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Kou L, Jiang X, Lin X, Huang H, Wang J, Yao Q, Chen R. Matrix Metalloproteinase Inspired Therapeutic Strategies for Bone Diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:451-467. [PMID: 32603279 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200630140735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), as a family of zinc-containing enzymes, show the function of decomposing Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and participate in the physiological processes of cell migration, growth, inflammation, and metabolism. Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that MMPs play an essential role in tissue injury and repair as well as tumor diagnosis, metastasis, and prognosis. An increasing number of researchers have paid attention to their functions and mechanisms in bone health and diseases. The present review focuses on MMPs-inspired therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bone-related diseases. We introduce the role of MMPs in bone diseases, highlight the MMPs-inspired therapeutic options, and posit MMPs as a trigger for smart cell/drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinlu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huirong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanomaterials for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term inflammatory disease derived from an autoimmune disorder of the synovial membrane. Current therapeutic strategies for RA mainly aim to hamper the macrophages' proliferation and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the accumulation of therapeutic agents targeted at the inflammatory site should be a crucial therapeutic strategy. Nowadays, the nanocarrier system incorporated with stimuli-responsive property is being intensively studied, showing the potentially tremendous value of specific therapy. Stimuli-responsive (i.e., pH, temperature, light, redox, and enzyme) polymeric nanomaterials, as an important component of nanoparticulate carriers, have been intensively developed for various diseases treatment. A survey of the literature suggests that the use of targeted nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic agents (nanotherapeutics) in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis remains largely unexplored. The lack of suitable stimuli-sensitive polymeric nanomaterials is one of the limitations. Herein, we provide an overview of drug delivery systems prepared from commonly used stimuli-sensitive polymeric nanomaterials and some inorganic agents that have potential in the treatment of RA. The current situation and challenges are also discussed to stimulate a novel thinking about the development of nanomedicine.
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Osborn J, Pullan JE, Froberg J, Shreffler J, Gange KN, Molden T, Choi Y, Brooks A, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Echogenic Exosomes as ultrasound contrast agents. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3411-3422. [PMID: 36034734 PMCID: PMC9410358 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally secreted extracellular bilayer vesicles (diameter 40-130 nm), which have recently been found to play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication and biomolecule delivery. Their unique characteristics-stability, permeability, biocompatibility and low immunogenicity-have made them a prime candidate for use in delivering cancer therapeutics and other natural products. Here we present the first ever report of echogenic exosomes, which combine the benefits of the acoustic responsiveness of traditional microbubbles with the non-immunogenic and small-size morphology of exosomes. Microbubbles, although effective as ultrasound contrast agents, are restricted to intravascular usage due to their large size. In the current study, we have rendered bovine milk-derived exosomes echogenic by freeze drying them in the presence of mannitol. Ultrasound imaging and direct measurement of linear and nonlinear scattered responses were used to investigate the echogenicity and stability of the prepared exosomes. A commercial scanner registered enhancement (28.9% at 40 MHz) in the brightness of ultrasound images in presence of echogenic exosomes at 5 mg/mL. The exosomes also showed significant linear and nonlinear scattered responses-11 dB enhancement in fundamental, 8.5 dB in subharmonic and 3.5 dB in second harmonic all at 40 μg/mL concentration. Echogenic exosomes injected into the tail vein of mice and the synovial fluid of rats resulted in significantly higher brightness-as much as 300%-of the ultrasound images, showing their promise in a variety of in vivo applications. The echogenic exosomes, with their large-scale extractability from bovine milk, lack of toxicity and minimal immunogenic response, successfully served as ultrasound contrast agents in this study and offer an exciting possibility to act as an effective ultrasound responsive drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Osborn
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052USA
| | - Jessica E. Pullan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - James Froberg
- Physics, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Jacob Shreffler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Kara N. Gange
- Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Todd Molden
- Animal Science, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Yongki Choi
- Physics, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Amanda Brooks
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargoND 58105USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052USA
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Karandish F, Mamnoon B, Feng L, Haldar MK, Xia L, Gange KN, You S, Choi Y, Sarkar K, Mallik S. Nucleus-Targeted, Echogenic Polymersomes for Delivering a Cancer Stemness Inhibitor to Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4122-4132. [PMID: 30169024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents for treating cancers show considerable side effects, toxicity, and drug resistance. To mitigate the problems, we designed nucleus-targeted, echogenic, stimuli-responsive polymeric vesicles (polymersomes) to transport and subsequently release the encapsulated anticancer drugs within the nuclei of pancreatic cancer cells. We synthesized an alkyne-dexamethasone derivative and conjugated it to N3-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polylactic acid (PLA) copolymer employing the Cu2+ catalyzed "Click" reaction. We prepared polymersomes from the dexamethasone-PEG-PLA conjugate along with a synthesized stimuli-responsive polymer PEG-S-S-PLA. The dexamethasone group dilates the nuclear pore complexes and transports the vesicles to the nuclei. We designed the polymersomes to release the encapsulated drugs in the presence of a high concentration of reducing agents in the nuclei of pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that the nucleus-targeted, stimuli-responsive polymersomes released 70% of encapsulated contents in the nucleus-mimicking environment in 80 min. We encapsulated the cancer stemness inhibitor BBI608 in the vesicles and observed that the BBI608 encapsulated polymersomes reduced the viability of the BxPC3 cells to 43% in three-dimensional spheroid cultures. The polymersomes were prepared following a special protocol so that they scatter ultrasound, allowing imaging by a medical ultrasound scanner. Therefore, these echogenic, targeted, stimuli-responsive, and drug-encapsulated polymersomes have the potential for trackable, targeted carrier of chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lang Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The George Washington University , Washington, D.C. 20052 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The George Washington University , Washington, D.C. 20052 , United States
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Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for delivery of bone therapeutics – Barriers and progresses. J Control Release 2018; 273:51-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xia L, Karandish F, Kumar KN, Froberg J, Kulkarni P, Gange KN, Choi Y, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Acoustic Characterization of Echogenic Polymersomes Prepared From Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:447-457. [PMID: 29229268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles prepared from amphiphilic polymers. Like lipid vesicles (liposomes), they too can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules in the aqueous core and the hydrophobic bilayer respectively, but are more stable than liposomes. Although echogenic liposomes have been widely investigated for simultaneous ultrasound imaging and controlled drug delivery, the potential of the polymersomes remains unexplored. We prepared two different echogenic polymersomes from the amphiphilic copolymers polyethylene glycol-poly-DL-lactic acid (PEG-PLA) and polyethylene glycol-poly-L-lactic acid (PEG-PLLA), incorporating multiple freeze-dry cycles in the synthesis protocol to ensure their echogenicity. We investigated acoustic behavior with potential applications in biomedical imaging. We characterized the polymeric vesicles acoustically with three different excitation frequencies of 2.25, 5 and 10 MHz at 500 kPa. The polymersomes exhibited strong echogenicity at all three excitation frequencies (about 50- and 25-dB enhancements in fundamental and subharmonic, respectively, at 5-MHz excitation from 20 µg/mL polymers in solution). Unlike echogenic liposomes, they emitted strong subharmonic responses. The scattering results indicated their potential as contrast agents, which was also confirmed by clinical ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Fataneh Karandish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Krishna Nandan Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - James Froberg
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Prajakta Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Kara N Gange
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Nutrition Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
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Wang Y, Deng Y, Luo H, Zhu A, Ke H, Yang H, Chen H. Light-Responsive Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Cytoplasmic Delivery of Anticancer Agents. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12134-12144. [PMID: 29141151 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanostructures have shown great promise for intracellular delivery of anticancer compounds. A critical challenge remains in the exploration of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for fast cytoplasmic delivery. Herein, near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive nanoparticles were rationally designed to generate highly efficient cytoplasmic delivery of anticancer agents for synergistic thermo-chemotherapy. The drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles of selenium-inserted copolymer (I/D-Se-NPs) were rapidly dissociated in several minutes through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated selenium oxidation upon NIR light exposure, and this irreversible dissociation of I/D-Se-NPs upon such a short irradiation promoted continuous drug release. Moreover, I/D-Se-NPs facilitated cytoplasmic drug translocation through ROS-triggered lysosomal disruption and thus resulted in highly preferable distribution to the nucleus even in 5 min postirradiation, which was further integrated with light-triggered hyperthermia for achieving synergistic tumor ablation without tumor regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyun Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yibin Deng
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huanhuan Luo
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aijun Zhu
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hengte Ke
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huabing Chen
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and ‡Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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Kumar KN, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Role of freeze-drying in the presence of mannitol on the echogenicity of echogenic liposomes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:3670. [PMID: 29289081 PMCID: PMC5736393 DOI: 10.1121/1.5017607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Echogenic liposomes (ELIPs) are an excellent candidate for ultrasound activated therapeutics and imaging. Although multiple experiments have established their echogenicity, the underlying mechanism has remained unknown. However, freeze-drying in the presence of mannitol during ELIP preparation has proved critical to ensuring echogenicity. Here, the role of this key component in the preparation protocol was investigated by measuring scattering from freshly prepared freeze-dried aqueous solution of mannitol-and a number of other excipients commonly used in lyophilization-directly dispersed in water without any lipids in the experiment. Mannitol, meso-erythritol, glycine, and glucose that form a highly porous crystalline phase upon freeze-drying generated bubbles resulting in strong echoes during their dissolution. On the other hand, sucrose, trehalose, and xylitol, which become glassy while freeze-dried, did not. Freeze-dried mannitol and other crystalline substances, if thawed before being introduced into the scattering volume, did not produce echogenicity, as they lost their crystallinity in the thawed state. The echogenicity disappeared in a degassed environment. Higher amounts of sugar in the original aqueous solution before freeze-drying resulted in higher echogenicity because of the stronger supersaturation and crystallinity. The bubbles created by the freeze-dried mannitol in the ELIP formulation play a critical role in making ELIPs echogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna N Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
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9
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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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甘 珍, 武 昊, 吴 昊, 周 美, 严 飞, 刘 红. [Efficacy of internalized RGD-modified echogenic liposomes in diagnosis and treatment in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1283-1289. [PMID: 29070455 PMCID: PMC6743967 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare internalized RGD (iRGD) modified echogenic liposomes containing methotrexate (MTX) and indocyanine green (ICG) (iRGD MTX ICG ELIP) and evaluate its targeting efficiency and inhibitory effect combined with ultrasound on synovial cells. METHODS iRGD MTX ICG ELIP was prepared by the thin film rehydration and freeze-lyophilization method and its general characteristics and acoustic responsiveness were assessed. The targeting effect of the prepared liposome was observed by assessing its cell uptake in vitro. In a mouse model of rheumatiod arthritis, the targeting effect of the prepared liposome was determined by detecting the fluorescence intensity of the drug in arthrosis. The inhibitory effect of iRGD MTX ICG ELIP combined with ultrasound on synovial MH7A cells in vitro were investigated using CCK8 test. RESULTS The average diameter and zeta potential of iRGD MTX ICG ELIP was 134.4∓17.61 nm and 10.07∓4.28 mV, and the entrapment efficiency of MTX and ICG was (62.56∓0.77)% and (95.13∓0.82)%, respectively. With ultrasound exposure, the release of MTX and ICG from iRGD MTX ICG ELIP increased with the ultrasound intensity and with the exposure time. In HUVECs, the uptake efficiency of iRGD MTX ICG ELIP was 1.89 times higher than that of non targeted MTX ICG ELIP (P<0.05). In vivo imaging of mouse joint with rheumatiod arthritis showed that the fluorescence intensity of iRGD MTX ICG ELIP was significantly stronger than that of the non targeted liposome. CCK8 assay showed that iRGD MTX ICG ELIP combined with ultrasound resulted in a survival rate of MH7A cells of (32.49∓3.04)%, significantly lower than the rate of cells treated with iRGD MTX ICG ELIP but without ultrasound (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS iRGD MTX ICG ELIP has a suitable particle size and can effectively target HUVECs and the joints with rheumatiod arthritis. With a good drug entrapment efficiency and acoustic responsiveness, the drug loaded liposome shows enhanced inhibitory effect on MH7A cells combined with ultrasound in vitro, suggesting its potential in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 珍 甘
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院超声医学科//广东省骨科研究院, 广东 广州 510630Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University/Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 昊 武
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院超声医学科//广东省骨科研究院, 广东 广州 510630Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University/Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 昊晗 吴
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院超声医学科//广东省骨科研究院, 广东 广州 510630Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University/Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 美君 周
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院超声医学科//广东省骨科研究院, 广东 广州 510630Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University/Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 飞 严
- 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院保罗. C. 劳特伯生物医学成像中心, 广东 深圳 518055Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - 红梅 刘
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院超声医学科//广东省骨科研究院, 广东 广州 510630Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University/Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
- 南方医科大学附属广东省第二人民医院超声医学科, 广东 广州 510317Department of Ultrasonography, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510317, China
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Güvener N, Appold L, de Lorenzi F, Golombek SK, Rizzo LY, Lammers T, Kiessling F. Recent advances in ultrasound-based diagnosis and therapy with micro- and nanometer-sized formulations. Methods 2017; 130:4-13. [PMID: 28552267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) is one of the most frequently used imaging methods in the clinic. The broad spectrum of its applications can be increased by the use of gas-filled microbubbles (MB) as ultrasound contrast agents (UCA). In recent years, also nanoscale UCA like nanobubbles (NB), echogenic liposomes (ELIP) and nanodroplets have been developed, which in contrast to MB, are able to extravasate from the vessels into the tissue. New disease-specific UCA have been designed for the assessment of tissue biomarkers and advanced US to a molecular imaging modality. For this purpose, specific binding moieties were coupled to the UCA surface. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and P-/E-selectin are prominent examples of molecular US targets to visualize tumor blood vessels and inflammatory diseases, respectively. Besides their application in contrast-enhanced imaging, MB can also be employed for drug delivery to tumors and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review summarizes the development of micro- and nanoscaled UCA and highlights recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, which are ready for translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Güvener
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lia Appold
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Federica de Lorenzi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Golombek
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Y Rizzo
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Kumar Pramanik S, Losada-Pérez P, Reekmans G, Carleer R, D’Olieslaeger M, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P, Ethirajan A. Physicochemical characterizations of functional hybrid liposomal nanocarriers formed using photo-sensitive lipids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46257. [PMID: 28406235 PMCID: PMC5390264 DOI: 10.1038/srep46257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advances in the field of diagnostics and theranostics, liposomal technology has secured a fortified position as a potential nanocarrier. Specifically, radiation/photo-sensitive liposomes containing photo-polymerizable cross-linking lipids are intriguing as they can impart the vesicles with highly interesting properties such as response to stimulus and improved shell stability. In this work, 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DTPE) is used as a photo-polymerizable lipid to form functional hybrid-liposomes as it can form intermolecular cross-linking through the diacetylenic groups. Hybrid-liposomes were formulated using mixtures of DTPE and saturated lipids of different chain lengths (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimirystoilphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)) at different molar ratios. The physico-chemical characteristics of the liposomes has been studied before and after UV irradiation using a combination of techniques: DSC, QCM-D and solid-state NMR. The results signify the importance of a subtle modification in alkyl chain length on the phase behavior of the hybrid-liposomes and on the degree of crosslinking in the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robert Carleer
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marc D’Olieslaeger
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Heidarli E, Dadashzadeh S, Haeri A. State of the Art of Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes for Cancer Therapy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2017; 16:1273-1304. [PMID: 29552041 PMCID: PMC5843293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific delivery of therapeutic agents to solid tumors and their bioavailability at the target site are the most clinically important and challenging goals in cancer therapy. Liposomes are promising nanocarriers and have been well investigated for cancer therapy. In spite of preferred accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, inefficient drug release at the target site and endosomal entrapment of long circulating liposomes are very important obstacles for achieving maximum anticancer efficacy. Thus, additional strategies such as stimulus-sensitive drug release are necessary to improve efficacy. Stimuli-sensitive liposomes are stable in blood circulation, however, activated by responding to external or internal stimuli and control the cargo release at the target site. This review focuses on state of the art of stimuli-responsive liposomes. Both external stimuli-responsive liposomes, including hyperthermia (HT), magnetic, light, and ultrasound-sensitive liposomes and internal stimuli (pH, reduction, and enzyme) responsive liposomes are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Heidarli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
Polymersomes are stable vesicles prepared from amphiphilic polymers and are more stable compared with liposomes. Although these nanovesicles have many attractive properties for in vitro/in vivo applications, liposome-based drug delivery systems are still prevalent in the market. In order to expedite the translational potential and to provide medically valuable formulations, the polymersomes need to be biocompatible and biodegradable. In this review, recent developments for biocompatible and biodegradable polymersomes, including the design of intelligent, targeted, and stimuli-responsive vesicles are summarized.
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15
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Khokhlova TD, Haider Y, Hwang JH. Therapeutic potential of ultrasound microbubbles in gastrointestinal oncology: recent advances and future prospects. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2015; 8:384-94. [PMID: 26557894 PMCID: PMC4622285 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15592584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbubbles were initially invented as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. However, lately more and more therapeutic applications of microbubbles are emerging, mostly related to drug and gene delivery. Ultrasound is a safe and noninvasive therapeutic modality which has the unique ability to interact with microbubbles and release their payload in situ in addition to permeabilizing the target tissues. The combination of drug-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound has been used in preclinical studies on blood-brain barrier opening, drug and gene delivery to solid tumors, and ablation of blood vessels. This review covers the basic principles of ultrasound-microbubble interaction, the types of microbubbles and the effect they have on tissue, and the preclinical and clinical experience with this approach to date in the field of gastrointestinal oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D. Khokhlova
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yasser Haider
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Zheng WY, Zhang DT, Yang SY, Li H. Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression Correlates With Advanced Stages of Oral Cancer and Is Linked to Poor Clinical Outcomes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:2334-42. [PMID: 26117378 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using a meta-analytic approach, the relation between increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression, tumor stage, and clinical outcomes in oral cancers was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple English- and Chinese-language electronic databases were searched to identify high-quality case-and-control studies relevant to this meta-analysis. Methodologic quality of the included trials was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement to ensure consistency in reviewing and reporting the results. Statistical analyses were carried out with STATA 12.0 statistical software. RESULTS Nine case-and-control studies containing a combined total of 419 patients with oral cancer were included in the present meta-analysis. Results showed that patients who were positive for MMP-9 expression had a significantly poorer overall survival compared with those negative for MMP-9 (effect size = 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 3.22; P < .001). MMP-9 expression also positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced T-stage groups (P < .05 for all comparisons). Further, high MMP-9 expression level correlated with increased oral cancer risk in Asians (P < .05 for all comparisons) as shown by method-stratified subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION The present results strongly suggest that MMP-9 expression level influences tumor invasion and metastasis in oral cancers. Based on these results, MMP-9 can be an excellent therapeutic target in patients with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yin Zheng
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Zhang
- Researcher, Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shu-Yong Yang
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
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17
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Raymond JL, Luan Y, van Rooij T, Kooiman K, Huang SL, McPherson DD, Versluis M, de Jong N, Holland CK. Impulse response method for characterization of echogenic liposomes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:1693-703. [PMID: 25920822 PMCID: PMC4417017 DOI: 10.1121/1.4916277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An optical characterization method is presented based on the use of the impulse response to characterize the damping imparted by the shell of an air-filled ultrasound contrast agent (UCA). The interfacial shell viscosity was estimated based on the unforced decaying response of individual echogenic liposomes (ELIP) exposed to a broadband acoustic impulse excitation. Radius versus time response was measured optically based on recordings acquired using an ultra-high-speed camera. The method provided an efficient approach that enabled statistical measurements on 106 individual ELIP. A decrease in shell viscosity, from 2.1 × 10(-8) to 2.5 × 10(-9) kg/s, was observed with increasing dilatation rate, from 0.5 × 10(6) to 1 × 10(7) s(-1). This nonlinear behavior has been reported in other studies of lipid-shelled UCAs and is consistent with rheological shear-thinning. The measured shell viscosity for the ELIP formulation used in this study [κs = (2.1 ± 1.0) × 10(-8) kg/s] was in quantitative agreement with previously reported values on a population of ELIP and is consistent with other lipid-shelled UCAs. The acoustic response of ELIP therefore is similar to other lipid-shelled UCAs despite loading with air instead of perfluorocarbon gas. The methods described here can provide an accurate estimate of the shell viscosity and damping for individual UCA microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Raymond
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3940, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0586
| | - Ying Luan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van Rooij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shao-Ling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David D McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nico de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease and Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0586
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18
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Nahire R, Hossain R, Patel R, Paul S, Meghnani V, Ambre AH, Gange KN, Katti KS, Leclerc E, Srivastava DK, Sarkar K, Mallik S. pH-triggered echogenicity and contents release from liposomes. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4059-68. [PMID: 25271780 PMCID: PMC4224524 DOI: 10.1021/mp500186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Liposomes are representative lipid
nanoparticles widely used for
delivering anticancer drugs, DNA fragments, or siRNA to cancer cells.
Upon targeting, various internal and external triggers have been used
to increase the rate for contents release from the liposomes. Among
the internal triggers, decreased pH within the cellular lysosomes
has been successfully used to enhance the rate for releasing contents.
However, imparting pH sensitivity to liposomes requires the synthesis
of specialized lipids with structures that are substantially modified
at a reduced pH. Herein, we report an alternative strategy to render
liposomes pH sensitive by encapsulating a precursor which generates
gas bubbles in situ in response to acidic pH. The
disturbance created by the escaping gas bubbles leads to the rapid
release of the encapsulated contents from the liposomes. Atomic force
microscopic studies indicate that the liposomal structure is destroyed
at a reduced pH. The gas bubbles also render the liposomes echogenic,
allowing ultrasound imaging. To demonstrate the applicability of this
strategy, we have successfully targeted doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes
to the pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells that overexpress the folate
receptor on the surface. In response to the decreased pH in the lysosomes,
the encapsulated anticancer drug is efficiently released. Contents
released from these liposomes are further enhanced by the application
of continuous wave ultrasound (1 MHz), resulting in substantially
reduced viability for the pancreatic cancer cells (14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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19
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Rychak JJ, Klibanov AL. Nucleic acid delivery with microbubbles and ultrasound. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:82-93. [PMID: 24486388 PMCID: PMC4204336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapy is a growing field of drug delivery research. Although ultrasound has been suggested to enhance transfection decades ago, it took a combination of ultrasound with nucleic acid carrier systems (microbubbles, liposomes, polyplexes, and viral carriers) to achieve reasonable nucleic acid delivery efficacy. Microbubbles serve as foci for local deposition of ultrasound energy near the target cell, and greatly enhance sonoporation. The major advantage of this approach is in the minimal transfection in the non-insonated non-target tissues. Microbubbles can be simply co-administered with the nucleic acid carrier or can be modified to carry nucleic acid themselves. Liposomes with embedded gas or gas precursor particles can also be used to carry nucleic acid, release and deliver it by the ultrasound trigger. Successful testing in a wide variety of animal models (myocardium, solid tumors, skeletal muscle, and pancreas) proves the potential usefulness of this technique for nucleic acid drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1394, USA.
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20
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Kulkarni PS, Haldar MK, Nahire RR, Katti P, Ambre AH, Muhonen WW, Shabb JB, Padi SKR, Singh RK, Borowicz PP, Shrivastava DK, Katti KS, Reindl K, Guo B, Mallik S. Mmp-9 responsive PEG cleavable nanovesicles for efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics to pancreatic cancer. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2390-9. [PMID: 24827725 PMCID: PMC4096225 DOI: 10.1021/mp500108p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Significant differences in biochemical
parameters between normal
and tumor tissues offer an opportunity to chemically design drug carriers
which respond to these changes and deliver the drugs at the desired
site. For example, overexpression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9
(MMP-9) enzyme in the extracellular matrix of tumor tissues can act
as a trigger to chemically modulate the drug delivery from the carriers.
In this study, we have synthesized an MMP-9-cleavable, collagen mimetic
lipopeptide which forms nanosized vesicles with the POPC, POPE-SS-PEG,
and cholesteryl-hemisuccinate lipids. The lipopeptide retains the
triple-helical conformation when incorporated into these nanovesicles.
The PEG groups shield the substrate lipopeptides from hydrolysis by
MMP-9. However, in the presence of elevated glutathione levels, the
PEG groups are reductively removed, exposing the lipopeptides to MMP-9.
The resultant peptide-bond cleavage disturbs the vesicles’
lipid bilayer, leading to the release of encapsulated contents. These
PEGylated nanovesicles are capable of encapsulating the anticancer
drug gemcitabine with 50% efficiency. They were stable in physiological
conditions and in human serum. Effective drug release was demonstrated
using the pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells (PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2)
in two-dimensional and three-dimensional “tumor-like”
spheroid cultures. A reduction in tumor growth was observed after
intravenous administration of the gemcitabine-encapsulated nanovesicles
in the xenograft model of athymic, female nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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21
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Multifunctional polymersomes for cytosolic delivery of gemcitabine and doxorubicin to cancer cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6482-97. [PMID: 24797878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although liposomes are widely used as carriers of drugs and imaging agents, they suffer from a lack of stability and the slow release of the encapsulated contents at the targeted site. Polymersomes (vesicles of amphiphilic polymers) are considerably more stable compared to liposomes; however, they also demonstrate a slow release for the encapsulated contents, limiting their efficacy as a drug-delivery tool. As a solution, we prepared and characterized echogenic polymersomes, which are programmed to release the encapsulated drugs rapidly when incubated with cytosolic concentrations of glutathione. These vesicles encapsulated air bubbles inside and efficiently reflected diagnostic-frequency ultrasound. Folate-targeted polymersomes showed an enhanced uptake by breast and pancreatic-cancer cells in a monolayer as well as in three-dimensional spheroid cultures. Polymersomes encapsulated with the anticancer drugs gemcitabine and doxorubicin showed significant cytotoxicity to these cells. With further improvements, these vesicles hold the promise to serve as multifunctional nanocarriers, offering a triggered release as well as diagnostic ultrasound imaging.
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22
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Paul S, Nahire R, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes for contrast ultrasound imaging and targeted drug delivery. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2014; 53:413-435. [PMID: 26097272 PMCID: PMC4470369 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-013-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Micron- to nanometer-sized ultrasound agents, like encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes, are being developed for diagnostic imaging and ultrasound mediated drug/gene delivery. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art of the mathematical models of the acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast microbubbles. We also present a review of the in vitro experimental characterization of the acoustic properties of microbubble based contrast agents undertaken in our laboratory. The hierarchical two-pronged approach of modeling contrast agents we developed is demonstrated for a lipid coated (Sonazoid™) and a polymer shelled (poly D-L-lactic acid) contrast microbubbles. The acoustic and drug release properties of the newly developed echogenic liposomes are discussed for their use as simultaneous imaging and drug/gene delivery agents. Although echogenicity is conclusively demonstrated in experiments, its physical mechanisms remain uncertain. Addressing questions raised here will accelerate further development and eventual clinical approval of these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirshendu Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - Rahul Nahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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23
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Taghizadeh B, Taranejoo S, Monemian SA, Salehi Moghaddam Z, Daliri K, Derakhshankhah H, Derakhshani Z. Classification of stimuli-responsive polymers as anticancer drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:145-55. [PMID: 24547737 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.887157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several anticancer drugs have been introduced as chemotherapeutic agents, the effective treatment of cancer remains a challenge. Major limitations in the application of anticancer drugs include their nonspecificity, wide biodistribution, short half-life, low concentration in tumor tissue and systemic toxicity. Drug delivery to the tumor site has become feasible in recent years, and recent advances in the development of new drug delivery systems for controlled drug release in tumor tissues with reduced side effects show great promise. In this field, the use of biodegradable polymers as drug carriers has attracted the most attention. However, drug release is still difficult to control even when a polymeric drug carrier is used. The design of pharmaceutical polymers that respond to external stimuli (known as stimuli-responsive polymers) such as temperature, pH, electric or magnetic field, enzymes, ultrasound waves, etc. appears to be a successful approach. In these systems, drug release is triggered by different stimuli. The purpose of this review is to summarize different types of polymeric drug carriers and stimuli, in addition to the combination use of stimuli in order to achieve a better controlled drug release, and it discusses their potential strengths and applications. A survey of the recent literature on various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems is also provided and perspectives on possible future developments in controlled drug release at tumor site have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Taghizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
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24
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Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:991-1003. [PMID: 24150417 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4033] [Impact Index Per Article: 366.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Spurred by recent progress in materials chemistry and drug delivery, stimuli-responsive devices that deliver a drug in spatial-, temporal- and dosage-controlled fashions have become possible. Implementation of such devices requires the use of biocompatible materials that are susceptible to a specific physical incitement or that, in response to a specific stimulus, undergo a protonation, a hydrolytic cleavage or a (supra)molecular conformational change. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the design of nanoscale stimuli-responsive systems that are able to control drug biodistribution in response to specific stimuli, either exogenous (variations in temperature, magnetic field, ultrasound intensity, light or electric pulses) or endogenous (changes in pH, enzyme concentration or redox gradients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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25
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Paul S, Russakow D, Rodgers T, Sarkar K, Cochran M, Wheatley M. Determination of the interfacial rheological properties of a poly(DL-lactic acid)-encapsulated contrast agent using in vitro attenuation and scattering. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:1277-91. [PMID: 23643050 PMCID: PMC3674163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The stabilizing encapsulation of a microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) critically affects its acoustic properties. Polymers, which behave differently from materials commonly used (i.e., lipids or proteins) for monolayer encapsulation, have the potential for better stability and improved control of encapsulation properties. Air-filled microbubbles coated with poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA) are characterized here using in vitro acoustic experiments and several models of encapsulation. The interfacial rheological properties of the encapsulation are determined according to each model using attenuation of ultrasound through a suspension of microbubbles. Then the model predictions are compared with scattered non-linear (sub- and second harmonic) responses. For this microbubble population (average diameter, 1.9 μm), the peak in attenuation measurement indicates a weighted-average resonance frequency of 2.5-3 MHz, which, in contrast to other encapsulated microbubbles, is lower than the resonance frequency of a free bubble of similar size (diameter, 1.9 μm). This apparently contradictory result stems from the extremely low surface dilational elasticity (around 0.01-0.07 N/m) and the reduced surface tension of the poly(DL-lactic acid) encapsulation, as well as the polydispersity of the bubble population. All models considered here are shown to behave similarly even in the non-linear regime because of the low surface dilational elasticity value. Pressure-dependent scattering measurements at two different excitation frequencies (2.25 and 3 MHz) revealed strongly non-linear behavior with 25-30 dB and 5-20 dB enhancements in fundamental and second-harmonic responses, respectively, for a contrast agent concentration of 1.33 μg/mL in the suspension. Sub-harmonic responses are registered above a relatively low generation threshold of 100-150 kPa, with up to 20 dB enhancement beyond that pressure. Numerical predictions from all models show good agreement with the experimentally measured fundamental response, but not with the experimental second-harmonic response. The characteristic features of sub-harmonic responses and the steady response beyond the threshold are matched well by model predictions. However, prediction of the threshold value depends on estimated properties and size distribution. The variation in size distribution from sample to sample leads to variation in estimates of encapsulation properties: the lowest estimated value for surface dilational viscosity better predicts the sub-harmonic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirshendu Paul
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Daniel Russakow
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Tyler Rodgers
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Michael Cochran
- Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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26
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Martin KH, Dayton PA. Current status and prospects for microbubbles in ultrasound theranostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:329-345. [PMID: 23504911 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated microbubbles have been developed over the past two decades to provide improvements both in imaging as well as new therapeutic applications. Microbubble contrast agents are used currently for clinical imaging where increased sensitivity to blood flow is required, such as echocardiography. These compressible spheres oscillate in an acoustic field, producing nonlinear responses which can be uniquely distinguished from surrounding tissue, resulting in substantial enhancements in imaging signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, with sufficient acoustic energy the oscillation of microbubbles can mediate localized biological effects in tissue including the enhancement of membrane permeability or increased thermal energy deposition. Structurally, microbubbles are comprised of two principal components--an encapsulating shell and an inner gas core. This configuration enables microbubbles to be loaded with drugs or genes for additional therapeutic effect. Application of sufficient ultrasound energy can release this payload, resulting in site-specific delivery. Extensive preclinical studies illustrate that combining microbubbles and ultrasound can result in enhanced drug delivery or gene expression at spatially selective sites. Thus, microbbubles can be used for imaging, for therapy, or for both simultaneously. In this sense, microbubbles combined with acoustics may be one of the most universal theranostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heath Martin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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27
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Martin KH, Dayton PA. Current status and prospects for microbubbles in ultrasound theranostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:329-45. [PMID: 23504911 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated microbubbles have been developed over the past two decades to provide improvements both in imaging as well as new therapeutic applications. Microbubble contrast agents are used currently for clinical imaging where increased sensitivity to blood flow is required, such as echocardiography. These compressible spheres oscillate in an acoustic field, producing nonlinear responses which can be uniquely distinguished from surrounding tissue, resulting in substantial enhancements in imaging signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, with sufficient acoustic energy the oscillation of microbubbles can mediate localized biological effects in tissue including the enhancement of membrane permeability or increased thermal energy deposition. Structurally, microbubbles are comprised of two principal components--an encapsulating shell and an inner gas core. This configuration enables microbubbles to be loaded with drugs or genes for additional therapeutic effect. Application of sufficient ultrasound energy can release this payload, resulting in site-specific delivery. Extensive preclinical studies illustrate that combining microbubbles and ultrasound can result in enhanced drug delivery or gene expression at spatially selective sites. Thus, microbbubles can be used for imaging, for therapy, or for both simultaneously. In this sense, microbubbles combined with acoustics may be one of the most universal theranostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heath Martin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Nahire R, Haldar MK, Paul S, Mergoum A, Ambre AH, Katti KS, Gange KN, Srivastava DK, Sarkar K, Mallik S. Polymer-coated echogenic lipid nanoparticles with dual release triggers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:841-53. [PMID: 23394107 DOI: 10.1021/bm301894z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although lipid nanoparticles are promising drug delivery vehicles, passive release of encapsulated contents at the target site is often slow. Herein, we report contents release from targeted, polymer-coated, echogenic lipid nanoparticles in the cell cytoplasm by redox trigger and simultaneously enhanced by diagnostic frequency ultrasound. The lipid nanoparticles were polymerized on the external leaflet using a disulfide cross-linker. In the presence of cytosolic concentrations of glutathione, the lipid nanoparticles released 76% of encapsulated contents. Plasma concentrations of glutathione failed to release the encapsulated contents. Application of 3 MHz ultrasound for 2 min simultaneously with the reducing agent enhanced the release to 96%. Folic acid conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles showed enhanced uptake and higher cytotoxicity in cancer cells overexpressing the folate receptor (compared to the control). With further developments, these lipid nanoparticles have the potential to be used as multimodal nanocarriers for simultaneous targeted drug delivery and ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nahire
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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