin pathway in T2DM treatment. We gave an insight into the structural requirements for the potent DPP-4 inhibitors and revealed a classification of DPP-4 inhibitors by stressing on the binding modes of these ligands to the enzyme. We then reviewed the drug discovery strategies for the development of peptide and non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). Furthermore, the drug design strategies for DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists were detailed accurately. This review might provide an efficient evidence for the highly potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors and the GLP-1 RAs, as novel medicines for patients suffering from T2DM.
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Ojeda-Montes MJ, Gimeno A, Tomas-Hernández S, Cereto-Massagué A, Beltrán-Debón R, Valls C, Mulero M, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Activity and selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV inhibitors: Lessons we can learn from SAR studies and their application to virtual screening. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1874-1915. [PMID: 29660786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has emerged over the last decade as one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and consequently (a) 11 DPP-IV inhibitors have been on the market since 2006 (three in 2015), and (b) 74 noncovalent complexes involving human DPP-IV and drug-like inhibitors are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The present review aims to (a) explain the most important activity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition according to the binding site structure of DPP-IV, (b) explain the most important selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition in comparison with other related enzymes (i.e., DPP8 and DPP9), and (c) use the information deriving from this activity/selectivity cliff analysis to suggest how virtual screening protocols might be improved to favor the early identification of potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors in molecular databases (because they have not succeeded in identifying selective DPP-IV inhibitors with IC50 ≤ 100 nM). All these goals are achieved with the help of available homology models for DPP8 and DPP9 and an analysis of the structure-activity studies used to develop the noncovalent inhibitors that form part of some of the complexes with human DPP-IV available at the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ojeda-Montes
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrià Cereto-Massagué
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Valls
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
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13
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Li N, Wang LJ, Jiang B, Li XQ, Guo CL, Guo SJ, Shi DY. Recent progress of the development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:145-157. [PMID: 29609120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a fast growing chronic metabolic disorder around the world. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a new promising target during type 2 diabetes glycemic control. Thus, a number of potent DPP-4 inhibitors were developed and play a rapidly evolving role in the management of type 2 diabetes in recent years. This article reviews the development of synthetic and natural DPP-4 inhibitors from 2012 to 2017 and provides their physico-chemical properties, biological activities against DPP-4 and selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidase-8/9. Moreover, the glucose-lowering mechanisms and the active site of DPP-4 are also discussed. We also discuss strategies and structure-activity relationships for identifying potent DPP-4 inhibitors, which will provide useful information for developing potent DPP-4 drugs as type 2 diabtes treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chuan-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shu-Ju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Da-Yong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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14
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Deng X, Shen J, Zhu H, Xiao J, Sun R, Xie F, Lam C, Wang J, Qiao Y, Tavallaie MS, Hu Y, Du Y, Li J, Fu L, Jiang F. Surrogating and redirection of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one core, a novel class of potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:903-912. [PMID: 29373269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The initial focus on characterizing novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one derivatives as DPP-4 inhibitors, led to a potent and selective inhibitor compound b2. This ligand exhibits potent in vitro DPP-4 inhibitory activity (IC50: 80 nM), while maintaining other key cellular parameters such as high selectivity, low cytotoxicity and good cell viability. Subsequent optimization of b2 based on docking analysis and structure-based drug design knowledge resulted in d1. Compound d1 has nearly 2-fold increase of inhibitory activity (IC50: 49 nM) and over 1000-fold selectivity against DPP-8 and DPP-9. Further in vivo IPGTT assays showed that compound b2 effectively reduce glucose excursion by 34% at the dose of 10 mg/kg in diabetic mice. Herein we report the optimization and design of a potent and highly selective series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxian Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Rd., Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Viva Biotech Ltd. (Shanghai), No. 334 Aidisheng Rd., Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 369 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ran Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fangzhou Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Celine Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixue Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mojdeh S Tavallaie
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Du
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Rd., Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Faqin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Computational Analysis of Gynura bicolor Bioactive Compounds as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor. Adv Bioinformatics 2017; 2017:5124165. [PMID: 28932239 PMCID: PMC5591938 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5124165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) is a popular route for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Commercially available gliptin-based drugs such as sitagliptin, anagliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin were specifically developed as DPPIV inhibitors for diabetic patients. The use of Gynura bicolor in treating diabetes had been reported in various in vitro experiments. However, an understanding of the inhibitory actions of G. bicolor bioactive compounds on DPPIV is still lacking and this may provide crucial information for the development of more potent and natural sources of DPPIV inhibitors. Evaluation of G. bicolor bioactive compounds for potent DPPIV inhibitors was computationally conducted using Lead IT and iGEMDOCK software, and the best free-binding energy scores for G. bicolor bioactive compounds were evaluated in comparison with the commercial DPPIV inhibitors, sitagliptin, anagliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin. Drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis were also performed. Based on molecular docking analysis, four of the identified bioactive compounds in G. bicolor, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and trans-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, resulted in lower free-binding energy scores when compared with two of the commercially available gliptin inhibitors. The results revealed that bioactive compounds in G. bicolor are potential natural inhibitors of DPPIV.
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16
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Schwehm C, Kellam B, Garces AE, Hill SJ, Kindon ND, Bradshaw TD, Li J, Macdonald SJF, Rowedder JE, Stoddart LA, Stocks MJ. Design and Elaboration of a Tractable Tricyclic Scaffold To Synthesize Druglike Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4), Antagonists of the C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 (CCR5), and Highly Potent and Selective Phosphoinositol-3 Kinase δ (PI3Kδ) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1534-1554. [PMID: 28128944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel molecular scaffold has been synthesized, and its incorporation into new analogues of biologically active molecules across multiple target classes will be discussed. In these studies, we have shown use of the tricyclic scaffold to synthesize potent inhibitors of the serine peptidase DPP-4, antagonists of the CCR5 receptor, and highly potent and selective PI3K δ isoform inhibitors. We also describe the predicted physicochemical properties of the resulting inhibitors and conclude that the tractable molecular scaffold could have potential application in future drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schwehm
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Aimie E Garces
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Institute of Cell Signalling, Medical School, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Tracey D Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jin Li
- Hitgen Ltd. , F7-10, Building B3, Tianfu Life Science Park, 88 South Kayuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 610041
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- GlaxoSmithKline , Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James E Rowedder
- GlaxoSmithKline , Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Institute of Cell Signalling, Medical School, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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17
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Pereira ALE, Dos Santos GB, Franco MSF, Federico LB, da Silva CHTP, Santos CBR. Molecular modeling and statistical analysis in the design of derivatives of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:318-334. [PMID: 28027711 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1277163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (hDDP-IV) has a considerable importance in inactivation of glucagon-like peptide-1, which is related to type 2 diabetes. One approach for the treatment is the development of small hDDP-IV inhibitors. In order to design better inhibitors, we analyzed 5-(aminomethyl)-6-(2,4-dichlrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-amine and a set of 24 molecules found in the BindingDB web database for model designing. The analysis of their molecular properties allowed the design of a multiple linear regression model for activity prediction. Their docking analysis allowed visualization of the interactions between the pharmacophore regions and hDDP-IV. After both analyses were performed, we proposed a set of nine molecules in order to predict their activity. Four of them displayed promising activity, and thus, had their docking performed, as well as, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological study. Two compounds from the proposed set showed suitable pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics, and therefore, they were considered promising for future synthesis and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L E Pereira
- a Laboratório de Pesquisas Forenses e Genômica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Dos Santos
- b Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Márcia S F Franco
- b Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Federico
- b Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos H T P da Silva
- b Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cleydson B R Santos
- b Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences , Federal University of Amapá , 68902-280 Macapá , AP , Brazil
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18
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Mishchuk A, Shtil N, Poberezhnyk M, Nazarenko K, Savchenko T, Tolmachev A, Krasavin M. Keeping it small, polar, and non-flat: diversely functionalized building blocks containing the privileged 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]- and [1,5-a]pyridine cores. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1787] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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