1
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Thompson T, Pewklang T, Piyanuch P, Wanichacheva N, Kamkaew A, Burgess K. A fluorescent electrophile for CLIPS: self indicating TrkB binders. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:506-512. [PMID: 38111346 PMCID: PMC10863675 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01654d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Combination of cysteine-containing peptides with electrophiles provides efficient access to cyclo-organopeptides. However, there are no routes to intrinsically fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides containing robust, brilliant fluorophores emitting at wavelengths longer than cellular autofluorescence. We show such fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides can be made via SNAr reactions of cysteine-containing peptides with a BODIPY system. Seven compounds of this type were prepared to test as probes; six contained peptide sequences corresponding to loop regions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophic factor 4 (BDNF and NT-4) which bind tropomyocin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Cellular assays in serum-free media indicated two of the six key compounds induced survival of HEK293 cells stably transfected with TrkB whereas a control did not. The two compounds inducing cell survival bound TrkB on those cells (Kd ∼40 and 47 nM), illustrating how intrinsically fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides can be assayed for quantifiable binding to surface receptors in cell membrane environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Thitima Pewklang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Piyanuch
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nantanit Wanichacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
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2
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Nock BA, Kanellopoulos P, Chepurny OG, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Holz GG, Krenning EP, Maina T. Nonpeptidic Z360-Analogs Tagged with Trivalent Radiometals as Anti-CCK2R Cancer Theranostic Agents: A Preclinical Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030666. [PMID: 35336041 PMCID: PMC8954547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Theranostic approaches in the management of cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R)-positive tumors include radiolabeled gastrin and CCK motifs. Moving toward antagonist-based CCK2R-radioligands instead, we herein present three analogs of the nonpeptidic CCK2R-antagonist Z360, GAS1/2/3. Each was conjugated to a different chelator (DOTA, NODAGA or DOTAGA) for labeling with medically relevant trivalent radiometals (e.g., Ga-68, In-111, Lu-177) for potential use as anti-CCK2R cancer agents; (2) Methods: The in vitro properties of the thee analogs were compared in stably transfected HEK293-CCK2R cells. Biodistribution profiles were compared in SCID mice bearing twin HEK293-CCK2R and wtHEK293 tumors; (3) Results: The GAS1/2/3 analogs displayed high CCK2R-affinity (lower nM-range). The radioligands were fairly stable in vivo and selectively targeted the HEK293-CCK2R, but not the CCK2R-negative wtHEK293 tumors in mice. Their overall pharmacokinetic profile was found strongly dependent on the radiometal-chelate. Results could be visualized by SPECT/CT for the [111In]In-analogs; (4) Conclusions: The present study highlighted the high impact of the radiometal-chelate on the end-pharmacokinetics of a new series of Z360-based radioligands, revealing candidates with promising properties for clinical translation. It also provided the impetus for the development of a new class of nonpeptidic radioligands for CCK2R-targeted theranostics of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Oleg G. Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (O.G.C.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - George G. Holz
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (O.G.C.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-650-3908 or +30-210-650-3891
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3
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Li H, Kim Y, Jung H, Hyun JY, Shin I. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-emitting small organic molecules for cancer imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8957-9008. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discuss recent advances made in the development of NIR fluorescence-emitting small organic molecules for tumor imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoje Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Al-Mansoori L, Elsinga P, Goda SK. Bio-vehicles of cytotoxic drugs for delivery to tumor specific targets for cancer precision therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112260. [PMID: 34607105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal structural and molecular changes in malignant tissues were thoroughly investigated and utilized to target tumor cells, hence rescuing normal healthy tissues and lowering the unwanted side effects as non-specific cytotoxicity. Various ligands for cancer cell specific markers have been uncovered and inspected for directional delivery of the anti-cancer drug to the tumor site, in addition to diagnostic applications. Over the past few decades research related to the ligand targeted therapy (LTT) increased tremendously aiming to treat various pathologies, mainly cancers with well exclusive markers. Malignant tumors are known to induce elevated levels of a variety of proteins and peptides known as cancer "markers" as certain antigens (e.g., Prostate specific membrane antigen "PSMA", carcinoembryonic antigen "CEA"), receptors (folate receptor, somatostatin receptor), integrins (Integrin αvβ3) and cluster of differentiation molecules (CD13). The choice of an appropriate marker to be targeted and the design of effective ligand-drug conjugate all has to be carefully selected to generate the required therapeutic effect. Moreover, since some tumors express aberrantly high levels of more than one marker, some approaches investigated targeting cancer cells with more than one ligand (dual or multi targeting). We aim in this review to report an update on the cancer-specific receptors and the vehicles to deliver cytotoxic drugs, including recent advancements on nano delivery systems and their implementation in targeted cancer therapy. We will discuss the advantages and limitations facing this approach and possible solutions to mitigate these obstacles. To achieve the said aim a literature search in electronic data bases (PubMed and others) using keywords "Cancer specific receptors, cancer specific antibody, tumor specific peptide carriers, cancer overexpressed proteins, gold nanotechnology and gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment" was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Mansoori
- Qatar University, Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Philip Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sayed K Goda
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Giza, Egypt; University of Derby, College of Science and Engineering, Derby, UK.
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5
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Design of a Near Infrared Fluorescent Ureter Imaging Agent for Prevention of Ureter Damage during Abdominal Surgeries. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123739. [PMID: 34205289 PMCID: PMC8234099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inadvertent severing of a ureter during surgery occurs in as many as 4.5% of colorectal surgeries. To help prevent this issue, several near-infrared (NIR) dyes have been developed to assist surgeons with identifying ureter location. However, the majority of these dyes exhibit at least some issue that precludes their widespread usage such as high levels of uptake in other tissues, overlapping emission wavelengths with other NIR dyes used for other fluorescence-guided surgeries, and/or rapid excretion times through the ureters. To overcome these limitations, we have synthesized and characterized the spectral properties and biodistribution of a new series of PEGylated UreterGlow derivatives. The most promising dye, UreterGlow-11 was shown to almost exclusively excrete through the kidneys/ureters with detectable fluorescence observed for at least 12 h. Additionally, while the excitation wavelength is similar to that of other NIR dyes used for cancer resections, the emission is shifted by ~30 nm allowing for discrimination between the different fluorescence-guided surgery probes. In conclusion, these new UreterGlow dyes show promising optical and biodistribution characteristics and are good candidates for translation into the clinic.
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6
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Rana A, Bhatnagar S. Advancements in folate receptor targeting for anti-cancer therapy: A small molecule-drug conjugate approach. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104946. [PMID: 33989916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery combined with controlled release of drugs has a crucial role in future of personalized medicine. The majority of cancer drugs are intended to interfere with one or more cellular events. Anticancer agents can also be toxic to healthy cells, as healthy cells may also need to proliferate and avoid apoptosis. The focus of this review covers the principles, advantages, drawbacks and summarize criteria that must be met for design of small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) to achieve the desired therapeutic potency with minimal toxicity. SMDCs are composed of a targeting ligand, a releasable bridge, a spacer, and a therapeutic payload. We summarize the criteria for the effective design that influences the selection of tumor specific receptor and optimum elements in the design of SMDCs. We also discuss the criteria for selecting the optimal therapeutic drug payload, spacer and linker. The linker chemistries and cleavage strategies are also discussed. Finally, we review the folate receptor targeting SMDCs that are in preclinical development and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Rana
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Preliminary Study of a 1,5-Benzodiazepine-Derivative Labelled with Indium-111 for CCK-2 Receptor Targeting. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040918. [PMID: 33572353 PMCID: PMC7916174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK-2R) is overexpressed in several human cancers but displays limited expression in normal tissues. For this reason, it is a suitable target for developing specific radiotracers. In this study, a nastorazepide-based ligand functionalized with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator (IP-001) was synthesized and labelled with indium-111. The radiolabeling process yielded >95% with a molar activity of 10 MBq/nmol and a radiochemical purity of >98%. Stability studies have shown a remarkable resistance to degradation (>93%) within 120 h of incubation in human blood. The in vitro uptake of [111In]In-IP-001 was assessed for up to 24 h on a high CCK-2R-expressing tumor cell line (A549) showing maximal accumulation after 4 h of incubation. Biodistribution and single photon emission tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging were evaluated on BALB/c nude mice bearing A549 xenograft tumors. Implanted tumors could be clearly visualized after only 4 h post injection (2.36 ± 0.26% ID/cc), although a high amount of radiotracer was also found in the liver, kidneys, and spleen (8.25 ± 2.21%, 6.99 ± 0.97%, and 3.88 ± 0.36% ID/cc, respectively). Clearance was slow by both hepatobiliary and renal excretion. Tumor retention persisted for up to 24 h, with the tumor to organs ratio increasing over-time and ending with a tumor uptake (1.52 ± 0.71% ID/cc) comparable to liver and kidneys.
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8
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Patel TK, Adhikari N, Amin SA, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs): an emerging strategy for anticancer drug design and discovery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of how SMDCs work. Small molecule drugs are conjugated with the targeted ligand using pH sensitive linkers which allow the drug molecule to get released at lower lysosomal pH. It helps to accumulate the chemotherapeutic agents to be localized in the tumor environment upon cleaving of the pH-labile bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Sk. Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Swati Biswas
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
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9
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Yue X, Dai Z. Cyanine Conjugate-Based Biomedical Imaging Probes. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001327. [PMID: 33000915 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanine is a class of fluorescent dye with meritorious fluorescence properties and has motivated numerous researchers to explore its imaging capabilities by miscellaneous structural modification and functionalization strategies. The covalent conjugation with other functional molecules represents a distinctive design strategy and has shown immense potential in both basic and clinical research. This review article summarizes recent achievements in cyanine conjugate-based probes for biomedical imaging. Particular attention is paid to the conjugation with targeting warheads and other contrast agents for targeted fluorescence imaging and multimodal imaging, respectively. Additionally, their clinical potential in cancer diagnostics is highlighted and some concurrent impediments for clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiuli Yue
- School of Environment Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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10
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Novak D, Tomašič T, Krošelj M, Javornik U, Plavec J, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. Radiolabelled CCK 2 R Antagonists Containing PEG Linkers: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:155-163. [PMID: 32643833 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2 R) is considered a suitable target for the development of radiolabelled antagonists, due to its overexpression in various tumours, but no such compounds are available in clinical use. Therefore, we designed novel 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-conjugated ligands based on CCK2 R antagonist Z360/nastorazepide. As a proof of concept that CCK2 R antagonistic activity can be retained by extending the Z360/nastorazepide structure using suitable linker, we present herein three compounds containing various PEG linkers synthesised on solid phase and in solution. The antagonistic properties were measured in a functional assay in the A431-CCK2 R cell line (in the presence of agonist G17), with IC50 values of 3.31, 4.11 and 10.4 nM for compounds containing PEG4 , PEG6 and PEG12 , respectively. All compounds were successfully radiolabelled with indium-111, lutetium-177 and gallium-68 (incorporation of radiometal >95 %). The gallium-68-labelled compounds were stable for up to 2 h (PBS, 37 °C). log D7.4 values were determined for indium-111- and gallium-68-labelled compounds, showing improved hydrophilicity compared to the reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Krošelj
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Kaloudi A, Kanellopoulos P, Radolf T, Chepurny OG, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Andreae F, Holz GG, Nock BA, Maina T. [ 99mTc]Tc-DGA1, a Promising CCK 2R-Antagonist-Based Tracer for Tumor Diagnosis with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3116-3128. [PMID: 32568549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled gastrin analogues have been proposed for theranostics of cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R)-positive cancer. Peptide radioligands based on other receptor antagonists have displayed superior pharmacokinetics and higher biosafety than agonists. Here, we present DGA1, a derivative of the nonpeptidic CCK2R antagonist Z-360 carrying an acyclic tetraamine, for [99mTc]Tc labeling. Preclinical comparison of [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 with [99mTc]Tc-DG2 (CCK2R-agonist reference) was conducted in HEK293-CCK2R/CCK2i4svR cells and mice models, qualifying [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 for further study in patients with CCK2R-positive tumors and single-photon emission computed tomography/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kaloudi
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thorsten Radolf
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Fritz Andreae
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - George G Holz
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | | | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
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12
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Novak D, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. CCK 2R antagonists: from SAR to clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 32439608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The widespread involvement of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2R) in multiple (patho)physiological processes has propelled extensive searches for nonpeptide small-molecule CCK2R antagonists. For the past three decades, considerable research has yielded numerous chemically heterogeneous compounds. None of these entered into the clinic, mainly because of inadequate biological effects. However, it appears that the ultimate goal of a clinically useful CCK2R antagonist is now just around the corner, with the most promising compounds, netazepide and nastorazepide, now in Phase II clinical trials. Here, we illustrate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of stablished CCK2R antagonists of various structural classes, and the most recent proof-of-concept studies where new applicabilities of CCK2R antagonists as visualizing agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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Quicker, deeper and stronger imaging: A review of tumor-targeted, near-infrared fluorescent dyes for fluorescence guided surgery in the preclinical and clinical stages. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:123-143. [PMID: 32437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a public health problem and the main cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide. Complete removal of tumors and metastatic lymph nodes in surgery is significantly beneficial for the prognosis of patients. Tumor-targeted, near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging is an emerging field of real-time intraoperative cancer imaging based on tumor-targeted NIRF dyes. Targeted NIRF dyes contain NIRF fluorophores and specific binding ligands such as antibodies, peptides and small molecules. The present article reviews recently updated tumor-targeted NIRF dyes for the molecular imaging of malignant tumors in the preclinical stage and clinical trials. The strengths and challenges of NIRF agents with tumor-targeting ability are also summarized. Smaller ligands, near infrared II dyes, dual-modality dyes and activatable dyes may contribute to quicker, deeper, stronger imaging in the nearest future. In this review, we highlighted tumor-targeted NIRF dyes for fluorescence-guided surgery and their potential clinical translation.
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14
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Worm DJ, Els‐Heindl S, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Targeting of peptide‐binding receptors on cancer cells with peptide‐drug conjugates. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Worm
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els‐Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
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15
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Debie P, Hernot S. Emerging Fluorescent Molecular Tracers to Guide Intra-Operative Surgical Decision-Making. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 31139085 PMCID: PMC6527780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is an emerging technology that can provide real-time information about the operating field during cancer surgery. Non-specific fluorescent agents, used for the assessment of blood flow and sentinel lymph node detection, have so far dominated this field. However, over the last decade, several clinical studies have demonstrated the great potential of targeted fluorescent tracers to visualize tumor lesions in a more specific way. This has led to an exponential growth in the development of novel molecular fluorescent contrast agents. In this review, the design of fluorescent molecular tracers will be discussed, with particular attention for agents and approaches that are of interest for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for in vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI-BEFY/MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Roy J, Kaake M, Low PS. Small molecule targeted NIR dye conjugate for imaging LHRH receptor positive cancers. Oncotarget 2019; 10:152-160. [PMID: 30719210 PMCID: PMC6349437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor (LHRH-R) in various cancers and restricted expression of the receptor in healthy cells qualifies it as a valuable cancer biomarker. Previously, LHRH-R targeted peptides have been utilized to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R expressing cancers. We report here for the first time the utilization of a small molecule non-peptidic ligand (BOEPL) of LHRH-R to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R positive tumors. For this purpose, we linked the BOEPL ligand to a near infrared dye via various linkers. In vitro, these conjugates demonstrated low nanomolar binding affinity and in vivo they exhibited receptor-mediated uptake specifically in tumor tissue. Moreover, tumor uptake could be blocked by administration of excess unlabeled conjugate, and time course experiments showed retention of the dye conjugate in the tumor up to 12 h post injection. Because uptake of BOEPL-targeted NIR dye conjugates by nonmalignant organs/tissues was negligible and since the transient presence of targeted NIR dye in the kidneys was a result of clearance mechanism, we suggest that a BOEPL-targeted NIR dye might constitute a useful agent for fluorescence-guided surgery of LHRH-R positive cancers. Moreover, our results also provide proof of concept that BOEPL can be successfully used to deliver attached payloads to LHRH-R positive tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Miranda Kaake
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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17
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Lee YG, Marks I, Srinivasarao M, Kanduluru AK, Mahalingam SM, Liu X, Chu H, Low PS. Use of a Single CAR T Cell and Several Bispecific Adapters Facilitates Eradication of Multiple Antigenically Different Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2018; 79:387-396. [PMID: 30482775 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most solid tumors are comprised of multiple clones that express orthogonal antigens, suggesting that novel strategies must be developed in order to adapt chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies to treat heterogeneous solid tumors. Here, we utilized a cocktail of low-molecular-weight bispecific adapters, each comprised of fluorescein linked to a different tumor-specific ligand, to bridge between an antifluorescein CAR on the engineered T cell and a unique antigen on the cancer cell. This formation of an immunologic synapse between the CAR T cell and cancer cell enabled use of a single antifluorescein CAR T cell to eradicate a diversity of antigenically different solid tumors implanted concurrently in NSG mice. Based on these data, we suggest that a carefully designed cocktail of bispecific adapters in combination with antifluorescein CAR T cells can overcome tumor antigen escape mechanisms that lead to disease recurrence following many CAR T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: A cocktail of tumor-targeted bispecific adapters greatly augments CAR T-cell therapies against heterogeneous tumors, highlighting its potential for broader applicability against cancers where standard CAR T-cell therapy has failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Isaac Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ananda Kumar Kanduluru
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sakkarapalayam M Mahalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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18
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Mahalingam SM, Chu H, Liu X, Leamon CP, Low PS. Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Near-Infrared Dye for Fluorescence Imaging of Hypoxic Tumors. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3320-3331. [PMID: 30185025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of tumor-targeted fluorescence dyes to help surgeons identify otherwise undetected tumor nodules, decrease the incidence of cancer-positive margins, and facilitate localization of malignant lymph nodes has demonstrated considerable promise for improving cancer debulking surgery. Unfortunately, the repertoire of available tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes does not permit identification of all cancer types, raising the need to develop additional tumor-specific fluorescent dyes to ensure localization of all malignant lesions during cancer surgeries. By comparing the mRNA levels of the hypoxia-induced plasma membrane protein carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) in 13 major human cancers with the same mRNA levels in corresponding normal tissues, we document that CA IX constitutes a nearly universal marker for the design of tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes. Motivated by this expression profile, we synthesize two new CA IX-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging agents and characterize their physical and biological properties both in vitro and in vivo. We report that conjugation of either acetazolamide or 6-aminosaccharin (i.e., two CA-IX-specific ligands) to the NIR fluorescent dye, S0456, via an extended phenolic spacer creates a brightly fluorescent dye that binds CA IX with high affinity and allows rapid visualization of hypoxic regions of solid tumors at depths >1 cm beneath a tissue surface. Taken together, these data suggest that a CA IX-targeted NIR dye can constitute a useful addition to a cocktail of tumor-targeted NIR dyes designed to image all human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Endocyte Inc. , 3000 Kent Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47906 , United States
| | | | - Christopher P Leamon
- Endocyte Inc. , 3000 Kent Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47906 , United States
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19
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Jiang Z, Yang Z, Li F, Li Z, Fishkin N, Burgess K. Targeted Maytansinoid Conjugate Improves Therapeutic Index for Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2920-2926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Zhen Yang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nathan Fishkin
- ImmunoGen, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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20
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Mahalingam SM, Dip F, Castillo M, Roy M, Wexner SD, Rosenthal RJ, Low PS. Intraoperative Ureter Visualization Using a Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dye. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3442-3447. [PMID: 29979605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ureters can be accidentally severed during pelvic surgeries, significantly prolonging the times in the operating room to allow for complete repair of damaged ureters and leading to significant morbidities associated with consequent ureter obstruction and possible kidney dysfunction. In an effort to prevent these complications, light-emitting stents and urine-excreted dyes have been introduced to illuminate the ureter during surgery. However, problems with mechanical insertion, ureter spasm, image contrast, and localized injection have limited interest in their clinical applications. We report here the synthesis and characterization of a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye (UreterGlow) that can be injected systemically but is excreted primarily through the renal system, allowing ureter imaging with an NIR fluorescence camera. Following intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg UreterGlow, we have monitored the flow of UreterGlow through the proximal, medial, and distal segments of the ureter. The timing of ureter visualization was calculated from the time of injection of the drug. The null hypothesis was that "Visualization of the ureter in pigs is possible 60 min after administration of UreterGlow using an NIR camera". UreterGlow displayed excitation and emission maxima of λex = 800 nm and λem = 830 nm in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, and could be imaged in the urinary tract in mice. Shortly after injection of UreterGlow into Yorkshire pigs, peristalsis of the ureter could be observed. The distal ureter could be visualized under NIR illumination after 60 min with constant fluorescence in all five pigs for >2 h. The same ureters could not be seen using visible light ( X2, p = 0.0001). Because both excitation and emission of UreterGlow occurs at >30 nm longer wavelength than most tumor-imaging fluorescent dyes, it should be possible to distinguish ureter fluorescence from tumor fluorescence with this dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakkarapalayam M Mahalingam
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Fernando Dip
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard , Weston , Florida 33331 , United States
| | - Marco Castillo
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard , Weston , Florida 33331 , United States
| | - Mayank Roy
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard , Weston , Florida 33331 , United States
| | - Steven D Wexner
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard , Weston , Florida 33331 , United States
| | - Raul J Rosenthal
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard , Weston , Florida 33331 , United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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21
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Mahalingam SM, Dudkin V, Goldberg S, Klein D, Yi F, Singhal S, O’Neil KT, Low PS. Evaluation of a Centyrin-Based Near-Infrared Probe for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Positive Tumors. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2865-2873. [PMID: 28945346 PMCID: PMC11017363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted near-infrared fluorescent dyes have the potential to improve cancer surgery by enabling surgeons to locate and resect more malignant lesions where good visualization tools are required to ensure complete removal of malignant tissue. Although the tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes used in humans to date have been either small organic molecules or high molecular weight antibodies, low molecular weight protein scaffolds have attracted significant attention because they penetrate solid tumors almost as efficiently as small molecules, but can be infinitely mutated to bind almost any antigen. Here we describe the use of a 10 kDa protein scaffold, a Centyrin, to target a near-infrared fluorescent dye to tumors that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). We have developed and optimized the dose and time required for imaging small tumor burdens with minimal background fluorescence in real-time fluorescence-guided surgery of EGFR-expressing tumor xenografts in murine models. We demonstrate that the Centyrin-near-infrared dye conjugate (CNDC) binds selectively to human EGFR+ cancer cells with an EC50 of 2 nM, localizes to EGFR+ tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice and that uptake of the dye in xenografts is significantly reduced when EGFR are blocked by preinjection of excess unlabeled Centyrin. Taken together, these data suggest that CNDCs can be used for intraoperative identification and surgical removal of EGFR-expressing lesions and that Centyrins targeted to other tumor-specific antigens should prove similarly useful in fluorescence guided surgery of cancer. In addition, we demonstrate that the CNDC is detected in the NIR region of the spectrum and can be utilized for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). In addition, we propose that with its eventual complete clearance from EGFR-negative tissues and its quantitative retention in the tumor mass for >24 h, a Centyrin-targeted NIR dye should provide excellent tumor contrast when injected at least 6-8 h before initiation of cancer surgery in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakkarapalayam M. Mahalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vadim Dudkin
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse PA 19477, United States
| | - Shalom Goldberg
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse PA 19477, United States
| | - Donna Klein
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse PA 19477, United States
| | - Fang Yi
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse PA 19477, United States
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karyn T. O’Neil
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse PA 19477, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Haque A, Faizi MSH, Rather JA, Khan MS. Next generation NIR fluorophores for tumor imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2017-2034. [PMID: 28284863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases responsible for the major causes of mortality and morbidity among people of all ages. Even though medical sciences have made enormous growth, complete treatment of this deadly disease is still a challenging task. Last few decades witnessed an impressive growth in the design and development of near infrared (NIR) fluorophores with and without recognition moieties for molecular recognitions, imaging and image guided surgeries. The present article reviews recently reported NIR emitting organic/inorganic fluorophores that targets and accumulates in organelle/organs specifically for molecular imaging of cancerous cells. Near infrared (NIR probe) with or without a tumor-targeting warhead have been considered and discussed for their applications in the field of cancer imaging. In addition, challenges persist in this area are also delineated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | | | - Jahangir Ahmad Rather
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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24
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Gao M, Yu F, Lv C, Choo J, Chen L. Fluorescent chemical probes for accurate tumor diagnosis and targeting therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2237-2271. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00908e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on small molecular ligand-targeted fluorescent imaging probes and fluorescent theranostics, including their design strategies and applications in clinical tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
- Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University
- Binzhou 256603
- China
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 426-791
- South Korea
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
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25
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Kanduluru AK, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Neurokinin-1 Receptor-Targeted Near-IR Dye for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Neuroendocrine Cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2157-65. [PMID: 27529726 PMCID: PMC5343518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) is implicated in the growth and metastasis of many tumors, including cancers of the brain (e.g., gliomas, glioblastomas, and astrocytomas), skin (e.g., melanomas), and neuroendocrine tissues (cancers of the breast, stomach, pancreas, larynx, and colon). Because overexpression of NK1R has been reported in most of these malignancies, we have undertaken designing an NK1R-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye for fluorescence-guided surgeries of these cancers. We demonstrate here that an NK1R-binding ligand linked to the NIR dye LS288 selectively accumulates in NK1R-expressing tumor xenografts with high affinity (Kd = 13 nM), allowing intraoperative imaging of these cancers in live mice. Because tumor accumulation is nearly quantitatively blocked by excess unlabeled ligand, and because NK1R-negative tumors and normal tissues display virtually no uptake, we conclude that the observed tumor retention is NK1R-mediated. Results on the synthesis, in vitro characterization, and animal testing of NK1R-targeted NIR dye are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Kumar Kanduluru
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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26
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Lv PC, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Evaluation of a Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Near-Infrared Dye for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Hypoxic Tumors. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1618-25. [PMID: 27043317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proof-of-principle studies in ovarian, lung, and brain cancer patients have shown that fluorescence-guided surgery can enable removal of otherwise undetectable malignant lesions, decrease the number of cancer-positive margins, and permit identification of disease-containing lymph nodes that would have normally evaded resection. Unfortunately, the current arsenal of tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes does not permit identification of all cancers, raising the need to design new tumor-specific fluorescent dyes to illuminate the currently undetectable cancers. In an effort to design a more universal fluorescent cancer imaging agent, we have undertaken to synthesize a fluorophore that could label all hypoxic regions of tumors. We report here the synthesis, in vitro binding, and in vivo imaging of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye that is targeted to carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), i.e., a widely accepted marker of hypoxic tissues. The low molecular weight NIR probe, named Hypoxyfluor, is shown to bind CA IX with high affinity and accumulate rapidly and selectively in CA IX positive tumors. Because nearly all human cancers contain hypoxic regions that express CA IX abundantly, this NIR probe should facilitate surgical resection of a wide variety of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Lv
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jyoti Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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27
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28
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Roy J, Putt KS, Coppola D, Leon ME, Khalil FK, Centeno BA, Clark N, Stark VE, Morse DL, Low PS. Assessment of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in neoplastic tissue. Oncotarget 2016; 7:14605-15. [PMID: 26910279 PMCID: PMC4924738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R, CCKBR or gastrin receptor) has been reported on a diverse range of cancers such as colorectal, liver, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, stomach, thyroid and numerous neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumors. Some cancers of the colorectum, lung, pancreas and thyroid have been shown to overexpress CCK2R in relation to normal matched tissues of the same organ. This reported overexpression has led to the development of a number of CCK2R-ligand targeted imaging and therapeutic agents. However, no comprehensive study comparing the expression of CCK2R in multiple cancers to multiple normal tissues has been performed. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical analysis of cancer samples from gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and thyroid cancer against multiple normal tissue samples from esophagus, liver, lung, pancreas, stomach, spleen and thyroid. These results show that CCK2R expression is present in nearly all cancer and normal samples tested and that none of the cancer samples had expression that was statistically greater than that of all of the normal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Karson S. Putt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Marino E. Leon
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Farah K. Khalil
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Barbara A. Centeno
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Noel Clark
- Tissue Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Valerie E. Stark
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - David L. Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Philip S. Low
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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29
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Kue CS, Kamkaew A, Burgess K, Kiew LV, Chung LY, Lee HB. Small Molecules for Active Targeting in Cancer. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:494-575. [PMID: 26992114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of this review, active targeting in cancer research encompasses strategies wherein a ligand for a cell surface receptor expressed on tumor cells is used to deliver a cytotoxic or imaging cargo. This area of research is more than two decades old, but in those 20 and more years, how many receptors have been studied extensively? What kinds of the ligands are used for active targeting? Are they mostly naturally occurring molecules such as folic acid, or synthetic substances developed in campaigns for medicinal chemistry efforts? This review outlines the most important receptor or ligand combinations that have been used in active targeting to answer these questions, and therefore to address the most important one of all: is research in active targeting affording diminishing returns, or is this an area for which the potential far exceeds progress made so far?
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin S Kue
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Lik V Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lip Y Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong B Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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30
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Wayua C, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Selective Tumor Targeting of Desacetyl Vinblastine Hydrazide and Tubulysin B via Conjugation to a Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor (CCK2R) Ligand. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2477-83. [PMID: 26043355 PMCID: PMC4674820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As the delivery of selectively targeted
cytotoxic agents via antibodies
or small molecule ligands to malignancies has begun to show promise
in the clinic, the need to identify and validate additional cellular
targets for specific therapeutic delivery is critical. Although a
multitude of cancers have been targeted using the folate receptor,
PSMA, bombesin receptor, somatostatin receptor, LHRH, and αvβ3, there is a notable lack of specific small
molecule ligand/receptor pairs to cellular targets found within cancers
of the GI tract. Because of the selective GI tract expression of the
cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), we undertook the creation of conjugates
that would deliver microtubule-disrupting drugs to malignancies through
the specific targeting of CCK2R via a high affinity small molecule
ligand. The cytotoxic activity of these conjugates were shown to be
receptor mediated in vitro and in vivo with xenograft mouse models
exhibiting delayed growth or regression of tumors that expressed CCK2R.
Overall, this work demonstrates that ligands to CCK2R can be used
to create selectively targeted therapeutic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jyoti Roy
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Srinivasarao M, Galliford CV, Low PS. Principles in the design of ligand-targeted cancer therapeutics and imaging agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:203-19. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gao S, Song J, Chen F, Wang Q, Liu X, Ren H, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou Y, Lu S, Hu P, Tong W, Liu Z. A novel immunotoxin - rCCK8PE38 targeting of CCK-R overexpressed colon cancers. J Drug Target 2015; 23:462-8. [PMID: 25673265 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1009073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are overexpressed in numerous human cancers, such as pancreatic, colon and gastric cancers. Previous studies have shown that the specific receptor-binding property of CCK for CCK receptors (CCKRs) can be exploited to produce immunotoxins (ITs) that target cancer cells overexpressing CCK receptors. PURPOSE Construct a new IT-targeting CCKR-overexpressing colon cancers. METHODS To construct the CCKR-targeted IT, a reverse CCK8 peptide was fused with a modified 38-kDa truncated form of the Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38KDEL). An efficient immunoaffinity purification procedure was used to produce a PE38-based IT. Several analyses, including CCK8 competition and indirect immunofluorescence assays, were performed to confirm the interaction between rCCK8 and CCKR. After cytotoxic assays on several cell lines, the anti-tumor activity of the new IT was detected in nude mice. RESULTS The rCCK8PE38 IT showed specific cytotoxicity for two colon cancer cell lines and one gastric cancer cell line. After purification, 18-26 mg of pure rCCK8PE38 per 1 L of culture was obtained. Purified rCCK8PE38 showed high cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.8-3.5 ng/mL. The results of the CCK8 competition and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that rCCK8 had a specific interaction with CCKR. Nude mice inoculated with HCT-8 tumor xenografts were treated with rCCK8PE38, which efficiently decreased the tumor size in those mice. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION All of these data suggest that rCCK8PE38 has potential as a new immunotherapy agent. Furthermore, the results of this study further support the high value of the immunoaffinity method for IT purification procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University , Changchun , PR China
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Wayua C, Low PS. Evaluation of a nonpeptidic ligand for imaging of cholecystokinin 2 receptor-expressing cancers. J Nucl Med 2014; 56:113-9. [PMID: 25500824 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.144998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor-specific targeting ligands were recently exploited to deliver both imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to cancer tissues in vivo. Because the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) is overexpressed in various human cancers (e.g., lung, medullary thyroid, pancreatic, colon, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors) but displays limited expression in normal tissues, natural ligands of CCK2R were recently explored for use in the imaging of CCK2R-expressing cancers. Unfortunately, the results from these studies revealed not only that the peptidic CCK2R ligands were unstable in vivo but also that the ligands that mediated good uptake by tumor tissues also promoted a high level of retention of the radioimaging agent in the kidneys, probably because of capture of the conjugates by peptide-scavenging receptors. In an effort to reduce the normal organ retention of CCK2R-targeted drugs, we synthesized a nonpeptidic ligand of CCK2R and examined its specificity for CCK2R both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Nonpeptidic agonists and antagonists of CCK2R described in the literature were evaluated for their affinities and specificities for CCK2R. Z-360, a benzodiazepine-derived CCK2R antagonist with subnanomolar affinity, was selected for complexation to (99m)Tc via multiple spacers. After synthesis and purification, 4 complexes with different physicochemical properties were evaluated for binding to CCK2R-transfected HEK 293 cells. The best conjugate, termed CRL-3-(99m)Tc, was injected into mice bearing CCK2R tumor xenografts and examined by γ scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. The uptake of the conjugate in various organs was also quantified by tissue resection and γ counting. RESULTS CRL-3-(99m)Tc was shown to bind with low nanomolar affinity to CCK2R in vitro and was localized to tumor tissues in athymic nu/nu mice implanted with CCK2R-expressing tumors. At 4 h after injection, tumor uptake was measured at 12.0 ± 2.0 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue. CONCLUSION Because the uptake of CRL-3-(99m)Tc by nonmalignant tissues was negligible and retention in the kidneys was only transient, we suggest that CRL-3-(99m)Tc may be a useful radioimaging agent for the detection, sizing, and monitoring of CCK2R-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Handgraaf HJM, Boonstra MC, Van Erkel AR, Bonsing BA, Putter H, Van De Velde CJH, Vahrmeijer AL, Mieog JSD. Current and future intraoperative imaging strategies to increase radical resection rates in pancreatic cancer surgery. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:890230. [PMID: 25157372 PMCID: PMC4123536 DOI: 10.1155/2014/890230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is poor. Even the small minority that undergoes resection with curative intent has low 5-year survival rates. This may partly be explained by the high number of irradical resections, which results in local recurrence and impaired overall survival. Currently, ultrasonography is used during surgery for resectability assessment and frozen-section analysis is used for assessment of resection margins in order to decrease the number of irradical resections. The introduction of minimal invasive techniques in pancreatic surgery has deprived surgeons from direct tactile information. To improve intraoperative assessment of pancreatic tumor extension, enhanced or novel intraoperative imaging technologies accurately visualizing and delineating cancer cells are necessary. Emerging modalities are intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging and freehand nuclear imaging using tumor-specific targeted contrast agents. In this review, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on laparoscopic ultrasonography and we summarized and discussed current and future intraoperative imaging modalities and their potential for improved tumor demarcation during pancreatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henricus J. M. Handgraaf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arian R. Van Erkel
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A. Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. Sven D. Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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