1
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Johnson AR, Ballard JE, Leithead A, Miller C, Faassen F, Zang X, Nofsinger R, Wagner AM. A Retrospective Analysis of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics from Administration of Long-Acting Aqueous Suspensions. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1641-1656. [PMID: 36720831 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Administration of long-acting injectable suspensions is an increasingly common approach to increasing patient compliance and improving therapeutic efficacy through less frequent dosing. While several long-acting suspensions have recently been marketed, parameters modulating drug absorption from suspension-based formulations are not well understood. Further, methods for predicting clinical pharmacokinetic data from preclinical studies are not well established. Together, these limitations hamper compound selection, formulation design and formulation selection through heavy reliance on iterative optimization in preclinical and clinical studies. This article identifies key parameters influencing absorption from suspension-based formulations through compilation and analysis of preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data of seven compounds marketed as suspensions; achievable margins for predicting the clinical dose and input rate from preclinical studies as a function of the preclinical species, the clinical injection location and the intended therapeutic duration were also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Johnson
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Jeanine E Ballard
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism & Excretion, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Leithead
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Corin Miller
- Translational Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Fried Faassen
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zang
- Quantitative Pharmacology & Pharmacometrics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism & Excretion, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Angela M Wagner
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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2
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Discovery solubility measurement and assessment of small molecules with drug development in mind. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1315-1325. [PMID: 35114363 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is a key physicochemical property for the success of any drug candidate. Although the methods used and their rationales for determining solubility are subject to project needs and stages along the drug discovery-drug development pipeline, an artificial boundary can exist at the discovery-development interface. This boundary results in less effective solubility knowledge sharing and data integration among scientists in both drug discovery and drug development. Herein, we present a refreshed perspective on solubility. Solubility experimentation is not a one-size-fits-all measurement; instead, we stress the importance of constructing a seamless solubility understanding of a molecule as it progresses from a new chemical entity into a drug product.
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3
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Wuelfing WP, El Marrouni A, Lipert MP, Daublain P, Kesisoglou F, Converso A, Templeton AC. Dose Number as a Tool to Guide Lead Optimization for Orally Bioavailable Compounds in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Peter Wuelfing
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Maya P. Lipert
- AbbVie, Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | | | - Antonella Converso
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Allen C. Templeton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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4
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Porat D, Azran C, Mualem Y, Vainer E, Gibori R, Vaynshtein J, Dukhno O, Dahan A. Lamotrigine therapy in patients after bariatric surgery: Potentially hampered solubility and dissolution. Int J Pharm 2021; 612:121298. [PMID: 34793937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. With surgery, the stomach undergoes major anatomical/physiological changes that may affect the oral exposure of drugs, especially marginally soluble weak bases, such as lamotrigine. The aim of this work was to study the solubility/dissolution of lamotrigine in conditions simulating the stomach before vs. after bariatric surgery. Lamotrigine solubility was studied in-vitro, as well as ex-vivo in gastric content aspirated from patients before vs. after bariatric surgery. We then compared the dissolution kinetics of various marketed lamotrigine products in pre- vs. post-operative stomach conditions, different in volume, pH, agitation strength and speed. Decreased lamotrigine solubility with increasing pH (from 1.37 ± 0.09 (pH = 1) to 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/mL (pH = 7)) was obtained. Twelve-fold higher lamotrigine solubility was revealed in gastric content aspirated before vs. after surgery (8.5 ± 0.7 and 0.7 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively). Dissolution studies showed that only the lowest dose (25 mg) fully dissolved in the post-surgery stomach conditions, while at higher doses, lamotrigine tablet dissolution was impaired. Neither fast-dissolving tablet, nor tablet crushing, helped resolving this problem. Based on these results, and given that dissolution of the drug dose governs the subsequent absorption, close monitoring of this essential drug is advised after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Carmil Azran
- Clinical Pharmacy, Herzliya Medical Center, Herzliya 46140, Israel
| | - Yoni Mualem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ella Vainer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Roni Gibori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Julie Vaynshtein
- Department of Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410101, Israel
| | - Oleg Dukhno
- Department of Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410101, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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5
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Kapoor Y, Meyer RF, Ferguson HM, Skomski D, Daublain P, Troup GM, Dalton C, Ramasamy M, Templeton AC. Flexibility in Drug Product Development: A Perspective. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2455-2469. [PMID: 34165309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The process of bringing a drug to market involves innumerable decisions to refine a concept into a final product. The final product goes through extensive research and development to meet the target product profile and to obtain a product that is manufacturable at scale. Historically, this process often feels inflexible and linear, as ideas and development paths are eliminated early on to allow focus on the workstream with the highest probability of success. Carrying multiple options early in development is both time-consuming and resource-intensive. Similarly, changing development pathways after significant investment carries a high "penalty of change" (PoC), which makes pivoting to a new concept late in development inhibitory. Can drug product (DP) development be made more flexible? The authors believe that combining a nonlinear DP development approach, leveraging state-of-the art data sciences, and using emerging process and measurement technologies will offer enhanced flexibility and should become the new normal. Through the use of iterative DP evaluation, "smart" clinical studies, artificial intelligence, novel characterization techniques, automation, and data collection/modeling/interpretation, it should be possible to significantly reduce the PoC during development. In this Perspective, a review of ideas/techniques along with supporting technologies that can be applied at each stage of DP development is shared. It is further discussed how these contribute to an improved and flexible DP development through the acceleration of the iterative build-measure-learn cycle in laboratories and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Kapoor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert F Meyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Heidi M Ferguson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel Skomski
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregory M Troup
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chad Dalton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Manoharan Ramasamy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Allen C Templeton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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6
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Keemink J, Sjögren E, Holm R, Bergström CAS. Does the Intake of Ethanol Affect Oral Absorption of Poorly Soluble Drugs? J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1765-1771. [PMID: 30562491 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ethanol in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids may increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This suggests that intake of ethanol with such compounds could result in increased drug absorption in the stomach and duodenum because of the greater concentration gradient present. To test this hypothesis, in vitro dissolution of 2 poorly soluble compounds (indomethacin and felodipine) was studied in simulated GI rat fluids in the presence or absence of ethanol. Results were used to predict plasma exposure of the compounds using the software PK-Sim. Finally, in vivo plasma exposure in rats was investigated after oral dosing followed by immediate administration of water or ethanol. Despite increased solubility in GI fluids in the presence of ethanol, simulations predicted a negligible effect on absorption. This was confirmed in the rat study where oral intake of indomethacin or felodipine with ethanol did not increase in vivo plasma exposure. A possible explanation for the lack of an effect may be that dilution, absorption, and transfer of ethanol upon arrival in the stomach resulted in intragastric and intraduodenal ethanol concentrations that did not reach the levels required to affect local solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmeteus, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 52B, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen R&D, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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7
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Liu H, Dai X, He S, Brockunier L, Marcantonio K, Ludmerer SW, Li F, Feng KI, Nargund RP, Palani A. Design and evaluation of novel tetracyclic benzofurans as palm site allosteric inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:126104. [PMID: 30389294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase is a prime target for the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. Several novel and potent HCV NS5B non-nucleoside inhibitors with unique tetracyclic bezonfuran-based structures were prepared and evaluated. Similar to clinical developmental compound MK-8876, N-linked (compounds 1 and 2) and C-linked (compounds 3 and 4) tetracyclic structures maintained broad spectrum anti-replicon potency profiles and demonstrated moderate to excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters across the three preclinical animal species. To better understand the importance of tetracyclic structures related to pan genotypic potency profiles especially against clinically relevant GT1a variants, the teracycles with different ring size were prepared and in vitro evaluations suggested compounds with six number ring have better overall potency profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Xing Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shuwen He
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Linda Brockunier
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Karen Marcantonio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Steven W Ludmerer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Fangbiao Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P Nargund
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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8
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Gunaydin H, Altman MD, Ellis JM, Fuller P, Johnson SA, Lahue B, Lapointe B. Strategy for Extending Half-life in Drug Design and Its Significance. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:528-533. [PMID: 29937977 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical optimization of compounds toward viable drug candidates requires an integrated understanding of properties that impact predictions of the clinically efficacious dose. The importance of optimizing half-life, unbound clearance, and potency and how they impact dose predictions are discussed in this letter. Modest half-life improvements for short half-life compounds can dramatically lower the efficacious dose. The relationship between dose and half-life is nonlinear when unbound clearance is kept constant, whereas the relationship between dose and unbound clearance is linear when half-life is kept constant. Due to this difference, we show that dose is more sensitive to changes in half-life than changes in unbound clearance when half-lives are shorter than 2 h. Through matched molecular pair analyses, we also show that the strategic introduction of halogens is likely to increase half-life and lower projected human dose even though increased lipophilicity does not guarantee extended half-life.
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9
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Madsen CM, Feng KI, Leithead A, Canfield N, Jørgensen SA, Müllertz A, Rades T. Effect of composition of simulated intestinal media on the solubility of poorly soluble compounds investigated by design of experiments. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ma S, Li M, Liu N, Li Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Yu F, Hu X, Liu C, Mei X. Vincristine liposomes with smaller particle size have stronger diffusion ability in tumor and improve tumor accumulation of vincristine significantly. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87276-87291. [PMID: 29152080 PMCID: PMC5675632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The passive targeting is the premise of active targeting that could make nanocarrier detained in tumor tissue. The particle size is the most important factor that influences the diffusion and distribution of nanoparticle both in vivo and in vitro. In order to investigate the relationship between particle size and diffusion ability, two kinds of liposome loaded with Vincristine (VCR-Lip) were prepared. The diffusion behavior of VCR-Lip with different particle size and free VCR was compared through diffusion stability study. The diffusion ability from 12-well culture plate to Millipore transwell of each formulation reflected on HepG-2 cytotoxicity results. Different cell placement methods and drug adding positions were used to study the VCR-Lip diffusion behaviors, which influenced the apoptosis of HepG-2 cell. The different cell uptake of Nile red–Lip and free Nile red was compared when changed the adding way of fluorescent fluorescein. To study the penetration ability in HepG-2 tumor spheroids, we constructed 30 nm and 100 nm Cy5.5-Lip to compare with free Cy5.5. Then the anti-tumor effect, tissue distribution of free VCR injection, 30 nm and 100 nm VCR-Lip were further investigated on the HepG-2 tumor bearing nude mice. The results of these study showed that the diffusion ability of free drug and fluorescent fluorescein was remarkable stronger than which encapsulated in liposomes. Moreover, diffusion ability of smaller liposome was stronger than larger one. In this way, 30 nm liposome had not only faster and stronger tumor distribution than 100 nm liposome, but also higher tumor drug accumulation than free drug as well. Our study provided a new thinking to improve the targeting efficiency of nano drug delivery system, no matter passive or active targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Ma
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fanglin Yu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Hu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xingguo Mei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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11
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Skolnik SM, Geraci GM, Dodd S. Automated Supersaturation Stability Assay to Differentiate Poorly Soluble Compounds in Drug Discovery. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:84-93. [PMID: 28551426 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, in vitro assays evaluate a compound's tendency to maintain supersaturation toward improving oral absorption. Throughput remains a challenge and only small sets of compounds are evaluated in reported studies. The present work describes an automated workflow and data analysis approach to determine supersaturation stability after 16 min. Eight increasing concentrations were targeted and supernatant concentration was measured following solvent shift in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide both on equilibrium solubility and on induced supersaturation was addressed, whereas the change in concentration was evaluated over time. Our sample set included 24 commercial compounds, along with comparison to literature results. To demonstrate in vivo relevance of in vitro supersaturation, classification of supersaturation stability was proposed based on the target concentration achieved and the percentage of area under the curve dose proportionality in 42 preclinical and clinical studies. Eighty-one percent of low supersaturation stability compounds (target concentrations ≤50 μM) had proportionality <0.8, whereas 100% of high supersaturation stability compounds (target concentrations ≥200 μM) demonstrated proportionality ≥0.8. The robust, automated assay and its impact on dose proportionality downstream make this approach applicable in drug discovery where low-soluble compounds with otherwise attractive properties may be differentiated on the basis of supersaturation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Skolnik
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Gina M Geraci
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Stephanie Dodd
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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12
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Daublain P, Feng KI, Altman MD, Martin I, Mukherjee S, Nofsinger R, Northrup AB, Tschirret-Guth R, Cartwright M, McGregor C. Analyzing the Potential Root Causes of Variability of Pharmacokinetics in Preclinical Species. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1634-1645. [PMID: 28329443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess variability in pharmacokinetic profiles (PK variability) in preclinical species and identify the risk factors associated with the properties of a drug molecule that contribute to the variability. Exposure data in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey for a total of 16,592 research compounds studied between 1999 and 2013 were included in the analysis. Both in vivo study parameters and in silico/experimental physicochemical properties of the molecules were analyzed. Areas under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC) were used to assess PK variability. PK variability was calculated as the ratio of the highest AUC within a defined set of AUC values (AUCmax) over the lowest AUC within that set (AUCmin). Both intra- and inter-animal variability were analyzed, with intra-animal exposures found to be more variable than inter-animal exposures. While several routes of administration were initially studied, the analysis was focused on the oral route, which corresponds to the large majority of data points and displays higher variability than the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes. The association between inter-animal PK variability and physical properties was studied, and low solubility, high administered dose, high preclinical dose number (PDo), and pH-dependent solubility were found to be associated with high variability in exposures. Permeability-as assessed by the measured permeability coefficient in the LLC-PK1 cell line-was also considered but appeared to only have a weak association with variability. Consistent with these findings, BCS class I and III compounds were found to be less prone to PK variability than BCS class II and IV compounds. A modest association of PK variability with clearance was observed while the association with bioavailability, a higher PK variability for compounds with lower bioavailability, appeared to be more pronounced. Finally, two case studies that highlight PK variability issues are described, and successful mitigation strategies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Daublain
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Iain Martin
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suman Mukherjee
- Biochemical Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty Dosage Forms, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan B Northrup
- Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard Tschirret-Guth
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Drug Safety, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Caroline McGregor
- Analytical Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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13
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Enright EF, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM, Griffin BT. Impact of Gut Microbiota-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism on the Solubilization Capacity of Bile Salt Micelles and Drug Solubility. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1251-1263. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Enright
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T. Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Yang Z, Sotthivirat S, Wu Y, Lalloo A, Nissley B, Manser K, Li H. Application of in vitro transmucosal permeability, dose number, and maximum absorbable dose for biopharmaceutics assessment during early drug development for intraoral delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu P, Hu Z, DuBois BG, Moyes CR, Hunter DN, Zhu C, Kar NF, Zhu Y, Garfunkle J, Kang L, Chicchi G, Ehrhardt A, Woods A, Seo T, Woods M, van Heek M, Dingley KH, Pang J, Salituro GM, Powell J, Terebetski JL, Hornak V, Campeau LC, Lamberson J, Ujjainwalla F, Miller M, Stamford A, Wood HB, Kowalski T, Nargund RP, Edmondson SD. Design of Potent and Orally Active GPR119 Agonists for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:936-41. [PMID: 26288697 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Our objective was to develop a GPR119 agonist with properties that were suitable for fixed-dose combination with a DPP4 inhibitor. Starting from a phenoxy analogue (1), medicinal chemistry efforts directed toward reducing half-life and increasing solubility led to the synthesis of a series of benzyloxy analogues. Compound 28 was chosen for further profiling because of its favorable physicochemical properties and excellent GPR119 potency across species. This compound exhibited a clean off-target profile in counterscreens and good in vivo efficacy in mouse oGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron G. DuBois
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher R. Moyes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David N. Hunter
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nam Fung Kar
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ling Kang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary Chicchi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anka Ehrhardt
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Woods
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Toru Seo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Morgan Woods
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret van Heek
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karen H. Dingley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianmei Pang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino M. Salituro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joyce Powell
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jenna L. Terebetski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Lamberson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Fez Ujjainwalla
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Timothy Kowalski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott D. Edmondson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Diabetes Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics
and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, #Chemical Modeling and Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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