1
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Li J, Tuo D, Guo G, Gao Y, Gan J. The clinical significance and oncogenic function of LRRFIP1 in pancreatic cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:123. [PMID: 38634978 PMCID: PMC11026317 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with a grim prognosis. Previous studies have proven that Leucine Rich Repeat of Flightless-1 Interacting Protein 1 (LRRFIP1) plays a pivotal role in cell biological processes, while its clinical significance and function in pancreatic cancer remain to be elucidated. Hence, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of LRRFIP1 in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The expression of LRRFIP1 in pancreatic cancer tissues and its clinical significance for pancreatic cancer were analyzed by immunohistochemistry assay and bioinformatic analysis. The influences of LRRFIP1 on the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells were assessed in vitro. The underlying mechanisms of LRRFIP1 in pancreatic cancer progression were explored using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and molecular experiments. RESULTS The results showed that LRRFIP1 expression was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared to the normal tissues, and such upregulation was associated with poor prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. GSEA revealed that LRRFIP1 upregulation was significantly associated with various cancer-associated signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Wnt pathway. Furthermore, LRRFIP1 was found to be associated with the infiltration of various immune cells. Functionally, LRRFIP1 silencing suppressed cell proliferation somewhat and inhibited migration substantially. Further molecular experiments indicated that LRRFIP1 silencing inactivated the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis. CONCLUSION Taken together, LRRFIP1 is associated with tumorigenesis, immune cell infiltration, and prognosis in pancreatic cancer, which suggests that LRRFIP1 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayun Tuo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gunan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, 526020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhou X, Mitra R, Hou F, Zhou S, Wang L, Jiang W. Genomic Landscape and Potential Regulation of RNA Editing in Drug Resistance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207357. [PMID: 36912579 PMCID: PMC10190536 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing critically affects the response of cancer therapies. However, comprehensive identification of drug resistance-related RNA editing events and systematic understanding of how RNA editing mediates anticancer drug resistance remain unclear. Here, 7157 differential editing sites (DESs) are identified from 98 127 informative RNA editing sites in tumor tissues, many of which are validated in cancer cell lines. Diverse editing patterns of DESs are discovered in resistant samples, which could not be fully explained by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA enzymes. Some RNA-binding proteins are identified that potentially regulate these editing events. Notably, the DESs are significantly enriched in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs). The impact of DESs in 3'-UTR on the microRNA (miRNA) regulations is explored, and some triplets (DES, miRNA, and gene) that may contribute to drug resistance are identified. In addition, it is determined that the functions of genes enriched with DESs are associated with drug resistance, such as apoptosis, drug metabolism, and DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair. An online resource (http://www.jianglab.cn/REDR/) to support convenient retrieval of DESs is also built. The findings reveal the landscape and potential regulatory mechanism of RNA editing in drug resistance, providing new therapeutic targets for reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211106P. R. China
| | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of PharmacologyPhysiology, and Cancer BiologySidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19107USA
| | - Fei Hou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211106P. R. China
| | - Shunheng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211106P. R. China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211106P. R. China
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3
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Patierno BM, Foo WC, Allen T, Somarelli JA, Ware KE, Gupta S, Wise S, Wise JP, Qin X, Zhang D, Xu L, Li Y, Chen X, Inman BA, McCall SJ, Huang J, Kittles RA, Owzar K, Gregory S, Armstrong AJ, George DJ, Patierno SR, Hsu DS, Freedman JA. Characterization of a castrate-resistant prostate cancer xenograft derived from a patient of West African ancestry. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:513-523. [PMID: 34645983 PMCID: PMC9005588 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease, with highest incidence and mortality among men of African ancestry. To date, prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PCPDX) models to study this disease have been difficult to establish because of limited specimen availability and poor uptake rates in immunodeficient mice. Ancestrally diverse PCPDXs are even more rare, and only six PCPDXs from self-identified African American patients from one institution were recently made available. METHODS In the present study, we established a PCPDX from prostate cancer tissue from a patient of estimated 90% West African ancestry with metastatic castration resistant disease, and characterized this model's pathology, karyotype, hotspot mutations, copy number, gene fusions, gene expression, growth rate in normal and castrated mice, therapeutic response, and experimental metastasis. RESULTS This PCPDX has a mutation in TP53 and loss of PTEN and RB1. We have documented a 100% take rate in mice after thawing the PCPDX tumor from frozen stock. The PCPDX is castrate- and docetaxel-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive, and has gene expression patterns associated with such drug responses. After tail vein injection, the PCPDX tumor cells can colonize the lungs of mice. CONCLUSION This PCPDX, along with others that are established and characterized, will be useful pre-clinically for studying the heterogeneity of prostate cancer biology and testing new therapeutics in models expected to be reflective of the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Patierno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Foo
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tyler Allen
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Santosh Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sandra Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - John P Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Xiaodi Qin
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yanjing Li
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Brant A Inman
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shannon J McCall
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Simon Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Steven R Patierno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David S Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer A Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Kawasaki S, Ohtsuka H, Sato Y, Douchi D, Sato M, Ariake K, Masuda K, Fukase K, Mizuma M, Nakagawa K, Hayashi H, Morikawa T, Motoi F, Unno M. Silencing of LRRFIP1 enhances the sensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells by activating JNK/c-Jun signaling. Pancreatology 2021; 21:771-778. [PMID: 33707114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells has been shown to closely associate with the survival and drug resistance of cancer cells. We recently provided evidence that Wnt signal activator leucine-rich repeat in flightless-1-interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1) regulates EMT in pancreatic cancer. LRRFIP1 silencing inhibits the translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus, which led to reverse EMT in cancer cells. It was suggested that LRRFIP1 was implicated in gemcitabine sensitivity by regulating EMT signaling. METHODS Gemcitabine chemosensitivity was investigated in LRRFIP1-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA Paca-2). In addition, the effects of LRRFIP1 knockdown on JNK/SAPK (stress activated-protein kinase) signaling and apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS LRRFIP1 silencing accelerates gemcitabine-induced caspase activity and cell death in pancreatic cancer cells. It was also revealed that gemcitabine-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun were increased in LRRFIP1 knockdown cells. The activation of JNK/c-Jun in LRRFIP1-knockdown cells was significantly diminished by the inhibition of Rac activity. It was confirmed that the acquisition of gemcitabine sensitivity by LRRFIP1 silencing largely depends on the stimulation of JNK/SAPK (stress activated-protein kinase) signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that reversing EMT and transient activation of JNK might be essential for the gemcitabine sensitivity in LRRFIP1 knockdown pancreatic cancer cells. Our discoveries highlight the potential role of LRRFIP1 in the chemosensitivity related to the regulation of EMT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kawasaki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisuke Douchi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Sato
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kyohei Ariake
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Fukase
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takanori Morikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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5
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Stiffel VM, Thomas A, Rundle CH, Sheng MHC, Lau KHW. The EphA4 Signaling is Anti-catabolic in Synoviocytes but Pro-anabolic in Articular Chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:576-592. [PMID: 32816052 PMCID: PMC7606366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression and activation of EphA4 in the various cell types in a knee joint was upregulated upon an intraarticular injury. To determine if EphA4 signaling plays a role in osteoarthritis, we determined whether deficient EphA4 expression (in EphA4 knockout mice) or upregulation of the EphA4 signaling (with the EfnA4-fc treatment) would alter cellular functions of synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes. In synoviocytes, deficient EphA4 expression enhanced, whereas activation of the EphA4 signaling reduced, expression and secretion of key inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteases. Conversely, in articular chondrocytes, activation of the EphA4 signaling upregulated, while deficient EphA4 expression reduced, expression levels of chondrogenic genes (e.g., aggrecan, lubricin, type-2 collagen, and Sox9). EfnA4-fc treatment in wildtype, but not EphA4-deficient, articular chondrocytes promoted the formation and activity of acidic proteoglycan-producing colonies. Activation of the EphA4 signaling in articular chondrocytes upregulated Rac1/2 and downregulated RhoA via enhancing Vav1 and reducing Ephexin1 activation, respectively. However, activation of the EphA4 signaling in synoviocytes suppressed the Vav/Rac signaling while upregulated the Ephexin/Rho signaling. In summary, the EphA4 signaling in synoviocytes is largely of anti-catabolic nature through suppression of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix proteases, but in articular chondrocytes the signaling is pro-anabolic in that it promotes the biosynthesis of articular cartilage. The contrasting action of the EphA4 signaling in synoviocytes as opposing to articular chondrocytes may in part be mediated through the opposite differential effects of the EphA4 signaling on the Vav/Rac signaling and Ephexin/Rho signaling in the two skeletal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Stiffel
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial V.A. Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial V.A. Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial V.A. Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Matilda H-C Sheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial V.A. Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial V.A. Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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6
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Tuan NM, Lee CH. Role of Anillin in Tumour: From a Prognostic Biomarker to a Novel Target. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1600. [PMID: 32560530 PMCID: PMC7353083 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anillin (ANLN), an actin-binding protein, reportedly plays a vital role in cell proliferation and migration, particularly in cytokinesis. Although there have been findings pointing to a contribution of ANLN to the development of cancer, the association of ANLN to cancer remains not fully understood. Here, we gather evidence to determine the applicability of ANLN as a prognostic tool for some types of cancer, and the impact that ANLN has on the hallmarks of cancer. We searched academic repositories including PubMed and Google Scholar to find and review studies related to cancer and ANLN. The conclusion is that ANLN could be a potent target for cancer treatment, but the roles ANLN, other than in cytokinesis and its influence on tumour microenvironment remodeling in cancer development, must be further elucidated, and specific ANLN inhibitors should be found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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7
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Shimizu T, Fujii T, Ohtake H, Tomii T, Takahashi R, Kawashima K, Sakai H. Impaired actin filaments decrease cisplatin sensitivity via dysfunction of volume-sensitive Cl - channels in human epidermoid carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9589-9600. [PMID: 32372464 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used platinum-based anticancer drug in the chemotherapy of numerous human cancers. However, cancer cells acquire resistance to cisplatin. So far, functional loss of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl- channels has been reported to contribute to cisplatin resistance of cancer cells. Here, we analyzed protein expression patterns of human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells and its cisplatin-resistant KCP-4 cells. Intriguingly, KB cells exhibited higher β-actin expression and clearer actin filaments than KCP-4 cells. The β-actin knockdown in KB cells decreased VSOR Cl- currents and inhibited the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) process after cell swelling. Consistently, KB cells treated with cytochalasin D, which depolymerizes actin filaments, showed smaller VSOR Cl- currents and slower RVD. Cytochalasin D also inhibited cisplatin-triggered apoptosis in KB cells. These results suggest that the disruption of actin filaments cause the dysfunction of VSOR Cl- channels, which elicits resistance to cisplatin in human epidermoid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuto Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hironao Ohtake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshie Tomii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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8
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Zheng CW, Zeng RJ, Xu LY, Li EM. Rho GTPases: Promising candidates for overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett 2020; 475:65-78. [PMID: 31981606 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, resistance to chemotherapy remains a major challenge to patients with malignancies. Rho GTPases are essential for the development and progression of various diseases including cancer, and a vast number of studies have linked Rho GTPases to chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms can expound the effects of Rho GTPases towards chemotherapeutic agents, and targeting Rho GTPases is a promising strategy to downregulate the chemo-protective pathways and overcome chemoresistance. Importantly, exceptions in certain biological conditions and interactions among the members of Rho GTPases should be noted. In this review, we focus on the role of Rho GTPases, particularly Rac1, in regulating chemoresistance and provide an overview of their related mechanisms and available inhibitors, which may offer novel options for future targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rui-Jie Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
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9
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Deng Z, Jia Y, Liu H, He M, Yang Y, Xiao W, Li Y. RhoA/ROCK pathway: implication in osteoarthritis and therapeutic targets. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5324-5331. [PMID: 31632513 PMCID: PMC6789288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) and its downstream effector Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) play important roles in multiple cellular processes, but abnormal activation of this pathway have been reported to be involved in various types of diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). This article focused to review the RhoA/ROCK association and its functional role in OA development, and possible therapeutics of OA by targeting this pathway. We have explored the databases like Pubmed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and SCOPUS, and collected the papers on Rho/ROCK and their relationship with OA, and reviewed comprehensively. Studies revealed that the abnormal activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling is involved in early phase response to abnormal mechanical stimuli, which is thought to be a contributory factor to OA progression. RhoA/ROCK interacts with OA pathological factors and induces cartilage degeneration through the degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM). As the RhoA/ROCK activity can affect bone formation by triggering cartilage degradation, it may represent a possible therapeutic target to treat OA. Interestingly, several pharmaceutical companies are investing in the development of RhoA/ROCK inhibitors for the treatment of OA. However, a few in vivo experiments have been successfully conducted to demonstrate the potential value of RhoA/ROCK pathway inhibition in the treatment of OA. This review provides an insight into the functional role of Rho/ROCK pathway, and indicates that targeting this pathway might be promising in future OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityChifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuntao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
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10
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Takimoto M. Multidisciplinary Roles of LRRFIP1/GCF2 in Human Biological Systems and Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020108. [PMID: 30709060 PMCID: PMC6406849 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine Rich Repeat of Flightless-1 Interacting Protein 1/GC-binding factor 2 (LRRFIP1/GCF2) cDNA was cloned for a transcriptional repressor GCF2, which bound sequence-specifically to a GC-rich element of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and repressed its promotor. LRRFIP1/GCF2 was also cloned as a double stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein to trans-activation responsive region (TAR) RNA of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), termed as TAR RNA interacting protein (TRIP), and as a binding protein to the Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) of Flightless-1(Fli-1), termed as Flightless-1 LRR associated protein 1 (FLAP1) and LRR domain of Flightless-1 interacting Protein 1 (LRRFIP1). Subsequent functional studies have revealed that LRRFIP1/GCF2 played multiple roles in the regulation of diverse biological systems and processes, such as in immune response to microorganisms and auto-immunity, remodeling of cytoskeletal system, signal transduction pathways, and transcriptional regulations of genes. Dysregulations of LRRFIP1/GCF2 have been implicated in the causes of several experimental and clinico-pathological states and the responses to them, such as autoimmune diseases, excitotoxicity after stroke, thrombosis formation, inflammation and obesity, the wound healing process, and in cancers. LRRFIP1/GCF2 is a bioregulator in multidisciplinary systems of the human body and its dysregulation can cause diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takimoto
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.
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11
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Nomikou E, Livitsanou M, Stournaras C, Kardassis D. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC: implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2111-2124. [PMID: 29500478 PMCID: PMC11105751 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are highly conserved proteins that play critical roles in many cellular processes including actin dynamics, vesicular trafficking, gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, and cell adhesion. The main mode of regulation of Rho GTPases is through guanine nucleotide binding (cycling between an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form), but transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modes of Rho regulation have also been described. In the present review, we summarize recent progress on the mechanisms that control the expression of the three members of the Rho-like subfamily (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC) at the level of gene transcription as well as their post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs. We also discuss the progress made in deciphering the mechanisms of cross-talk between Rho proteins and the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway and their implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancer metastasis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Nomikou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Melina Livitsanou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110, Heraklion, Greece.
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12
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Gottesman MM, Lavi O, Hall MD, Gillet JP. Toward a Better Understanding of the Complexity of Cancer Drug Resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:85-102. [PMID: 26514196 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer drugs is a complex process that results from alterations in drug targets; development of alternative pathways for growth activation; changes in cellular pharmacology, including increased drug efflux; regulatory changes that alter differentiation pathways or pathways for response to environmental adversity; and/or changes in the local physiology of the cancer, such as blood supply, tissue hydrodynamics, behavior of neighboring cells, and immune system response. All of these specific mechanisms are facilitated by the intrinsic hallmarks of cancer, such as tumor cell heterogeneity, redundancy of growth-promoting pathways, increased mutation rate and/or epigenetic alterations, and the dynamic variation of tumor behavior in time and space. Understanding the relative contribution of each of these factors is further complicated by the lack of adequate in vitro models that mimic clinical cancers. Several strategies to use current knowledge of drug resistance to improve treatment of cancer are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; , ,
| | - Orit Lavi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; , ,
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; , ,
| | - Jean-Pierre Gillet
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;
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13
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Wen J, Toomer KH, Chen Z, Cai X. Genome-wide analysis of alternative transcripts in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:295-307. [PMID: 25913416 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcript variants play a critical role in diversifying gene expression. Alternative splicing is a major mechanism for generating transcript variants. A number of genes have been implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis with their aberrant expression of alternative transcripts. In this study, we performed genome-wide analyses of transcript variant expression in breast cancer. With RNA-Seq data from 105 patients, we characterized the transcriptome of breast tumors, by pairwise comparison of gene expression in the breast tumor versus matched healthy tissue from each patient. We identified 2839 genes, ~10 % of protein-coding genes in the human genome, that had differential expression of transcript variants between tumors and healthy tissues. The validity of the computational analysis was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR assessment of transcript variant expression from four top candidate genes. The alternative transcript profiling led to classification of breast cancer into two subgroups and yielded a novel molecular signature that could be prognostic of patients' tumor burden and survival. We uncovered nine splicing factors (FOX2, MBNL1, QKI, PTBP1, ELAVL1, HNRNPC, KHDRBS1, SFRS2, and TIAR) that were involved in aberrant splicing in breast cancer. Network analyses for the coordinative patterns of transcript variant expression identified twelve "hub" genes that differentiated the cancerous and normal transcriptomes. Dysregulated expression of alternative transcripts may reveal novel biomarkers for tumor development. It may also suggest new therapeutic targets, such as the "hub" genes identified through the network analyses of transcript variant expression, or splicing factors implicated in the formation of the tumor transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Dr, EB406, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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Gubern C, Camós S, Hurtado O, Rodríguez R, Romera VG, Sobrado M, Cañadas R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Serena J, Mallolas J, Castellanos M. Characterization of Gcf2/Lrrfip1 in experimental cerebral ischemia and its role as a modulator of Akt, mTOR and β-catenin signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2014; 268:48-65. [PMID: 24637094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat in Flightless-1 interaction protein 1 (Lrrfip1) is an up-regulated protein after cerebral ischemia whose precise role in the brain both in healthy and ischemic conditions is unclear. Different Lrrfip1 isoforms with distinct roles have been reported in human and mouse species. The present study aimed to analyze the Lrrfip1 transcriptional variants expressed in rat cortex, to characterize their expression patterns and subcellular location after ischemia, and to define their putative role in the brain. Five transcripts were identified and three of them (Lrrfip1, CRA_g and CRA_a' (Fli-I leucine-rich repeat associated protein 1 - Flap-1)) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). All the transcripts were up-regulated and showed differential expression patterns after in vivo and in vitro ischemia models. The main isoform, Lrrfip1, was found to be up-regulated from the acute to the late phases of ischemia in the cytoplasm of neurons and astrocytes of the peri-infarct area. This study demonstrates that Lrrfip1 activates β-catenin, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins in astrocytes and positively regulates the expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 2 (GLT-1). Our findings point to Lrrfip1 as a key brain protein that regulates pro-survival pathways and proteins and encourages further studies to elucidate its role in cerebral ischemia as a potential target to prevent brain damage and promote functional recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gubern
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain.
| | - S Camós
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - O Hurtado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - V G Romera
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sobrado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cañadas
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Serena
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - J Mallolas
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain.
| | - M Castellanos
- Grup de Recerca Cerebrovascular, Servei de Neurologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Dr. Josep Trueta, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avenida de França s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
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Abstract
Neurite growth requires neurite extension and retraction, which are associated with protein degradation. Autophagy is a conserved bulk degradation pathway that regulates several cellular processes. However, little is known about autophagic regulation during early neurite growth. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy was involved in early neurite growth and how it regulated neurite growth in primary cortical neurons. Components of autophagy were expressed and autophagy was activated during early neurite growth. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by atg7 small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused elongation of axons, while activation of autophagy by rapamycin suppressed axon growth. Surprisingly, inhibition of autophagy reduced the protein level of RhoA. Moreover, expression of RhoA suppressed axon overelongation mediated by autophagy inhibition, whereas inhibition of the RhoA signaling pathway by Y-27632 recovered rapamycin-mediated suppression of axon growth. Interestingly, hnRNP-Q1, which negatively regulates RhoA, accumulated in autophagy-deficient neurons, while its protein level was reduced by autophagy activation. Overall, our study suggests that autophagy negatively regulates axon extension via the RhoA-ROCK pathway by regulating hnRNP-Q1 in primary cortical neurons. Therefore, autophagy might serve as a fine-tuning mechanism to regulate early axon extension.
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Yang Y, Li H, Hou S, Hu B, Liu J, Wang J. Differences in gene expression profiles and carcinogenesis pathways involved in cisplatin resistance of four types of cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:596-614. [PMID: 23733047 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard therapy used for the treatment of several types of cancer. However, its efficacy is largely limited by the acquired drug resistance. To date, little is known about the RNA expression changes in cisplatin-resistant cancers. Identification of the RNAs related to cisplatin resistance may provide specific insight into cancer therapy. In the present study, expression profiling of 7 cancer cell lines was performed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis data obtained from the GEO database. Bioinformatic analyses such as the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway were used to identify genes and pathways specifically associated with cisplatin resistance. A signal transduction network was established to identify the core genes in regulating cancer cell cisplatin resistance. A number of genes were differentially expressed in 7 groups of cancer cell lines. They mainly participated in 85 GO terms and 11 pathways in common. All differential gene interactions in the Signal-Net were analyzed. CTNNB1, PLCG2 and SRC were the most significantly altered. With the use of bioinformatics, large amounts of data in microarrays were retrieved and analyzed by means of thorough experimental planning, scientific statistical analysis and collection of complete data on cancer cell cisplatin resistance. In the present study, a novel differential gene expression pattern was constructed and further study will provide new targets for the diagnosis and mechanisms of cancer cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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Chi X, Wang S, Huang Y, Stamnes M, Chen JL. Roles of rho GTPases in intracellular transport and cellular transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7089-108. [PMID: 23538840 PMCID: PMC3645678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases belong to the Ras GTPase superfamily and transduce intracellular signals known to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell polarity, morphogenesis, migration, apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, viral transport and cellular transformation. The three best-characterized Rho family members are Cdc42, RhoA and Rac1. Cdc42 regulates endocytosis, the transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, post-Golgi transport and exocytosis. Cdc42 influences trafficking through interaction with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and the Arp2/3 complex, leading to changes in actin dynamics. Rac1 mediates endocytic and exocytic vesicle trafficking by interaction with its effectors, PI3kinase, synaptojanin 2, IQGAP1 and phospholipase D1. RhoA participates in the regulation of endocytosis through controlling its downstream target, Rho kinase. Interestingly, these GTPases play important roles at different stages of viral protein and genome transport in infected host cells. Importantly, dysregulation of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA leads to numerous disorders, including malignant transformation. In some cases, hyperactivation of Rho GTPases is required for cellular transformation. In this article, we review a number of findings related to Rho GTPase function in intracellular transport and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chi
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mark Stamnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-6480-7300; Fax: +86-10-6480-7980
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Li Y, Li X, Zheng W, Fan C, Zhang Y, Chen T. Functionalized selenium nanoparticles with nephroprotective activity, the important roles of ROS-mediated signaling pathways. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6365-6372. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shen DW, Pouliot LM, Hall MD, Gottesman MM. Cisplatin resistance: a cellular self-defense mechanism resulting from multiple epigenetic and genetic changes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:706-21. [PMID: 22659329 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most effective broad-spectrum anticancer drugs. Its effectiveness seems to be due to the unique properties of cisplatin, which enters cells via multiple pathways and forms multiple different DNA-platinum adducts while initiating a cellular self-defense system by activating or silencing a variety of different genes, resulting in dramatic epigenetic and/or genetic alternations. As a result, the development of cisplatin resistance in human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by necessity stems from bewilderingly complex genetic and epigenetic changes in gene expression and alterations in protein localization. Extensive published evidence has demonstrated that pleiotropic alterations are frequently detected during development of resistance to this toxic metal compound. Changes occur in almost every mechanism supporting cell survival, including cell growth-promoting pathways, apoptosis, developmental pathways, DNA damage repair, and endocytosis. In general, dozens of genes are affected in cisplatin-resistant cells, including pathways involved in copper metabolism as well as transcription pathways that alter the cytoskeleton, change cell surface presentation of proteins, and regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Decreased accumulation is one of the most common features resulting in cisplatin resistance. This seems to be a consequence of numerous epigenetic and genetic changes leading to the loss of cell-surface binding sites and/or transporters for cisplatin, and decreased fluid phase endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wu Shen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Rm. 2108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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