1
|
Van de Vyver T, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Modulating intracellular pathways to improve non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114041. [PMID: 34763002 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics (e.g. siRNA, oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.) show great potential for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. However, to reach their site of action in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells, multiple intra- and extracellular barriers have to be surmounted. Several non-viral delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and conjugates, have been successfully developed to meet this requirement. Unfortunately, despite these clear advances, state-of-the-art delivery agents still suffer from relatively low intracellular delivery efficiencies. Notably, our current understanding of the intracellular delivery process is largely oversimplified. Gaining mechanistic insight into how RNA formulations are processed by cells will fuel rational design of the next generation of delivery carriers. In addition, identifying which intracellular pathways contribute to productive RNA delivery could provide opportunities to boost the delivery performance of existing nanoformulations. In this review, we discuss both established as well as emerging techniques that can be used to assess the impact of different intracellular barriers on RNA transfection performance. Next, we highlight how several modulators, including small molecules but also genetic perturbation technologies, can boost RNA delivery by intervening at differing stages of the intracellular delivery process, such as cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, autophagy and exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monnery BD. Polycation-Mediated Transfection: Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4060-4083. [PMID: 34498457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-mediated gene transfection is now in its' fourth decade of serious research, but the promise of polyplex-mediated gene therapy has yet to fully materialize. Only approximately one in a million applied plasmids actually expresses. A large part of this is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of polyplex transfection. There is an assumption that internalization must follow a canonical mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis. Herein, we present arguments that untargeted (and most targeted) polyplexes do not utilize these routes. By incorporating knowledge of syndecan-polyplex interactions, we can show that syndecans are the "target" for polyplexes. Further, it is known that free polycations (which disrupt cell-membranes by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters) are necessary for (untargeted) endocytosis. This can be incorporated into the model to produce a novel mechanism of endocytosis, which fits the observed phenomenology. After membrane translocation, polyplex containing vesicles reach the endosome after diffusing through the actin mesh below the cell membrane. From there, they are acidified and trafficked toward the lysosome. Some polyplexes are capable of escaping the endosome and unpacking, while others are not. Herein, it is argued that for some polycations, as acidification proceeds the polyplexes excluding free polycations, which disrupt the endosomal membrane by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, allowing the polyplex to escape. The polyplex's internal charge ratio is now insufficient for stability and it releases plasmids which diffuse to the nucleus. A small proportion of these plasmids diffuse through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), with aggregation being the major cause of loss. Those plasmids that have diffused through the NPC will also aggregate, and this appears to be the reason such a small proportion of nuclear plasmids express mRNA. Thus, the structural features which promote unpacking in the endosome and allow for endosomal escape can be determined, and better polycations can be designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Department of Organic and (Bio)Polymer Chemistry, Hasselt University, Building F, Agoralaan 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiao H, Zhang L, Fang D, Zhu Z, He W, Hu L, Di L, Guo Z, Wang X. Surmounting tumor resistance to metallodrugs by co-loading a metal complex and siRNA in nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4547-4556. [PMID: 34163720 PMCID: PMC8179575 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper complexes are promising anticancer agents widely studied to overcome tumor resistance to metal-based anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, copper complexes per se encounter drug resistance from time to time. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)-responsive nanoparticles containing a copper complex CTND and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) small interfering RNA (siRNA) were constructed to cope with the resistance of cancer cells to the complex. CTND and siRNA can be released from the nanoparticles in cancer cells upon reacting with intracellular ATP. The resistance of B16F10 melanoma cells to CTND was terminated by silencing the cellular Bcl-2 gene via RNA interference, and the therapeutic efficacy was significantly enhanced. The nanoparticles triggered a cellular autophagy that amplified the apoptotic signals, thus revealing a novel mechanism for antagonizing the resistance of copper complexes. In view of the extensive association of Bcl-2 protein with cancer resistance to chemotherapeutics, this strategy may be universally applicable for overcoming the ubiquitous drug resistance to metallodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Dong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhenzhu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ochaba J, Powers AF, Tremble KA, Greenlee S, Post NM, Matson JE, MacLeod AR, Guo S, Aghajan M. A novel and translational role for autophagy in antisense oligonucleotide trafficking and activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11284-11303. [PMID: 31612951 PMCID: PMC6868497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism by which cells sense their environment and internalize various nutrients, growth factors and signaling molecules. This process initiates at the plasma membrane, converges with autophagy, and terminates at the lysosome. It is well-established that cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) proceeds through the endocytic pathway; however, only a small fraction escapes endosomal trafficking while the majority are rendered inactive in the lysosome. Since these pathways converge and share common molecular machinery, it is unclear if autophagy-related trafficking participates in ASO uptake or whether modulation of autophagy affects ASO activity and localization. To address these questions, we investigated the effects of autophagy modulation on ASO activity in cells and mice. We found that enhancing autophagy through small-molecule mTOR inhibition, serum-starvation/fasting, and ketogenic diet, increased ASO-mediated target reduction in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, autophagy activation enhanced the localization of ASOs into autophagosomes without altering intracellular concentrations or trafficking to other compartments. These results support a novel role for autophagy and the autophagosome as a previously unidentified compartment that participates in and contributes to enhanced ASO activity. Further, we demonstrate non-chemical methods to enhance autophagy and subsequent ASO activity using translatable approaches such as fasting or ketogenic diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ochaba
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noah M Post
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - John E Matson
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Olden BR, Cheng E, Cheng Y, Pun SH. Identifying key barriers in cationic polymer gene delivery to human T cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:789-797. [PMID: 30633266 PMCID: PMC6391219 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells have emerged as a therapeutically-relevant target for ex vivo gene delivery and editing. However, most commercially available reagents cannot transfect T cells and designing cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells has resulted in moderate success. Here, we assess various barriers to successful gene transfer in the Jurkat human T cell line and primary human T cells. Using two polymers previously developed by our group, we show that uptake is one barrier to gene delivery in primary human T cells but is not predictive of successful gene delivery. We then probe intracellular pathways for barriers to gene transfer including endosomal acidification, autophagy, and immune sensing pathways. We find that endosomal acidification is slower and not as robust in human T cells compared to the model HeLa human cell line commonly used to evaluate cationic polymers for gene delivery. These studies inform the future design of cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells, specifically, to rely on alternative endosomal release mechanisms rather than on pH-triggered release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brynn R Olden
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Juliano RL. Intracellular Trafficking and Endosomal Release of Oligonucleotides: What We Know and What We Don't. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:166-177. [PMID: 29708838 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides provides an important basic underpinning for the developing field of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. Whether delivered as "free" oligonucleotides, as ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, or in association with various nanocarriers, all forms of oligonucleotide enter cells by endocytosis and are initially ensconced within membrane-limited vesicles. Accordingly, the locus and extent of release to the cytosol and nucleus are key determinants of the pharmacological actions of oligonucleotides. A number of recent studies have explored the intracellular trafficking of various forms of oligonucleotides and their release from endomembrane compartments. These studies reveal a surprising convergence on an early-intermediate compartment in the trafficking pathway as the key locus of release for oligonucleotides administered in "free" form as well as those delivered with lipid complexes. Thus, oligonucleotide release from multivesicular bodies or from late endosomes seems to be the crucial endogenous process for attaining pharmacological effects. This intrinsic process of oligonucleotide release may be amplified by delivery agents such as lipid complexes or small molecule enhancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Juliano
- Initos Pharmaceuticals LLC, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reifarth M, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Uptake and Intracellular Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells: Capabilities and Limitations of Transmission Electron Microscopy-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29325211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate mechanisms of nanoparticle (NP)-cell interactions, a detailed knowledge about membrane-particle interactions, intracellular distributions, and nucleus penetration capabilities, etc. becomes indispensable. The utilization of NPs as additives in many consumer products, as well as the increasing interest of tailor-made nanoobjects as novel therapeutic and diagnostic platforms, makes it essential to gain deeper insights about their biological effects. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) represents an outstanding method to study the uptake and intracellular fate of NPs, since this technique provides a resolution far better than the particle size. Additionally, its capability to highlight ultrastructural details of the cellular interior as well as membrane features is unmatched by other approaches. Here, a summary is provided on studies utilizing TEM to investigate the uptake and mode-of-action of tailor-made polymer nanoparticles in mammalian cells. For this purpose, the capabilities as well as limitations of TEM investigations are discussed to provide a detailed overview on uptake studies of common nanoparticle systems supported by TEM investigations. Furthermore, methodologies that can, in particular, address low-contrast materials in electron microscopy, i.e., polymeric and polymer-modified nanoparticles, are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reifarth
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song W, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Yang C. Autophagy plays a dual role during intracellular siRNA delivery by lipoplex and polyplex nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:196-204. [PMID: 28528119 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that autophagy plays a vital role during intracellular DNA delivery mediated by lipoplex and polyplex nanoparticles. However, autophagy in intracellular siRNA delivery has not been well understood. In this study, lipofectamine 2000 and chitosan were used to formulate lipoplex and polyplex with siRNA for systematically investigating the interplay between siRNA delivery and autophagy. After transfection of H1299 cells with lipoplex and polyplex, the number of autophagic vacuoles was increased significantly indicated by the accumulation of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. Western blot revealed that the LC3-II expression was significantly increased after transfection, whereas p-mTOR expression was not influenced apparently. In addition, small-molecule autophagy modulators significantly affected transfection efficiency. Specifically, the mTOR-dependent autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced the knockdown efficiency of both lipoplex and polyplex, whereas mTOR-dependent autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed their silencing efficiency. On the contrary, mTOR-independent autophagy inducer LiBr decreased whereas mTOR-independent autophagy inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) increased the knockdown efficacy. Immunofluorescence staining showed that siRNA was partially co-localized with autophagosomes and the percentage of co-localized siRNA was significantly affected by autophagy modulators in the opposite trend of gene knockdown efficacy. In conclusion, our study suggests that autophagy plays an important role during the intracellular siRNA trafficking mediated by both lipoplex and polyplex. Modulating autophagy process will result in distinct knockdown efficiency, which may be applied as a potential convenient way for improving siRNA delivery efficacy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Although tremendous effects has been made in the development of non-viral siRNA delivery systems, the intracellular siRNA trafficking has not been elucidated clearly. In this study, we systematically investigated the relationship between autophagy and intracellular siRNA delivery. We found that the non-viral siRNA delivery by both lipoplex and polyplex could induce mTOR-independent autophagy response. More interestingly, knockdown efficiency of both lipoplex and polyplex could be modulated with different autophagy regulators. Specifically, the mTOR-dependent autophagy inducer rapamycin enhances the knockdown efficiency of both lipoplex and polyplex, whereas mTOR-dependent autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine suppresses their silencing efficiency. On the contrary, mTOR-independent autophagy inducer lithium bromide decreases, whereas mTOR-independent autophagy inhibitor thapsigargin increases the knockdown efficacy. These findings suggest that the mTOR-dependent and -independent autophagy play a distinct role in the intracellular siRNA trafficking. Furthermore, co-administration with proper autophagy regulators could be potential convenient method to modulate siRNA transfection efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Chuanxu Yang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Figueroa E, Bugga P, Asthana V, Chen AL, Stephen Yan J, Evans ER, Drezek RA. A mechanistic investigation exploring the differential transfection efficiencies between the easy-to-transfect SK-BR3 and difficult-to-transfect CT26 cell lines. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:36. [PMID: 28464829 PMCID: PMC5414217 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gold–polyamidoamine (AuPAMAM) has previously been shown to successfully transfect cells with high efficiency. However, we have observed that certain cell types are more amenable to Au–PAMAM transfection than others. Here we utilized two representative cell lines—a “difficult to transfect” CT26 cell line and an “easy to transfect” SK-BR3 cell line—and attempted to determine the underlying mechanism for differential transfection in both cell types. Using a commonly established poly-cationic polymer similar to PAMAM (polyethyleneimine, or PEI), we additionally sought to quantify the relative transfection efficiencies of each vector in CT26 and SK-BR3 cells, in the hopes of elucidating any mechanistic differences that may exist between the two transfection vectors. Results A comparative time course analysis of green fluorescent protein reporter-gene expression and DNA uptake was conducted to quantitatively compare PEI- and AuPAMAM-mediated transfection in CT26 and SK-BR3, while flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to determine the contribution of cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and cytoplasmic transport to the overall gene delivery process. Results from the time course analysis and flow cytometry studies revealed that initial complex uptake and cytoplasmic trafficking to the nucleus are likely the two main factors limiting CT26 transfectability. Conclusions The cell type-dependent uptake and intracellular transport mechanisms impacting gene therapy remain largely unexplored and present a major hurdle in the application-specific design and efficiency of gene delivery vectors. This systematic investigation offers insights into the intracellular mechanistic processes that may account for cell-to-cell differences, as well as vector-to-vector differences, in gene transfectability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0271-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallavi Bugga
- Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | | | - Allen L Chen
- Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - J Stephen Yan
- Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin CW, Jan MS, Kuo JHS. The vector-related influences of autophagic microRNA delivery by Lipofectamine 2000 and polyethylenimine 25K on mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Song W, Shi M, Dong M, Zhang Y. Inducing Temporal and Reversible Autophagy by Nanotopography for Potential Control of Cell Differentiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33475-33483. [PMID: 27960368 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuning autophagy has become a new strategy to control cell differentiation in tissue engineering. The nanosized surface is well-known for its ability to interfere with intracellular procedures, while its role in autophagy regulation is unclear. In this study, we found that a nanotube (NT) structure was able to induce enhanced mTOR-independent autophagy in osteoblasts compared to a flat surface. Further analysis revealed that autophagy was temporally promoted by NTs in the initial day contact and it was also reversible by exchanging the substrate nanotopographies. Actin filaments were significantly dispersed and there were numerous filopodia on the leading edge of cells grown on the NT surface. Intracellular Ca2+ was significantly increased on the NT surface. Moreover, the phenomenon was also found on different nanotopographies as well as in different cell lines. These indicated that cell membrane stretching might be the central regulation factor. Finally, we found that the NT surface exhibited enhanced autophagy-dependent osteogenic differentiation efficacy. In addition, the enhancement on NT surface could be remembered. In conclusion, the nanotopographic surface is able to induce temporal, reversible, and memorable autophagy via cell membrane stretching, which may be used as a versatile method to control cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Mengqi Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Yumei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin CW, Jan MS, Kuo JHS. Exploring MicroRNA Expression Profiles Related to the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Treated with Polyethylenimine. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2858-68. [PMID: 26158199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicology of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) in gene expression levels has been previously investigated, little is known about the effects of PEI on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we explored miRNA expression profiles related to cell death mechanisms in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells treated with PEI by applying microarray analysis. Based on the analysis of the mTOR signaling pathway, three upregulated miRNAs (mmu-miR-3090-5p, mmu-miR-346-3p, and mmu-miR-494-3p) were verified in MEF cells treated with PEI at 24 h using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We further demonstrated that these three upregulated miRNAs resulted in the decrease of gene and protein expressions of the target gene growth factor Igf1 in MEF cells treated with PEI or transfected with three upregulated miRNA mimics. However, these three upregulated miRNAs are not all cell-specific. Finally, we demonstrated that the mTOR signaling pathway is inhibited by autophagy induction and that the cell viability decreases in MEF cells treated with PEI or transfected with these three miRNA mimics. Collectively, our data suggested that PEI may affect the regulation of miRNAs in target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jung-Hua Steven Kuo
- §Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Jen-Te, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|