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Hu Y, Song F, Jiang H, Nuñez G, Smith DE. SLC15A2 and SLC15A4 Mediate the Transport of Bacterially Derived Di/Tripeptides To Enhance the Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Dependent Immune Response in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:652-662. [PMID: 29784761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) can transport bacterially derived chemotactic peptides and therefore reside at the critical interface of innate immune responses and regulation. However, there is substantial contention regarding how these bacterial peptides access the cytosol to exert their effects and which POTs are involved in facilitating this process. Thus, the current study proposed to determine the (sub)cellular expression and functional activity of POTs in macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow and to evaluate the effect of specific POT deletion on the production of inflammatory cytokines in wild-type, Pept2 knockout and Pht1 knockout mice. We found that PEPT2 and PHT1 were highly expressed and functionally active in mouse macrophages, but PEPT1 was absent. The fluorescent imaging of muramyl dipeptide-rhodamine clearly demonstrated that PEPT2 was expressed on the plasma membrane of macrophages, whereas PHT1 was expressed on endosomal membranes. Moreover, both transporters could significantly influence the effect of bacterially derived peptide ligands on cytokine stimulation, as shown by the reduced responses in Pept2 knockout and Pht1 knockout mice as compared with wild-type animals. Taken as a whole, our results point to PEPT2 (at plasma membranes) and PHT1 (at endosomal membranes) working in concert to optimize the uptake of bacterial ligands into the cytosol of macrophages, thereby enhancing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This new paradigm offers significant insight into potential drug development strategies along with transporter-targeted therapies for endocrine, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Feifeng Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310058; and
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310058; and
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Spanier B, Rohm F. Proton Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) Function, Regulation, and Influence on the Intestinal Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:843-869. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Di- and tripeptide transport in vertebrates: the contribution of teleost fish models. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:395-462. [PMID: 27803975 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solute Carrier 15 (SLC15) family, alias H+-coupled oligopeptide cotransporter family, is a group of membrane transporters known for their role in the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides (di/tripeptides) and peptide-like molecules. Of its members, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) chiefly mediates intestinal absorption of luminal di/tripeptides from dietary protein digestion, while SLC15A2 (PEPT2) mainly allows renal tubular reabsorption of di/tripeptides from ultrafiltration, SLC15A3 (PHT2) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) possibly interact with di/tripeptides and histidine in certain immune cells, and SLC15A5 has unknown function. Our understanding of this family in vertebrates has steadily increased, also due to the surge of genomic-to-functional information from 'non-conventional' animal models, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture fish species. Here, we review the literature on the SLC15 transporters in teleost fish with emphasis on SLC15A1 (PEPT1), one of the solute carriers better studied amongst teleost fish because of its relevance in animal nutrition. We report on the operativity of the transporter, the molecular diversity, and multiplicity of structural-functional solutions of the teleost fish orthologs with respect to higher vertebrates, its relevance at the intersection of the alimentary and osmoregulative functions of the gut, its response under various physiological states and dietary solicitations, and its possible involvement in examples of total body plasticity, such as growth and compensatory growth. By a comparative approach, we also review the few studies in teleost fish on SLC15A2 (PEPT2), SLC15A4 (PHT1), and SLC15A3 (PHT2). By representing the contribution of teleost fish to the knowledge of the physiology of di/tripeptide transport and transporters, we aim to fill the gap between higher and lower vertebrates.
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Intestinal barrier dysfunction: implications for chronic inflammatory conditions of the bowel. Nutr Res Rev 2016; 29:40-59. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422416000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe intestinal epithelium of adult humans acts as a differentially permeable barrier that separates the potentially harmful contents of the lumen from the underlying tissues. Any dysfunction of this boundary layer that disturbs the homeostatic equilibrium between the internal and external environments may initiate and sustain a biochemical cascade that results in inflammation of the intestine. Key to such dysfunction are genetic, microbial and other environmental factors that, singularly or in combination, result in chronic inflammation that is symptomatic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present review is to assess the scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that defective transepithelial transport mechanisms and the heightened absorption of intact antigenic proinflammatory oligopeptides are important contributing factors in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Han MK, Garg P, Xiao B, Merlin D. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:340-357. [PMID: 27458604 PMCID: PMC4957955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The human intestinal peptide transporter 1, hPepT1, is expressed in the small intestine at low levels in the healthy colon and upregulated during inflammatory bowel disease. hPepT1 plays a role in mouse colitis and human studies have demonstrated that chronic intestinal inflammation leads to colorectal cancer (colitis-associated cancer; CAC). Hence, we assessed here the role of PepT1 in CAC. METHODS Mice with hPepT1 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells (TG) or PepT1 (PepT1-KO) deletion were used and CAC was induced by AOM/DSS. RESULTS TG mice had larger tumor sizes, increased tumor burdens, and increased intestinal inflammation compared to WT mice. Conversely, tumor number and size and intestinal inflammation were significantly decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Proliferating crypt cells were increased in TG mice and decreased in PepT1-KO mice. Analysis of human colonic biopsies revealed an increased expression of PepT1 in patients with colorectal cancer, suggesting that PepT1 might be targeted for the treatment of CAC. The use of an anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) transported by PepT1 was able to prevent carcinogenesis in WT mice. When administered to PepT1-KO mice, KPV did not trigger any of the inhibitory effect on tumorigenesis observed in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The observations that pepT1 was highly expressed in human colorectal tumor and that its overexpression and deletion in mice increased and decreased colitis associated tumorigenesis, respectively, suggest that PepT1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colitis associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Emilie Viennois, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 757, Atlanta, Georgia 30303. fax: (404) 413-3580.Institute for Biomedical SciencesGeorgia State University100 Piedmont AvenuePSC 757AtlantaGeorgia 30303
| | - Sarah A. Ingersoll
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Moon K. Han
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bo Xiao
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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Sun H, Zu Y. Aptamers and their applications in nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2352-64. [PMID: 25677591 PMCID: PMC4441590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are composed of short RNA or single-stranded DNA sequences that, when folded into their unique 3D conformation, can bind to their targets with high specificity and affinity. Although functionally similar to protein antibodies, oligonucleotide aptamers offer several advantages over protein antibodies in biomedical and clinical applications. Through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, nanomedicines can improve the therapeutic index of a treatment and reduce side effects by enhancing accumulation at the disease site. However, this targets tumors passively and, thus, may not be ideal for targeted therapy. To construct ligand-directed "active targeting" nanobased delivery systems, aptamer-equipped nanomedicines have been tested for in vitro diagnosis, in vivo imaging, targeted cancer therapy, theranostic approaches, sub-cellular molecule detection, food safety, and environmental monitoring. This review focuses on the development of aptamer-conjugated nanomedicines and their application for in vivo imaging, targeted therapy, and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youli Zu
- Corresponding authors: Youli Zu, MD, PhD.
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Shin N, Oh JH, Lee YJ. Role of drug transporters: an overview based on knockout animal model studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Intestinal uptake and toxicity evaluation of acetazolamide and its multicomponent complexes with hidroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in rats. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:258-267. [PMID: 25448587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Large oral doses of ACZ lower the intraocular pressure (IOP), but usually lead to a multitude of systemic side effects, including gastrointestinal upset. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ACZ on the histological structure of rat duodenal mucosa and to assess a possible protective role of the complex formation of ACZ with HP-β-CD, either separately or in combination with a third compound, on the gut epithelial layer by histological and ultrastructural examinations of sections of rat duodenum exposed to ACZ or its formulations. In addition, the transport process of ACZ and its binary or ternary complexes across the duodenal mucosa by means of the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) method in rats was evaluated. Evidence was found that ACZ alters intestinal permeability and induces damage to the rat small intestine. In contrast, ACZ-induced intestinal injury may be abrogated by ACZ complexation. In addition, the complexation of ACZ with HP-β-CD, alone or in combination with a third compound, facilitated significant levels of ACZ uptake across the rat duodenal segment. Ternary complexes of ACZ with HP-β-CD in combination with TEA (triethanolamine) or calcium ions were found to provide an excellent approach that enabled an increased apparent permeability of ACZ across the duodenal epithelium, with a concomitant ability to preserve the integrity of the gut epithelium from ACZ-induced injury. These results could be useful for the design and development of novel ACZ formulations that can reduce GI toxicity, while still maintaining their essential therapeutic efficacies.
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