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Gao Y, Ding Y, Tai XR, Zhang C, Wang D. Ponatinib: An update on its drug targets, therapeutic potential and safety. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188949. [PMID: 37399979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a malignancy of the hematopoietic system, and as its pathogenesis has become better understood, three generations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed. Ponatinib is the third-generation breakpoint cluster region (BCR) and Abelson (ABL) TKI, which has been influential in the leukemia therapy for a decade. Moreover, ponatinib is a potent multi-target kinase inhibitor that acts on various kinases, such as KIT, RET, and Src, making it a promising treatment option for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), lung cancer, myeloproliferative syndrome, and other diseases. The drug's significant cardiovascular toxicity poses a significant challenge to its clinical use, requiring the development of strategies to minimize its toxicity and side effects. In this article, the pharmacokinetics, targets, therapeutic potential, toxicity and production mechanism of ponatinib will be reviewed. Furthermore, we will discuss methods to reduce the drug's toxicity, providing new avenues for research to improve its safety in clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/pharmacology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yue Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xin-Ran Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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2
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Regioselective synthesis of novel imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazine derivatives from diaminoimidazoles and α-acylacrylonitriles. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Kruzhilin AA, Kosheleva EA, Shikhaliev KS, Denisov GL, Vandyshev DY. Regioselective Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5‐
b
]pyridazines by Cascade Cyclizations of 1,2‐Diamino‐4H‐phenylimidazole with 1,3‐Diketones, Acetoacetic Ester and Their Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Kruzhilin
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 1 Universitetskaya ploschad Voronezh Russia
| | - Evgeniya A. Kosheleva
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 1 Universitetskaya ploschad Voronezh Russia
| | - Khidmet S. Shikhaliev
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 1 Universitetskaya ploschad Voronezh Russia
| | - Gleb L. Denisov
- Center of the Molecular Structure Study A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Vavilova str. 28 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitriy Yu. Vandyshev
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 1 Universitetskaya ploschad Voronezh Russia
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Shahin Varnoosfaderani F, Palau A, Dong W, Persson J, Durand-Dubief M, Svensson JP, Lennartsson A. A regulatory role for CHD2 in myelopoiesis. Epigenetics 2020; 15:702-714. [PMID: 31900031 PMCID: PMC7574388 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1710913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional program that dictates haematopoietic cell fate and differentiation requires an epigenetic regulatory and memory function, provided by a network of epigenetic factors that regulate DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure. Disturbed epigenetic regulation causes perturbations in the blood cell differentiation program that results in various types of haematopoietic disorders. Thus, accurate epigenetic regulation is essential for functional haematopoiesis. In this study, we used a CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify new epigenetic regulators in myeloid differentiation. We designed a Chromatin-UMI CRISPR guide library targeting 1092 epigenetic regulators. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of the chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line K-562 was used as a megakaryocytic myeloid differentiation model. Both previously described developmental epigenetic regulators and novel factors were identified in our screen. In this study, we validated and characterized a role for the chromatin remodeller CHD2 in myeloid proliferation and megakaryocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Palau
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden.,High Throughput Genome Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lennartsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Paez-Mayorga J, Chen AL, Kotla S, Tao Y, Abe RJ, He ED, Danysh BP, Hofmann MCC, Le NT. Ponatinib Activates an Inflammatory Response in Endothelial Cells via ERK5 SUMOylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:125. [PMID: 30238007 PMCID: PMC6135907 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponatinib is a multi-targeted third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients harboring the Abelson (Abl)-breakpoint cluster region (Bcr) T315I mutation. In spite of having superb clinical efficacy, ponatinib triggers severe vascular adverse events (VAEs) that significantly limit its therapeutic potential. On vascular endothelial cells (ECs), ponatinib promotes EC dysfunction and apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis. Furthermore, ponatinib-mediated anti-angiogenic effect has been suggested to play a partial role in systemic and pulmonary hypertension via inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Even though ponatinib-associated VAEs are well documented, their etiology remains largely unknown, making it difficult to efficiently counteract treatment-related adversities. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which ponatinib mediates VAEs is critical. In cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs) treated with ponatinib, we found an increase in nuclear factor NF-kB/p65 phosphorylation and NF-kB activity, inflammatory gene expression, cell permeability, and cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, ponatinib abolished extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) transcriptional activity even under activation by its upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5α (CA-MEK5α). Ponatinib also diminished expression of ERK5 responsive genes such as Krüppel-like Factor 2/4 (klf2/4) and eNOS. Because ERK5 SUMOylation counteracts its transcriptional activity, we examined the effect of ponatinib on ERK5 SUMOylation, and found that ERK5 SUMOylation is increased by ponatinib. We also found that ponatibib-mediated increased inflammatory gene expression and decreased anti-inflammatory gene expression were reversed when ERK5 SUMOylation was inhibited endogenously or exogenously. Overall, we propose a novel mechanism by which ponatinib up-regulates endothelial ERK5 SUMOylation and shifts ECs to an inflammatory phenotype, disrupting vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Paez-Mayorga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Andrew L. Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rei J. Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emma D. He
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian P. Danysh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Claude C. Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center of Cardiovascular Regeneration Houston, Methodist Research Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Ai N, Chong CM, Chen W, Hu Z, Su H, Chen G, Lei Wong QW, Ge W. Ponatinib exerts anti-angiogenic effects in the zebrafish and human umbilical vein endothelial cells via blocking VEGFR signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31958-31970. [PMID: 30174789 PMCID: PMC6112840 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark for cancer development because it is essential for cancer growth and provides the route for cancer cell migration (metastasis). Understanding the mechanism of angiogenesis and developing drugs that target the process has therefore been a major focus for research on cancer therapy. In this study, we screened 114 FDA-approved anti-cancer drugs for their effects on angiogenesis in the zebrafish. Among those with positive effects, we chose to focus on Ponatinib (AP24534; Iclusig®) for further investigation. Ponatinib is an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and its clinical trial has been approved by FDA for the treatment of the disease. In recent clinical trials, however, some side effects have been reported for Ponatinib, mostly on blood vessel disorders, raising the possibility that this drug may influence angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that Ponatinib was able to suppress the formation of intersegmental vessels (ISV) and subintestinal vessels (SIV) in the zebrafish larvae. The anti-angiogenic effect of Ponatinib was further validated by other bioassays in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), including cell proliferation and migration, tube formation, and wound healing. Further experiments showed that Ponatinib inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation and its downstream signaling pathways including Akt/eNOS/NO pathway and MAPK pathways (ERK and p38MAPK). Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of VEGF signaling at its receptor level and downstream pathways may likely be responsible for the antiangiogenic activity of Ponatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ai
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Weiting Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Queenie Wing Lei Wong
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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7
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Qiao H, Lovly CM. Cracking the Code of Resistance across Multiple Lines of ALK Inhibitor Therapy in Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov 2017; 6:1084-1086. [PMID: 27698100 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the setting of recent exciting clinical results and numerous ongoing trials, Gainor and colleagues explored mechanisms of acquired resistance to first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors in ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer and found that an increased frequency and distinct spectrums of resistance mutations emerged with the more potent second-generation inhibitors. Their findings have important and immediate clinical implications as the resistance mutations detected impart differential sensitivities to available ALK inhibitors, thereby highlighting the need for sequential biopsies with molecular testing to determine the most effective treatment strategy upon disease progression. Cancer Discov; 6(10); 1084-6. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Gainor et al., p. 1118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qiao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christine M Lovly
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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8
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Bruno BJ, Lim CS. Inhibition of Bcr-Abl in Human Leukemic Cells with a Coiled-Coil Protein Delivered by a Leukemia-Specific Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500701u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bruno
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Carol S. Lim
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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9
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Woessner DW, Eiring AM, Bruno BJ, Zabriskie MS, Reynolds KR, Miller GD, O'Hare T, Deininger MW, Lim CS. A coiled-coil mimetic intercepts BCR-ABL1 dimerization in native and kinase-mutant chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:1668-75. [PMID: 25721898 PMCID: PMC4621806 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia is currently based on small-molecule inhibitors that directly bind the tyrosine kinase domain of BCR-ABL1. This strategy has generally been successful, but is subject to drug resistance due to point mutations in the kinase domain. Kinase activity requires transactivation of BCR-ABL1 following an oligomerization event, which is mediated by the coiled-coil (CC) domain at the N-terminus of the protein. Here, we describe a rationally engineered mutant version of the CC domain, called CCmut3, which interferes with BCR-ABL1 oligomerization and promotes apoptosis in BCR-ABL1-expressing cells, regardless of kinase domain mutation status. CCmut3 exhibits strong pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity in cell lines expressing native BCR-ABL1, single kinase domain mutant BCR-ABL1 (E255V and T315I) or compound mutant BCR-ABL1 (E255V/T315I). Moreover, CCmut3 inhibits colony formation by primary CML CD34+ cells ex vivo, including a sample expressing the T315I mutant. These data suggest that targeting BCR-ABL1 with CC mutants may provide a novel alternative strategy for treating patients with resistance to current targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Woessner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A M Eiring
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - B J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M S Zabriskie
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K R Reynolds
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - G D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T O'Hare
- 1] Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M W Deininger
- 1] Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - C S Lim
- 1] Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Abstract
In 2012, ponatinib (Iclusig®), an orally available pan-BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed by ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in resistant or intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Ponatinib is the only approved TKI capable of inhibiting BCR-ABL with the gatekeeper T315I kinase domain mutation, known to be the cause for 20% of resistant or relapsed CML cases. In 2013, ponatinib sales were temporarily suspended due to serious side effects seen in nearly 12% of the patient population. These side effects are thought to stem from the potent nature and pan-activity of this TKI. ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has since been permitted to resume sales and marketing of ponatinib to a limited patient population with an expanded black box warning. In the following review, the use of ponatinib in CML and Ph+ALL will be discussed. Mechanisms of resistance in CML are discussed, which provide insight and background into the need for this third generation TKI, followed by the molecular design and pharmacology of ponatinib, which lead to its success as a therapeutic. Finally, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ponatinib will be highlighted, including summaries of the important clinical trials involving ponatinib as well as its current place in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Xia DY, Liu L, Hao MW, Liu Q, Chen RA, Liang YM. A combination of STI571 and BCR-ABL1 siRNA with overexpressed p15INK4B induced enhanced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 25387678 PMCID: PMC4244677 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p15INK4B, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, has been recognized as a tumor
suppressor. Loss of or methylation of the p15INK4B gene in chronic
myeloid leukemia (CML) cells enhances myeloid progenitor formation from common
myeloid progenitors. Therefore, we examined the effects of overexpressed p15INK4B on
proliferation and apoptosis of CML cells. Overexpression of p15INK4B inhibited the
growth of K562 cells by downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin
D1 expression. Overexpression of p15INK4B also induced apoptosis of K562 cells by
upregulating Bax expression and downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Overexpression of
p15INK4B together with STI571 (imatinib) or BCR-ABL1 small interfering RNA (siRNA)
also enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of K562 cells. The enhanced
effect was also mediated by reduction of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and regulation of Bax and
Bcl-2. In conclusion, our study may provide new insights into the role of p15INK4B in
CML and a potential therapeutic target for overcoming tyrosine kinase inhibitor
resistance in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Xia
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - M W Hao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - R A Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y M Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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