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Combining drug salt formation with amorphous solid dispersions - a double edged sword. J Control Release 2022; 352:47-60. [PMID: 36206947 PMCID: PMC9733678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glass transition temperature (Tg) is important for amorphous compounds because it can have implications on their physical and chemical stability. With drugs that possess ionizable acidic or basic groups, salt formation is a potential strategy to reduce re-crystallization tendency through Tg elevation. While salt formation has been reported to impact re-crystallization tendency, it is not known if this holds true for all drugs and if it is useful in the context of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. In addition, little information on the impact of salt formation on drug release performance of ASD is available. Herein, the influence of salt formation and Tg elevation on the release performance of lumefantrine (Tg = 19.7 °C) when formulated as an ASD with copovidone (PVPVA) was examined. Lumefantrine salts and lumefantrine salt-PVPVA ASDs with drug loadings (DLs) ranging from 5 to 30% were prepared. The acids used for salt formation were benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, poly(ethylene) glycol 250 diacid (PEG 250 diacid), and sulfuric acid. Salt formation resulted in an elevation of Tg compared to lumefantrine free base, with the largest increase in Tg observed with lumefantrine sulfate. With a lower Tg salt, ASDs could be formulated at higher DLs while ensuring drug release. In contrast, drug release ceased at a DL as low as 5% when Tg of the salt was high. However, ASDs with lower Tgs such as the benzoate and PEG 250 diacid salts showed poor stability against re-crystallization when stored under stress storage conditions. When using a salt in an ASD formulation, attention should be paid to the Tg of the salt, since it may show opposing effects on physical stability and drug release, at least for PVPVA-based ASDs.
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2
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Duong TV, Nguyen HT, Taylor LS. Combining enabling formulation strategies to generate supersaturated solutions of delamanid: in situ salt formation during amorphous solid dispersion fabrication for more robust release profiles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:131-143. [PMID: 35413402 PMCID: PMC9084191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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3
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Mukesh S, Joshi P, Bansal AK, Kashyap MC, Mandal SK, Sathe V, Sangamwar AT. Amorphous Salts Solid Dispersions of Celecoxib: Enhanced Biopharmaceutical Performance and Physical Stability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2334-2348. [PMID: 34003656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations of celecoxib (CEL) have been attempted for enhancing the solubility, dissolution rate, and in vivo pharmacokinetics via high drug loading, polymer combination, or by surfactant addition. However, physical stability for long-term shelf life and desired in vivo pharmacokinetics remains elusive. Therefore, newer formulation strategies are always warranted to address poor aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability with extended shelf life. The present investigation elaborates a combined strategy of amorphization and salt formation for CEL, providing the benefits of enhanced solubility, dissolution rate, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and physical stability. We generated amorphous salts solid dispersion (ASSD) formulations of CEL via an in situ acid-base reaction involving counterions (Na+ and K+) and a polymer (Soluplus) using the spray-drying technique. The generated CEL-Na and CEL-K salts were homogeneously and molecularly dispersed in the matrix of Soluplus polymer. The characterization of generated ASSDs by differential scanning calorimetry revealed a much higher glass-transition temperature (Tg) than the pure amorphous CEL, confirming the salt formation of CEL in solid dispersions. The micro-Raman and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy further confirmed the formation of salt at the -S═O position in the CEL molecules. CEL-Na-Soluplus ASSD exhibited a synergistic enhancement in the aqueous solubility (332.82-fold) and in vivo pharmacokinetics (9.83-fold enhancement in the blood plasma concentration) than the crystalline CEL. Furthermore, ASSD formulations were physically stable for nearly 1 year (352 days) in long-term stability studies at ambient conditions. Hence, we concluded that the ASSD is a promising strategy for CEL in improving the physicochemical properties and biopharmaceutical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Prachi Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mahesh Chand Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanjay K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Vasant Sathe
- University Grant Commission-Department of Atomic Energy Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452017, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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4
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Fundamental aspects of DMPK optimization of targeted protein degraders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:969-982. [PMID: 32298797 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degraders are an emerging modality. Their properties fall outside the traditional small-molecule property space and are in the 'beyond rule of 5' space. Consequently, drug discovery programs focused on developing orally bioavailable degraders are expected to face complex drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) challenges compared with traditional small molecules. Nevertheless, little information is available on the DMPK optimization of oral degraders. Therefore, in this review, we discuss our experience of these DMPK optimization challenges and present methodologies and strategies to overcome the hurdles dealing with this new small-molecule modality, specifically in developing oral degraders to treat cancer.
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Newman A, Zografi G. An Examination of Water Vapor Sorption by Multicomponent Crystalline and Amorphous Solids and Its Effects on Their Solid-State Properties. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1061-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Bookwala M, Thipsay P, Ross S, Zhang F, Bandari S, Repka MA. Preparation of a crystalline salt of indomethacin and tromethamine by hot melt extrusion technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:109-119. [PMID: 30086393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although salt formation is the most ubiquitous and effective method of increasing the solubility and dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs, it consumes large quantities of organic solvents and is a batch process. Herein, we show that the dissolution rate of indomethacin (a poorly water-soluble drug) can be increased by using hot melt extrusion of a 1:1 (mol/mol) indomethacin:tromethamine mixture to form a highly crystalline salt, the physicochemical properties of which are investigated in detail. Specifically, pH-solubility studies demonstrated that this salt exhibited a maximal solubility of 19.34 mg/mL (>1000 times that of pure indomethacin) at pH 8.19. A solvent evaporation technique was also used for salt formation. Spectroscopic analyses (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance) of both; demonstrated, in situ salt formation with proton transfer. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the crystalline nature of salts formed by both methods. Even though a number of amorphous salts of acidic drugs have been reported, the formation of a crystalline salt of an acidic drug by hot melt extrusion is completely unprecedented, which makes this study an important benchmark for the pharmaceutical production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Priyanka Thipsay
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samir Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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7
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Glycine and metformin as new counter ions for mono and dinuclear vanadium(V)-dipicolinic acid complexes based on the insulin-enhancing anions: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structure. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Nair R, Lamare I, Tiwari NK, Ravi PR, Pillai R. In Situ Salification in Polar Solvents: a Paradigm for Enabling Drug Delivery of Weakly Ionic Drugs as Amorphous Solid Dispersion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:326-337. [PMID: 28721630 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solubility challenge for a poorly water-soluble drug gets further intensified when it is weakly ionic because the most common solubility enhancement technique, salt formation, becomes less feasible. Salt screening for such drugs often concludes with either a difficult to crystalize salt or an unstable salt, leading the scientists to explore other solubility enhancement technique like amorphous solid dispersions which is comparatively costlier, time-consuming and may require use of hazardous organic solvents. Present study evaluated in situ salification in polar protic solvents for dissolving poorly water-soluble drug Itraconazole which is weakly ionic and not very amenable to formation of stable inorganic salts. Through systematic selection of solvents, counterions and polymers, an amorphous solid dispersion of drug salt was obtained. In vitro characterizations with polarized light microscopy (PLM), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the physical and chemical stability of the amorphous solid dispersion. In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that the drug salt amorphous solid dispersion achieved 45 times higher plasma exposure compared to crystalline drug. This study provides one of the first data sets for the hypothesis that in situ drug salts can be utilized for manufacturing amorphous solid dispersions of weakly ionic drugs and leverages the solubility advantage of salts and amorphous state.
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9
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Nie H, Byrn SR, Zhou Q(T. Stability of pharmaceutical salts in solid oral dosage forms. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1215-1228. [PMID: 28276282 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1304960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Nie
- Formulation Sciences, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Byrn
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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10
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Liu X, Zhou L, Zhang F. Reactive Melt Extrusion To Improve the Dissolution Performance and Physical Stability of Naproxen Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:658-673. [PMID: 28135108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reaction between naproxen (NPX) and meglumine (MEG) at elevated temperature and to study the effect of this reaction on the physical stabilities and in vitro drug-release properties of melt-extruded naproxen amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Differential scanning calorimetry, hot-stage polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that in situ salt formation with proton transfer between NPX and MEG occurred at elevated temperature during the melt extrusion process. The amorphous NPX-MEG salt was physically most stable when two components were present at a 1:1 molar ratio. Polymeric carriers, including povidone, copovidone, and SOLUPLUS, did not interfere with the reaction between NPX and MEG during melt extrusion. Compared to the traditional NPX ASDs consisting of NPX and polymer only, NPX-MEG ASDs were physically more stable and remained amorphous following four months storage at 40 °C and 75% RH (relative humidity). Based on nonsink dissolution testing and polarized light microscopy analyses, we concluded that the conventional NPX ASDs composed of NPX and polymers failed to improve the NPX dissolution rate due to the rapid recrystallization of NPX in contact with aqueous medium. The dissolution rate of NPX-MEG ASDs was two times greater than the corresponding physical mixtures and conventional NPX ASDs. This study demonstrated that the acid-base reaction between NPX and MEG during melt extrusion significantly improved the physical stability and the dissolution rate of NPX ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Thakral S, Suryanarayanan R. Salt formation during freeze-drying - an approach to enhance indomethacin dissolution. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3722-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Elder DP, Patterson JE, Holm R. The solid-state continuum: a perspective on the interrelationships between different solid-state forms in drug substance and drug product. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:757-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The objective of the review is to provide an overview of the nomenclature used in the solid-state continuum and relate these to the development of drug substances and drug products.
Key findings
The importance of a rational approach to solid-state form selection, including integrated decision making (ensuring equal weight is given to the needs of the drug substance and the drug product), is vital for the effective development of a drug candidate. For example, how do secondary processing considerations influence the selection of drug substance solid-state form and resulting formulation, and how can drug substance solid-state form be used to optimise secondary processing? Further, the potential use of ‘crystal’ engineering to optimise stability, purity and optical resolutions, and the linked regulatory requirements, will be discussed.
Summary
The nomenclature used in the solid-state continuum, which contains a large number of different crystalline and non-crystalline forms, for example, amorphous systems, was reviewed. Further, the significant role of the drug substance within the solid oral dose form from a physicochemical perspective was covered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E Patterson
- Global Manufacturing and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - René Holm
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Biologics and Pharmaceutical Science, Valby, Denmark
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13
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Nielsen LH, Gordon S, Pajander JP, Østergaard J, Rades T, Müllertz A. Biorelevant characterisation of amorphous furosemide salt exhibits conversion to a furosemide hydrate during dissolution. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:14-24. [PMID: 24050989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant dissolution behaviour of the amorphous sodium salt and amorphous acid forms of furosemide was evaluated, together with investigations of the solid state changes during in vitro dissolution in medium simulating the conditions in the small intestine. UV imaging of the two amorphous forms, as well as of crystalline furosemide salt and acid showed a higher rate of dissolution of the salt forms in comparison with the two acid forms. The measured dissolution rates of the four furosemide forms from the UV imaging system and from eluted effluent samples were consistent with dissolution rates obtained from micro dissolution experiments. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis of Raman spectra of the amorphous acid form during flow through dissolution showed that the amorphous acid exhibited a fast conversion to the crystalline acid. Flow through dissolution coupled with Raman spectroscopy showed a conversion of the amorphous furosemide salt to a more stable polymorph. It was found by thermogravimetric analysis and hot stage microscopy that the salt forms of furosemide converted to a trihydrate during dissolution. It can be concluded that during biorelevant dissolution, the amorphous and crystalline furosemide salt converted to a trihydrate, whereas the amorphous acid exhibited fast conversion to the crystalline acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Paluch KJ, McCabe T, Müller-Bunz H, Corrigan OI, Healy AM, Tajber L. Formation and Physicochemical Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Salts with Different Stoichiometries Formed between Ciprofloxacin and Succinic Acid. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3640-54. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400127r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H. Müller-Bunz
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Elder DP, Holm R, Diego HLD. Use of pharmaceutical salts and cocrystals to address the issue of poor solubility. Int J Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23182973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salt and cocrystal formation are the most commonly used method of increasing solubility and dissolution rate of pharmaceutical compounds, and are of particular interest for compounds with an intermediate to low aqueous solubility. However, selection of the most appropriate form does not necessarily equate to selection of the salt/cocrystal with the optimal aqueous solubility, but rather a balance between the best solubility and the best physicochemical properties. This review provides a presentation of salt and cocrystal selection, from a high throughput screening perspective and then an assessment of counter ion properties, common ion effects and the potential impact on the biopharmaceutical performance of the compound. In addition, there is a brief discussion of the impact on polymorphism, the potential use of salts and stoichiometric amorphous mixtures to stabilise amorphous forms and other potential issues for consideration from a pharmaceutical development perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Elder
- GSK Pharmaceuticals, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
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17
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Baird JA, Taylor LS. Evaluation of amorphous solid dispersion properties using thermal analysis techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:396-421. [PMID: 21843564 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions are an increasingly important formulation approach to improve the dissolution rate and apparent solubility of poorly water soluble compounds. Due to their complex physicochemical properties, there is a need for multi-faceted analytical methods to enable comprehensive characterization, and thermal techniques are widely employed for this purpose. Key parameters of interest that can influence product performance include the glass transition temperature (T(g)), molecular mobility of the drug, miscibility between the drug and excipients, and the rate and extent of drug crystallization. It is important to evaluate the type of information pertaining to the aforementioned properties that can be extracted from thermal analytical measurements, in addition to considering any inherent assumptions or limitations of the various analytical approaches. Although differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most widely used thermal analytical technique applied to the characterization of amorphous solid dispersions, there are many established and emerging techniques which have been shown to provide useful information. Comprehensive characterization of fundamental material descriptors will ultimately lead to the formulation of more robust solid dispersion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Baird
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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18
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Sonje VM, Kumar L, Puri V, Kohli G, Kaushal AM, Bansal AK. Effect of counterions on the properties of amorphous atorvastatin salts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:462-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Effect of counterion on the phase behaviour during lyophilization of indomethacin salt forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Kumar L, Popat D, Bansal AK. Investigation of the atypical glass transition and recrystallization behavior of amorphous prazosin salts. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:525-37. [PMID: 24310595 PMCID: PMC3857081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript studied the effect of counterion on the glass transition and recrystallization behavior of amorphous salts of prazosin. Three amorphous salts of prazosin, namely, prazosin hydrochloride, prazosin mesylate and prazosin tosylate were prepared by spray drying, and characterized by optical-polarized microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the glass transition and recrystallization temperature of amorphous salts. Glass transition of amorphous salts followed the order: prazosin mesylate > prazosin tosylate ~ prazosin hydrochloride. Amorphous prazosin mesylate and prazosin tosylate showed glass transition, followed by recrystallization. In contrast, amorphous prazosin hydrochloride showed glass transition and recrystallization simultaneously. Density Functional Theory, however, suggested the expected order of glass transition as prazosin hydrochloride > prazosin mesylate > prazosin tosylate. The counterintuitive observation of amorphous prazosin hydrochloride having lower glass transition was explained in terms of its lower activation energy (206.1 kJ/mol) for molecular mobility at Tg, compared to that for amorphous prazosin mesylate (448.5 kJ/mol) and prazosin tosylate (490.7 kJ/mol), and was further correlated to a difference in hydrogen bonding strength of the amorphous and the corresponding recrystallized salts. This study has implications in selection of an optimal amorphous salt form for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India.
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21
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Pernak J, Świerczyńska A, Kot M, Walkiewicz F, Maciejewski H. Pyrylium sulfonate based ionic liquids. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Kumar L, Baheti A, Bansal AK. Effect of a Counterion on the Glass Transition Temperature (Tg′) during Lyophilization of Ganciclovir Salt Forms. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:309-14. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100357t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Ankit Baheti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Arvind K. Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
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Guerrieri P, Rumondor ACF, Li T, Taylor LS. Analysis of relationships between solid-state properties, counterion, and developability of pharmaceutical salts. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1212-22. [PMID: 20680707 PMCID: PMC2974123 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state properties of pharmaceutical salts, which are dependent on the counterion used to form the salt, are critical for successful development of a stable dosage form. In order to better understand the relationship between counterion and salt properties, 11 salts of procaine, which is a base, were synthesized and characterized using a variety of experimental and computational methods. Correlations between the various experimental and calculated physicochemical properties of the salts and counterions were probed. In addition to investigating the key factors affecting solubility, the hygroscopicity of the crystalline salts was studied to determine which solid-state and counterion properties might be responsible for enhancements in moisture uptake, thus providing the potential for adverse chemical stability. Multivariate principal components and partial least squares projection to latent structures analyses were performed in an attempt to establish predictive models capable of describing the relationships between these characteristics and both measured and calculated properties of the counterion and salt. Some success was achieved with respect to modeling crystalline salt solubility and the glass transition temperature of the amorphous salts. Through the modeling, insight into the relative importance of various descriptors on salt properties was achieved. The solid-state properties of crystalline and amorphous salts of procaine are highly dependent on the nature of the counterion. Important properties including aqueous solubility, melting point, hygroscopicity, and glass transition temperature were found to vary considerably between the different salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Guerrieri
- />Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Alfred C. F. Rumondor
- />Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Tonglei Li
- />College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- />Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
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Cilurzo F, Minghetti P, Alberti E, Gennari CGM, Pallavicini M, Valoti E, Montanari L. An investigation into the influence of counterion on the RS-propranolol and S-propranolol skin permeability. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1217-24. [PMID: 19653283 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two contra-ions, namely benzoate (Bz) and oleate (Ol), on the in vitro human skin permeability of propranolol racemate (RS-PR) or S-enantiomer (S-PR) were studied. Saline solution (SS) or mineral oil (MO) were selected as vehicles. The MO increased the permeability coefficient (K(p)) of PR-Bz (pK(p) approximately 4) of about four times with respect to SS (pK(p) approximately 8) probably due to the ion pair formation. The steady-state flux of S-enantiomers resulted about twofold higher than that of racemates according to their lower melting temperatures with the exception of (S)-PR-Ol and (RS)-PR-Ol vehicled in SS which not resulted statistically different. This anomalous result could be explained considering the behavior of (RS)-PR-Ol or (S)-PR-Ol in aqueous solutions: these salts formed ion pairs which associated to form aggregates up to a concentration of 20 microg/mL as verified by light scattering. Therefore, their effective concentrations in SS resulted similar and justified the overlapped skin permeation profiles. All three considered variables, namely counterion, vehicle, and chirality, resulted mutually interfering on and deeply influenced the passive diffusion process of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
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Role of Salt and Excipient Properties on Disproportionation in the Solid-State. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2015-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chattaraj PK, Giri S. Electrophilicity index within a conceptual DFT framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b802832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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