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Staudinger JL, Mahroke A, Patel G, Dattel C, Reddy S. Pregnane X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Vitamin K: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Human Health. Cells 2024; 13:681. [PMID: 38667296 PMCID: PMC11049418 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the likely clinical impact of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation by vitamin K on human health. PXR, initially recognized as a master regulator of xenobiotic metabolism in liver, emerges as a key regulator influencing intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The activation of PXR by vitamin K highlights its role as a potent endogenous and local agonist with diverse clinical implications. Recent research suggests that the vitamin K-mediated activation of PXR highlights this vitamin's potential in addressing pathophysiological conditions by promoting hepatic detoxification, fortifying gut barrier integrity, and controlling pro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. PXR activation by vitamin K provides an intricate association with cancer cell survival, particularly in colorectal and liver cancers, to provide new insights into potential novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the clinical implications of PXR activation by vitamin K bridges molecular mechanisms with health outcomes, further offering personalized therapeutic approaches for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin Campus, 2901 St Johns Blvd, Joplin, MO 64804, USA (C.D.); (S.R.)
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Kinzi J, Grube M, Brecht K, Seibert I, Siegmund W, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. Various effects of repeated rifampin dosing on coproporphyrin levels in humans. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2289-2298. [PMID: 37705216 PMCID: PMC10651657 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the identification of endogenous substrates as biomarkers became an uprising topic. Particularly coproporphyrins (CPs), byproducts of heme biosynthesis, are intensely investigated as biomarkers for predicting interactions with the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B transporters. In the context of drug-drug interactions, several preclinical and clinical studies assessed the effect of the OATP1B-index inhibitor rifampin on CPI levels. However, rifampin is not only a "perpetrator" drug of transporters but is also known for its interaction with the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) leading to the efficient induction of PXR-target genes. These include hemoproteins like cytochrome P450 enzymes but also the δ-aminolevulinate synthase 1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis. In this study, we showed that quantification of CPs in clinical serum samples was possible after long-term storage at -20°C. We quantified CPI, CPIII, and heme levels in clinical serum samples (at selected timepoints) that originated from a trial investigating the interaction potential of repeated rifampin administration in 12 healthy participants. In samples collected at the assumed time to maximum concentration of rifampin, higher CP levels were observed compared to baseline. Increased levels persisted even 14 h after discontinuation of rifampin. No impact on heme serum levels was observed. We found a correlation between CP isomers at baseline and at 14 h after rifampin intake. In summary, we show that multiple doses of rifampin affect CP levels. However, besides inhibition of hepatic OATP function there is evidence for an interaction with CP levels beyond the transporter level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Kinzi
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Markus Grube
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute for PharmacologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Karin Brecht
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Isabell Seibert
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute for PharmacologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
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Popova NM, Slepnev AA, Abalenikhina YV, Shchulkin AV, Rokunov ED, Yakusheva EN. [Quantitative assessment of breast cancer resistance protein during pregnancy in rabbits]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:72-77. [PMID: 36857429 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236901072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP,ABCG2) is an efflux transporter protein that transports various substrates from the cell to the extracellular space or organ cavities. The aim of this study was a complex assessment of the amount of BCRP during pregnancy in rabbits. The amount of BCRP in samples of the rabbit jejunum, liver, kidney, cerebral cortex, and placenta was determined by enzyme immunoassay, and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by the Western blot. To study the mechanisms involved in control of the dynamic BCRP levels during pregnancy, serum concentrations of sex hormones were investigated by radioimmunoassay and relative amounts of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in these organs were evaluated using the Western blot method. The putative role of CAR and PXR in regulation of the BCRP level by progesterone was evaluated in vitro experiments on HepG2 cells. It was found that amount of BCRP in the jejunum of pregnant rabbits was higher than in the placenta, liver, kidneys, and cerebral cortex. An increase in the amount of BCRP in the liver of rabbits was noted on the 21st day of pregnancy and a tendency to the increase was also detected on the 28th day; in the kidney and cerebral cortex increased BCRP levels were detected on the 28th day and 14th day of pregnancy, respectively, as compared with non-pregnant females. In vitro experiments with HepG2 cells have shown that the increase in the BCRP level is determined by the activating effect of progesterone on PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Popova
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - A A Slepnev
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | | | | | - E D Rokunov
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
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Tilen R, Paioni P, Goetschi AN, Goers R, Seibert I, Müller D, Bielicki JA, Berger C, Krämer SD, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. Pharmacogenetic Analysis of Voriconazole Treatment in Children. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061289. [PMID: 35745860 PMCID: PMC9227859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voriconazole is among the first-line antifungal drugs to treat invasive fungal infections in children and known for its pronounced inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism and transport of voriconazole are thought to influence serum concentrations and eventually the therapeutic outcome. To investigate the impact of these genetic variants and other covariates on voriconazole trough concentrations, we performed a retrospective data analysis, where we used medication data from 36 children suffering from invasive fungal infections treated with voriconazole. Data were extracted from clinical information systems with the new infrastructure SwissPKcdw, and linear mixed effects modelling was performed using R. Samples from 23 children were available for DNA extraction, from which 12 selected polymorphism were genotyped by real-time PCR. 192 (49.1%) of 391 trough serum concentrations measured were outside the recommended range. Voriconazole trough concentrations were influenced by polymorphisms within the metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, and within the drug transporters ABCC2 and ABCG2, as well as by the co-medications ciprofloxacin, levetiracetam, and propranolol. In order to prescribe an optimal drug dosage, pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing and careful consideration of co-medications in addition to therapeutic drug monitoring might improve voriconazole treatment outcome of children with invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Tilen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.P.); (C.B.)
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (R.G.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (H.E.M.z.S.)
| | - Paolo Paioni
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Aljoscha N. Goetschi
- Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.N.G.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Roland Goers
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (R.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Isabell Seibert
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (R.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Daniel Müller
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistr. 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Julia A. Bielicki
- Paediatric Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Christoph Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Stefanie D. Krämer
- Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.N.G.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Henriette E. Meyer zu Schwabedissen
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (R.G.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (H.E.M.z.S.)
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Zhang Y, Chen SJ, Chen C, Chen XQ, Chatterjee S, Shuster DJ, Dexter H, Armstrong L, Joshi EM, Yang Z, Shen H. Repression of OATP1B Expression and Increase of Plasma Coproporphyrin Level as Evidence for OATP1B Down-regulation in Cynomolgus Monkeys Treated with Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1077-1086. [PMID: 35636769 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor known to markedly alter expression of major transporters and enzymes in liver. However, its effects toward OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a naturally occurring FXR agonist, on OATP1B expression in cynomolgus monkeys. Multiple administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg CDCA was first shown to significantly repress mRNA expression of SLCO1B1/3 approximately 60% to 80% in monkey livers. It also suppressed cytochrome P450 (CYP)7A1-mRNA and induced OSTα/β-mRNA, which are well known targets of FXR and determinants of bile acid homeostasis. CDCA concomitantly decreased OATP1B protein abundance by approximately 60% in monkey liver. In contrast, multiple doses of 15 mg/kg rifampin (RIF), a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist, had no effect on hepatic OATP1B protein although it induced the intestinal P-gp and MR2 proteins by ~2-fold. Moreover, multiple doses of CDCA resulted in a steady ~2- to 10-fold increase of the OATP1B biomarkers coproporphyrins (CPs) in the plasma samples collected prior to each CDCA dose. Additionally, 3.4- to 11.2-fold increases of CPI and CPIII AUCs were observed after multiple administrations compared to the single dose and vehicle administration dosing groups. Taken together, these data suggest that CDCA represses the expression of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in monkeys. Further investigation of OATP1B down-regulation by FXR in humans is warranted, as such down-regulation effects may be involved in bile acid hemostasis and potential drug interactions in man. Significance Statement Using gene expression and proteomics tools, as well as endogenous biomarker data, for the first time, we have demonstrated that OATP1B expression was suppressed and its activity was reduced in the cynomolgus monkeys following oral administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day CDCA, a FXR agonist, for 8 days. These results lead to a better understanding of OATP1B down-regulation by CDCA and its role on bile acid and drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, United States
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Zhou S, Shu Y. Transcriptional Regulation of Solute Carrier (SLC) Drug Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000704. [PMID: 35644529 PMCID: PMC9488976 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitated transport is necessitated for large size, charged, and/or hydrophilic drugs to move across the membrane. The drug transporters in the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, mainly including organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), peptide transporters (PEPTs), and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), are critical facilitators of drug transport and distribution in human body. The expression of these SLC drug transporters is found in tissues throughout the body, with high abundance in the epithelial cells of major organs for drug disposition, such as intestine, liver, and kidney. These SLC drug transporters are clinically important in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion. The mechanisms underlying their regulation have been revealing in recent years. Epigenetic and nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation of SLC drug transporters have particularly attracted much attention. This review focuses on the transcriptional regulation of major SLC drug transporter genes. Revealing the mechanisms underlying the transcription of those critical drug transporters will help us understand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, ultimately improving drug therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing drug toxicity. Significance Statement It has become increasingly recognized that solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters play a crucial, and sometimes determinative, role in drug disposition and response, which is reflected in decision-making during not only clinical drug therapy but also drug development. Understanding the mechanisms accounting for the transcription of these transporters is critical to interpret their abundance in various tissues under different conditions, which is necessary to clarify the pharmacological response, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions for clinically used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Yan Shu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
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Jeiziner C, Allemann SS, Hersberger KE, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. Is Pharmacogenetic Panel Testing Applicable to Low-Dose Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis? – A Case Report. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:465-475. [PMID: 35586477 PMCID: PMC9109898 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s354011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pharmacogenetic (PGx) panel testing could help to determine the heritable component of a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient’s susceptibility for therapy failure and/or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from methotrexate (MTX). Considering the literature mentioning the potential applicability of PGx panel testing within MTX regimens, we discuss the case of a patient who was treated with MTX, suffered from ADRs, and obtained a reactive PGx panel testing. Genotyping We used a commercial PGx panel test involving the ABC-transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp; gene: ABCB1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; gene: ABCG2), the solute carriers reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1; gene: SLC19A1), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; gene: SLCO1B1), and the enzymes inosine triphosphatase (ITPA), and glutathione transferase P1 (GSTP1). In addition, we genotyped the patient for the enzymes 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICAR)/inosine monophosphate (IMP) cyclohydrolase (gene name: ATIC), gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (gene name: GGH) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (gene name: MTHFR). Results The PGx profile of the patient revealed genetic variants in SLC19A1, ABCB1, and MTHFR, which may explain the ADRs experienced during the treatment with MTX and a potentially lower efficacy of MTX. Based on our interpretation of the PGx profile, we recommended the patient to avoid MTX in the future. Conclusion The MTX pathway is complex, which makes the interpretation of genetic variants affecting metabolism challenging. A reactive PGx panel test was applicable to explain ADRs experienced during MTX treatment for a patient with RA. However, the clinical utility of PGx-guided MTX treatment in a primary care setting is still limited. In order to base a recommendation for MTX on PGx data, we need genome-wide association studies, large prospective multicenter studies and PGx studies, which analyze different multi-gene haplotypes and gene-drug-drug interactions for MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Jeiziner
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Chiara Jeiziner, Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, 4056, Switzerland, Tel +41 61 207 61 80, Email
| | - Samuel S Allemann
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt E Hersberger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zhou Y, Nie AQ, Chen S, Wang MM, Yin R, Tang BH, Wu YE, Yang F, Du B, Shi HY, Yang XM, Hao GX, Guo XL, Han QJ, Zheng Y, Zhao W. Downregulation of Renal MRPs Transporters in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Mediated by the IL-6/STAT3/PXR Signaling Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2239-2252. [PMID: 34079330 PMCID: PMC8164703 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s310687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Considering prior investigations on reductions of renal multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2 and 4 transporters in mice with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we sought to characterize the underlying mechanisms responsible for IL-6/STAT3/PXR-mediated changes in the expression of MRP2 and MRP4 in ALL. Subjects and Methods ALL xenograft models were established and intravenously injected with methotrexate (MTX) of MRPs substrate in NOD/SCID mice. Protein expression of MRPs and associated mechanisms were detected by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Plasma concentrations of MTX were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results Plasma IL-6 levels in patients with newly diagnosed ALL were increased compared to children with pneumonia. Similarly, plasma IL-6 levels in ALL, ALL-tocilizumab (TCZ, an IL-6 receptor inhibitor) and ALL-S3I-201 (a selective inhibitor of STAT3) mice were increased compared to the control group. The MRP2, MRP4, and PXR expression in HK-2 cells treated with IL-6 were decreased, whereas the p-STAT3 expression was significantly increased compared to the control group results. These results are consistent with clearance of MRPs-mediated MTX in the ALL group. These effects were attenuated by blocking IL-6/STAT3/PXR signaling pathway. Conclusion Inflammation-mediated changes in pharmacokinetics are thought to be executed through pathways IL-6-activated pathways, which can facilitate a better understanding of the potential for the use of IL-6 to predict the severity of adverse outcomes and the major implications on potential ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Qing Nie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Chen
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-E Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xiang Hao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Nebot N, Won CS, Moreno V, Muñoz-Couselo E, Lee DY, Gasal E, Bouillaud E. Evaluation of the Effects of Repeat-Dose Dabrafenib on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin (OATP1B1/1B3 Substrate) and Midazolam (CYP3A4 Substrate). Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:1054-1063. [PMID: 33932130 PMCID: PMC8453865 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dabrafenib is an oral BRAF kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of various BRAF V600 mutation–positive solid tumors. In vitro observations suggesting cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A induction and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibition prompted us to evaluate the effect of dabrafenib 150 mg twice daily on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam 3 mg (CYP3A substrate) and rosuvastatin 10 mg (OATP1B1/1B3 substrate) in a clinical phase 1, open‐label, fixed‐sequence study in patients with BRAF V600 mutation–positive tumors. Repeat dabrafenib dosing resulted in a 2.56‐fold increase in rosuvastatin maximum observed concentration (Cmax), an earlier time to Cmax, but only a 7% increase in area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 (predose) extrapolated to infinite time. Midazolam Cmax and AUC extrapolated to infinite time decreased by 47% and 65%, respectively, with little effect on time to Cmax. No new safety findings were reported. Exposure of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates is likely to decrease when coadministered with dabrafenib. Concentrations of medicinal products that are sensitive OATP1B1/1B3 substrates may increase during the absorption phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Nebot
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christina S Won
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Muñoz-Couselo
- VHIO - Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dung-Yang Lee
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eduard Gasal
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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An EAV-HP insertion in the promoter region of SLCO1B3 has pleiotropic effects on chicken liver metabolism based on the transcriptome and proteome analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7571. [PMID: 33828143 PMCID: PMC8026973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B3 (SLCO1B3) is an important liver primarily highly expressed gene, its encoded protein (OATP1B3) involved in the transport of multi-specific endogenous and exogenous substances. We previously reported that an EAV-HP inserted mutation (IM+) in the 5' flanking region of SLCO1B3 was the causative mutation of chicken blue eggs, and a further research showed that IM+ significantly reduced the expression of SLCO1B3 in liver. Herein, we confirmed a cholate response element (IR-1) played an important role in activating SLCO1B3 and in vitro experiments showed that the activation of IR-1 can be significantly reduced by the EAV-HP IM+ . We performed transcriptome and proteomic analysis using the same set of IM+ and IM- liver tissues from Yimeng hens (a Chinese indigenous breed) to study the effect of SLCO1B3 and OATP1B3 expression reduction on chicken liver function. The results showed that common differential expression pathways were screened out from both transcriptome and proteome, in which fatty acid metabolism and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 were significantly enriched in the KEGG analysis. The lipid-related metabolism was weakened in IM+ group, which was validated by serum biochemical assay. We unexpectedly found that EAV-HP fragment was highly expressed in the liver of the IM+ chickens. We cloned the EAV-HP full-length transcript and obtained the complete open reading frame. It is worth noting that there was some immune related differential expressed genes, such as NFKBIZ, NFKBIA, and IL1RL1, which were higher expressed in the IM+ group, which may due to the high expression of EAV-HP. Our study showed that EAV-HP IM+ reduced the expression of SLCO1B3 in liver, resulting in the decrease of fatty metabolism and exogenous substance transport capacity. The mutation itself also expressed in the liver and may be involved in the immune process. The mechanism needs further study.
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Chen J, Dalirsefat SB, Han D, Dong X, Hua G, Zheng X, Xia T, Shao T, Deng X, Wu C. An EAV-HP insertion in the 5' flanking region of SLCO1B3 is associated with its tissue-expression profile in blue-eggshell Yimeng chickens (Gallus gallus). Poult Sci 2020; 99:6371-6377. [PMID: 33248552 PMCID: PMC7704947 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that blue eggshell color in chickens is associated with a partial endogenous retroviral (EAV-HP) insertion in the promoter region of the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 (SLCO1B3) gene. The EAV-HP sequence includes numerous regulatory elements, which may modulate the expression of adjacent genes. To determine whether this insertion influences the expression of neighboring genes, we screened the expression of solute carrier organic anion transporter family members 1C1, 1B1 (SLCO1C1, SLCO1B1), and SLCO1B3 in 13 and 10 tissues from female and male Yimeng chickens, respectively. We observed that the insertion only significantly modulated the expression of SLCO1B3 and did not majorly affect that of SLCO1C1 and SLCO1B1. High expression of SLCO1B3 was detected in the shell gland, magnum, isthmus, and vagina of the oviduct in female blue-eggshell chickens. We also observed ectopic expression of SLCO1B3 in the testes of male chickens. SLCO1B3 is typically highly expressed in the liver; however, the EAV-HP insertion significantly reduces SLCO1B3 expression. As a liver-specific transporter, a reduction in the expression of SLCO1B3 may affect liver metabolism, particularly that of bile acids. We also detected higher ectopic expression of SLCO1B3 in the lungs of birds heterozygous for the EAV-HP insertion than in homozygous genotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the EAV-HP insertion modifies SLCO1B3 expression, and showed, for the first time, similar expression profile of this gene in all parts of the oviduct in females and testis in males. We also observed different levels of SLCO1B3 expression in the liver, which were associated with the EAV-HP insertion, and significantly higher expression in the lungs of birds with heterozygous genotype. The effects of these changes in the SLCO1B3 expression pattern on the function of the tissues warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Seyed Benyamin Dalirsefat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Deping Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianggui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoying Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianlan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianqi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang F, Duan Y, Wei Y, Zhang J, Ma X, Tian H, Wang X, Saad AAA, Li B, Wu X. The inhibition of hepatic Pxr-Oatp2 pathway mediating decreased hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Life Sci 2020; 257:118079. [PMID: 32668326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity affecting drug pharmacokinetics results in the risk of the therapeutic failure or toxic side effects of drugs increasing. Unfortunately, the pharmacokinetic data in obese patients still lack for majority of drugs. Therefore, our study principally investigated the effect of obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD) on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin and explored the underlying mechanism via the hepatic pregnane X receptor (Pxr)- organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) signaling pathway and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) in rats. MAIN METHODS Rats with obesity was induced by HFD for 4 weeks, and subsequently, the effect of obesity on the blood concentration, pharmacokinetic parameters and biliary excretion of rosuvastatin administrated intravenously and the hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin in the rat primary hepatocytes were evaluated. Additionally, in order to illuminate the underlying mechanism, the alterations of the mRNA expressions of Oatp2, Mrp2 and Pxr and the concentrations of lithocholic acid (LCA), glycine-LCA (GLCA) and taurine-LCA (TLCA) in liver were determined. KEY FINDINGS The blood concentration of rosuvastatin that has great relationship with the muscle toxicity increased in rats with HFD-induced obesity, which could be principally ascribed to the decreased hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin that was mainly resulted from the inhibition of hepatic Pxr-Oatp2 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE The decreased hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin causing the increase of the rosuvastatin concentration in blood under the condition of HFD-induced obesity provides a cue for clinicians to reduce the rosuvastatin dose for obese patients to avoid the occurrence risk of the muscle toxicity of rosuvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingting Duan
- Lanzhou New District Health Commission of Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; School of pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Abdulaziz Ahmed Abduladheem Saad
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; School of pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Boxia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Yanagi A, Yoshizane Y, Kojima Y, Ogawa Y, Kageyama Y, Iwasaki Y, Ishida S, Chayama K, Tateno C. Culture density contributes to hepatic functions of fresh human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric mice with humanized livers: Novel, long-term, functional two-dimensional in vitro tool for developing new drugs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237809. [PMID: 32915792 PMCID: PMC7485858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers are considered a useful animal model for predicting human (h-) drug metabolism and toxicity. In this study, the characteristics of fresh h-hepatocytes (cFHHs, PXB-cells®) isolated from chimeric mice (PXB-mice®) were evaluated in vitro to confirm their utility for drug development. cFHHs cultured at high density (2.13 × 105 cells/cm2) displayed stable production of h-albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activities for at least 21 days. The mRNA expression levels of 10 of 13 CYP, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and transporters were maintained at >10% of the levels of freshly isolated cFHHs after 21 days. From 1 week, many bile canaliculi were observed between cFHHs, and the accumulation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and bile salt export pump substrates in these bile canaliculi was clearly inhibited by cyclosporin A. Microarray analysis of cFHHs cultured at high density and at low density (0.53 × 105 cells/cm2) revealed that high density culture maintained high expressions of some transcription factors (HNF4α, PXR, and FXR) perhaps involved in the high CYP, UGT and transporter gene expressions of cFHHs. These results strongly suggest that cFHHs could be a novel in vitro tool for drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuha Kojima
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Iwasaki
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Nicolussi S, Drewe J, Butterweck V, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Clinical relevance of St. John's wort drug interactions revisited. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1212-1226. [PMID: 31742659 PMCID: PMC7056460 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The first clinically relevant reports of preparations of St. John's wort (SJW), a herbal medicine with anti‐depressant effects, interacting with other drugs, altering their bioavailability and efficacy, were published about 20 years ago. In 2000, a pharmacokinetic interaction between SJW and cyclosporine caused acute rejection in two heart transplant patients. Since then, subsequent research has shown that SJW altered the pharmacokinetics of drugs such as digoxin, tacrolimus, indinavir, warfarin, alprazolam, simvastatin, or oral contraceptives. These interactions were caused by pregnane‐X‐receptor (PXR) activation. Preparations of SJW are potent activators of PXR and hence inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes (most importantly CYP3A4) and P‐glycoprotein. The degree of CYP3A4 induction correlates significantly with the hyperforin content in the preparation. Twenty years after the first occurrence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with SJW, this review revisits the current knowledge of the mechanisms of action and on how pharmacokinetic drug interactions with SJW could be avoided. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolussi
- Medical Research, Max Zeller Söhne AG, Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Medical Research, Max Zeller Söhne AG, Romanshorn, Switzerland
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Rodrigues AD, Lai Y, Shen H, Varma MV, Rowland A, Oswald S. Induction of Human Intestinal and Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Where Is the Evidence for Its Relevance in Drug-Drug Interactions? Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:205-216. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Schäfer AM, Potterat O, Seibert I, Fertig O, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. Hyperforin-Induced Activation of the Pregnane X Receptor Is Influenced by the Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 2B1. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:313-323. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Patel M, Taskar KS, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ. Importance of Hepatic Transporters in Clinical Disposition of Drugs and Their Metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S23-39. [PMID: 27385177 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a practical clinical perspective on the relevance of hepatic transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Special emphasis is placed on transporters with clear relevance to clinical DDIs, efficacy, and safety. Basolateral OATP1B1 and 1B3 emerged as important hepatic drug uptake pathways, sites for systemic DDIs, and sources of pharmacogenetic variability. As the first step in hepatic drug removal from the circulation, OATPs are an important determinant of systemic pharmacokinetics, specifically influencing systemic absorption, clearance, and hepatic distribution for subsequent metabolism and/or excretion. Biliary excretion of parent drugs is a less prevalent clearance pathway than metabolism or urinary excretion, but BCRP and MRP2 are critically important to biliary/fecal elimination of drug metabolites. Inhibition of biliary excretion is typically not apparent at the level of systemic pharmacokinetics but can markedly increase liver exposure. Basolateral efflux transporters MRP3 and MRP4 mediate excretion of parent drugs and, more commonly, polar metabolites from hepatocytes into blood. Basolateral excretion is an area in need of further clinical investigation, which will necessitate studies more complex than just systemic pharmacokinetics. Clinical relevance of hepatic uptake is relatively well appreciated, and clinical consequences of hepatic excretion (biliary and basolateral) modulation remain an active research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
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Ahmed S, Zhou Z, Zhou J, Chen SQ. Pharmacogenomics of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Relevance to Precision Medicine. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:298-313. [PMID: 27729266 PMCID: PMC5093856 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision medicine, pharmacogenomics, the study of responses of individuals to medication based on their genomic information, enables the evaluation of some specific genetic variants responsible for an individual’s particular drug response. In this article, we review the contributions of genetic polymorphisms to major individual variations in drug pharmacotherapy, focusing specifically on the pharmacogenomics of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Substantial frequency differences in key variants of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as their possible functional consequences, have also been discussed across geographic regions. The current effort illustrates the common presence of variability in drug responses among individuals and across all geographic regions. This information will aid health-care professionals in prescribing the most appropriate treatment aimed at achieving the best possible beneficial outcomes while avoiding unwanted effects for a particular patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; International Center for Precision Medicine, Zhejiang California International NanoSystems Institute, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Prestin K, Olbert M, Hussner J, Isenegger TL, Gliesche DG, Böttcher K, Zimmermann U, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Modulation of expression of the nuclear receptor NR0B2 (small heterodimer partner 1) and its impact on proliferation of renal carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4867-78. [PMID: 27540300 PMCID: PMC4982508 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors regulating the expression of target genes that play an important role in drug metabolism, transport, and cellular signaling pathways. The orphan and structurally unique receptor small heterodimer partner 1 (syn NR0B2) is not only known for its modulation of drug response, but has also been reported to be involved in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Indeed, previous studies show that NR0B2 is downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting that NR0B2 acts as a tumor suppressor via inhibition of cellular growth and activation of apoptosis in this tumor entity. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether NR0B2 may also play a role in other tumor entities. Comparing NR0B2 expression in renal cell carcinoma and adjacent nonmalignant transformed tissue revealed significant downregulation in vivo. Additionally, the impact of heterologous expression of NR0B2 on cell cycle progression and proliferation in cells of renal origin was characterized. Monitoring fluorescence intensity of resazurin turnover in RCC-EW cells revealed no significant differences in metabolic activity in the presence of NR0B2. However, there was a significant decrease of cellular proliferation in cells overexpressing this NR, and NR0B2 was more efficient than currently used antiproliferative agents. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that heterologous overexpression of NR0B2 significantly reduced the amount of cells passing the G1 phase, while on the other hand, more cells in S/G2 phase were detected. Taken together, our data suggest that downregulation of NR0B2 may also play a role in renal cell carcinoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Prestin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Olbert
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacology
| | - Janine Hussner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara L Isenegger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G Gliesche
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Böttcher
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacology
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Thomson MMS, Hines RN, Schuetz EG, Meibohm B. Expression Patterns of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3 Protein in Human Pediatric Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:999-1004. [PMID: 27098745 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining appropriate pharmacotherapy in young children can be challenging due to uncertainties in the development of drug disposition pathways. With knowledge of the ontogeny of drug-metabolizing enzymes and an emerging focus on drug transporters, the developmental pattern of the uptake transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3 was assessed by relative protein quantification using Western blotting in 80 human pediatric liver specimens covering an age range from 9 days to 12 years. OATP1B3 exhibited high expression at birth, which declined over the first months of life, and then increased again in the preadolescent period. In comparison with children 6-12 years of age, the relative protein expression of highly glycosylated (total) OATP1B3 was 235% (357%) in children <3 months of age, 33% (64%) in the age group from 3 months to 2 years, and 50% (59%) in children 2-6 years of age. The fraction of highly glycosylated to total OATP1B3 increased with age, indicating ontogenic processes not only at the transcriptional level but also at the post-translational level. Similar to OATP1B3, OATP1B1 showed high interindividual variability in relative protein expression but no statistically significant difference among the studied age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M S Thomson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (M.M.S.T., B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (R.N.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee (E.G.S.)
| | - Ronald N Hines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (M.M.S.T., B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (R.N.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee (E.G.S.)
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (M.M.S.T., B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (R.N.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee (E.G.S.)
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (M.M.S.T., B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (R.N.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee (E.G.S.)
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Function-impairing polymorphisms of the hepatic uptake transporter SLCO1B1 modify the therapeutic efficacy of statins in a population-based cohort. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:8-18. [PMID: 25379722 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of statins, which are used commonly in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, shows a wide range of interindividual variability. Genetic variants of OATP1B1, a hepatic uptake transporter, can modify access of statins to its therapeutic target, thereby potentially altering drug efficacy. We studied the impact of genetic variants of OATP1B1 on the lipid-lowering efficacy of statins in a population-based setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS The basis of the analysis was the Study of Health in Pomerania, a cohort of 2732 men and women aged 20-81 years. Included in the statistical analysis to evaluate the impact of OATP1B1 on therapeutic efficacy of statins were 214 individuals diagnosed with dyslipidaemia during initial recruitment and receiving statins during the 5-year follow-up. RESULTS Analysing the impact of the OATP1B1 genotype, we observed a trend for lower statin-induced total cholesterol reduction in carriers of the SLCO1B1 512C variant. Restricting the analysis to patients receiving simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin indicated a statistically significant association of the OATP1B1 genotype on lipid parameters at the 5-year follow-up. No such effect was observed for atorvastatin. Calculation of achievement of treatment goals according to the NCEP-ATPIII guidelines showed a lower rate of successful treatment when harbouring the mutant allele for patients taking simvastatin (46.7 vs. 73.9%). A similar trend was observed for pravastatin (34.4 vs. 70.4%). CONCLUSION Genetic variants of OATP1B1 leading to impaired hepatic uptake of statins translated into reduced drug efficacy in a population-based cohort.
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Chapy H, Klieber S, Brun P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Boulenc X, Nicolas O. PBPK modeling of irbesartan: incorporation of hepatic uptake. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:491-506. [PMID: 26037524 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is now commonly used in drug development to integrate human or animal physiological data in order to predict pharmacokinetic profiles. The aim of this work was to construct and refine a PBPK model of irbesartan taking into account its active uptake via OATP1B1/B3 in order to predict more accurately its pharmacokinetic profile using Simcyp(®). The activity and expression of the human hepatocyte transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were studied. The relative activity factors (RAFs) for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters were calculated from intrinsic clearances obtained by concentration dependent uptake experiments in human hepatocytes and HEK overexpressing cells: RAF1B1 using estrone-3-sulfate and pitavastatine clearances, and RAF1B3 using cholecystokinine octapeptide (CCK-8) clearances. The relative expression factor (REF) was calculated by comparing immunoblotting of hepatocytes (REFHH ) or tissues (REFtissue) with those of overexpressing HEK cells for each transporter. These scaling factors were applied in a PBPK model of irbesartan using the Simcyp® simulator. Pharmacokinetic simulation using REFHH (1.82 for OATP1B1, 8.03 for OATP1B3) as an extrapolation factor was the closest to the human clinical pharmacokinetic profile of irbesartan. These investigations show the importance of integrating the contribution of the active uptake of a drug in the liver to improve PBPK modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Chapy
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Priscilla Brun
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM, U1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Montpellier, F-34293, France.,Université Montpellier 1, UMR 1040, Montpellier, F-34293, France
| | - Xavier Boulenc
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Nicolas
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
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Reuter T, Warta R, Theile D, Meid AD, Rigalli JP, Mogler C, Herpel E, Grabe N, Lahrmann B, Plinkert PK, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Haefeli WE, Weiss J. Role of NR1I2 (pregnane X receptor) polymorphisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Prakash C, Zuniga B, Song CS, Jiang S, Cropper J, Park S, Chatterjee B. Nuclear Receptors in Drug Metabolism, Drug Response and Drug Interactions. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2:101178. [PMID: 27478824 PMCID: PMC4963026 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally delivered small-molecule therapeutics are metabolized in the liver and intestine by phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), and transport proteins coordinate drug influx (phase 0) and drug/drug-metabolite efflux (phase III). Genes involved in drug metabolism and disposition are induced by xenobiotic-activated nuclear receptors (NRs), i.e. PXR (pregnane X receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor), and by the 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-activated vitamin D receptor (VDR), due to transactivation of xenobiotic-response elements (XREs) present in phase 0-III genes. Additional NRs, like HNF4-α, FXR, LXR-α play important roles in drug metabolism in certain settings, such as in relation to cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. The phase I enzymes CYP3A4/A5, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2A6, CYP2J2, and CYP2E1 metabolize >90% of all prescription drugs, and phase II conjugation of hydrophilic functional groups (with/without phase I modification) facilitates drug clearance. The conjugation step is mediated by broad-specificity transferases like UGTs, SULTs, GSTs. This review delves into our current understanding of PXR/CAR/VDR-mediated regulation of DME and transporter expression, as well as effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and epigenome (specified by promoter methylation, histone modification, microRNAs, long non coding RNAs) on the expression of PXR/CAR/VDR and phase 0-III mediators, and their impacts on variable drug response. Therapeutic agents that target epigenetic regulation and the molecular basis and consequences (overdosing, underdosing, or beneficial outcome) of drug-drug/drug-food/drug-herb interactions are also discussed. Precision medicine requires understanding of a drug's impact on DME and transporter activity and their NR-regulated expression in order to achieve optimal drug efficacy without adverse drug reactions. In future drug screening, new tools such as humanized mouse models and microfluidic organs-on-chips, which mimic the physiology of a multicellular environment, will likely replace the current cell-based workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
- William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 498 Tucsan Ave, Hattiesburg, Mississipi 39401
| | - Baltazar Zuniga
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
- University of Texas at Austin, 2100 Comal Street, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Chung Seog Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Jodie Cropper
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L Murphy VA Hospital, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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25
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Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides or OATPs are central transporters in the disposition of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, they mediate transport of a wide variety of endogenous substrates. The critical role of OATPs in drug disposition has spurred research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. Translational aspects with clinical questions are the focus in academia, while the pharmaceutical industry tries to define and understand the role these transporters play in pharmacotherapy. The present overview summarizes our knowledge on the interaction of food constituents with OATPs and on the OATP transport mechanisms. Further, it gives an update on the available information on the structure-function relationship of the OATPs and, finally, covers the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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26
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Zhang X, Tierney C, Albrecht M, Demeter LM, Morse G, DiFrancesco R, Dykes C, Jiang H, Haas DW. Discordant associations between SLCO1B1 521T→C and plasma levels of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in AIDS clinical trials group study A5146. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:209-16. [PMID: 23503447 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318280d0ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among HIV-positive patients prescribed ritonavir-boosted lopinavir, SLCO1B1 521T→C (rs4149056) is associated with increased plasma lopinavir exposure. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are also substrates for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and ABCB1, which are induced by NR1I2. We characterized relationships between ABCB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, NR1I2, and SLCO1B1 polymorphisms and trough PI concentrations among AIDS Clinical Trials Group study A5146 participants. METHODS At study entry, subjects with virologic failure on PI-containing regimens initiated new ritonavir-boosted PI regimens. We studied associations between week 2 PI plasma trough concentrations and 143 polymorphisms in these genes, including 4 targeted polymorphisms. RESULTS Among 275 subjects with both drug concentrations and genetic data, allelic frequencies of SLCO1B1 521T→C were 15%, 1%, and 8% in whites, blacks, and Hispanics, respectively. Further analyses were limited to 268 white, black, or Hispanic subjects who initiated ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (n = 98), fosamprenavir (n = 69), or saquinavir (n = 99). Of targeted polymorphisms, SLCO1B1 521T→C tended to be associated with higher lopinavir concentrations, with a 1.38-fold increase in the mean per C allele (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.96; n = 98; P = 0.07). With fosamprenavir, SLCO1B1 521T→C was associated with lower amprenavir concentrations, with a 35% decrease in the mean per C allele (geometric mean ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.94; n = 69; adjusted P = 0.02). There was no significant association with saquinavir concentrations, and none of the remaining 139 exploratory polymorphisms were statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS With ritonavir-boosted PIs, a SLCO1B1 polymorphism that predicts higher lopinavir trough concentrations seems to predict lower amprenavir trough concentrations. The mechanism underlying this discordant association is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Thornburg CD. Sickle cell anemia: time for personalized prescription of hydroxyurea? Focus on "Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B transporters modulate hydroxyurea pharmacokinetics". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1209-10. [PMID: 24005044 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00268.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D Thornburg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California
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28
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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29
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Kotta-Loizou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Pregnane X receptor polymorphisms associated with human diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1167-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.823403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Staudinger JL, Woody S, Sun M, Cui W. Nuclear-receptor-mediated regulation of drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in gut and liver. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:48-59. [PMID: 23330541 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.748793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality and are classically thought to result, in part, from variation in expression and activity of hepatic enzymes of drug metabolism. It is now known that alterations in the expression of genes that encode drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in both the gut and liver play a previously unrecognized role in determining patient drug response and eventual clinical outcome. Four nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily members, including pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3), farnesoid X receptor (NR1H4), and vitamin D receptor (NR1I1), play pivotal roles in drug- and bile-acid-activated programs of gene expression to coordinately regulate drug- and bile-acid transport activity in the intestine and liver. This review focuses on the NR-mediated gene activation of drug and bile-acid transporters in these tissues as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Staudinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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31
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Steroid hormones specifically modify the activity of organic anion transporting polypeptides. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:774-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Koenen A, Kroemer HK, Grube M, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. Current understanding of hepatic and intestinal OATP-mediated drug-drug interactions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:729-42. [PMID: 22111859 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
At present, many patients are medicated with various drugs, which are, at the same time, associated with an increased risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Detailed analysis of mechanisms underlying DDIs is the basis of a better prediction of adverse drug events caused by drug interactions. In the last few decades, an involvement of transporters in such processes has been more and more recognized. Indeed, uptake transporters belonging to the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) family have been shown to interact with a variety of drugs in clinical use. Particularly, the subfamily of OATP1B transporters has been extensively studied, identifying several clinical significant DDIs based on those hepatic uptake transporters. By contrast, the role of OATP2B1 in this context is rather underestimated. Therefore, in addition to known interactions based on OATP1B transporters, we have focused on DDIs probably based on OATP2B1 inhibition in the liver and those possibly owing to the inhibition of OATP2B1-mediated drug absorption in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koenen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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33
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Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Nebbia C, Dacasto M. Tissue distribution and phenobarbital induction of target SLC- and ABC- transporters in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:358-69. [PMID: 22897113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In veterinary pharmaco-toxicological sciences, few data about uptake and efflux drug transporters (DTs) expression and regulation phenomena have been published. In this study, the tissue distribution and transcriptional modulation of solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) DTs were investigated in cattle orally administered with phenobarbital (PB) by using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR approach. The criterion for target gene selection was the PB-responsiveness in human and rodent model species. All target DTs were expressed in the liver. Only two of the seven PB-responsive target DTs (SLCO1B3 and SLC10A1) were not constitutively expressed in cattle extra-hepatic tissues. The greatest number of DTs (SLCO2B1, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2) were expressed in intestine and testis, followed by, adrenal gland (SLCO2B1, ABCB1, ABCG2), lung (ABCB1, ABCG2), kidney, and skeletal muscle (ABCG2). PB administration never altered DTs mRNA levels, except for an increase in hepatic ABCC2 mRNA and a down-regulation of renal ABCG2. Altogether, these results confirm only to some extent data obtained in humans and laboratory species; clearly, they should be considered a preliminary step for further molecular investigations about species-differences in DT gene expression and regulation as well as in DT expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zancanella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, viale dell'Università 16, Padova, Italy
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34
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Trdan Lušin T, Stieger B, Marc J, Mrhar A, Trontelj J, Zavratnik A, Ostanek B. Organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and their genetic variants influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene. J Transl Med 2012; 10:76. [PMID: 22533838 PMCID: PMC3476964 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, exhibits quite large and unexplained interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The aim of this study was to determine the role of organic-anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and their genetic variants in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene. Methods To test the role of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters on hepatic uptake of raloxifene and its metabolites an in vitro model of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 was employed. The influence of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 genetic variants on in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics was evaluated in 53 osteoporotic postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene. Results Our in vitro results showed that raloxifene and two of the three metabolites, raloxifene-4'-β-glucuronide (M2) and raloxifene-6,4'-diglucuronide (M3), interact with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Higher M3 and total raloxifene serum concentrations in patients correlated with lower serum levels of bone resorption marker, serum C-terminal telopeptide fragments of type I collagen, indicating a higher antiresorptive effect of raloxifene. Higher concentrations of M2 correlated with higher increase of lumbar spine bone mineral density supporting the raloxifene vertebral fracture specific protection effect. Finally, raloxifene, M3 and total raloxifene serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with SLCO1B1 c.388A > G polymorphism and *1b haplotype implicating a considerable genetic effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene. Conclusions These findings indicate that SLCO1B1 c.388A > G polymorphism could play an important role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Trdan Lušin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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35
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Fan L, Zhou G, Guo D, Liu YL, Chen WQ, Liu ZQ, Tan ZR, Sheng D, Zhou HH, Zhang W. The Pregnane X Receptor Agonist St Johnʼs Wort Has No Effects on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Repaglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50:605-11. [DOI: 10.2165/11587310-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Determination of OATP-, NTCP- and OCT-mediated substrate uptake activities in individual and pooled batches of cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Griffin L, Annaert P, Brouwer KLR. Influence of drug transport proteins on the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3636-54. [PMID: 21698598 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors, a class of antiretroviral agents frequently used in the treatment of HIV infection, interact with numerous transport proteins resulting in clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This review focuses on the proteins that transport protease inhibitors and directly influence the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, as well as the transport proteins that are inhibited or induced by protease inhibitors. Clinically relevant DDIs involving drug transporters and protease inhibitors, either as "victim" drugs or as "perpetrator" drugs, and the pharmacokinetic consequences of such interactions are highlighted. A summary of transporter-mediated processes underlying the toxicity of protease inhibitors is provided. Finally, the effect of HIV infection or co-infection on drug transport proteins, and the implications for protease inhibitor pharmacokinetics is discussed. Transport proteins significantly influence the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and toxicity profiles of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya Griffin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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38
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Li J, Bluth MH. Pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters: implications for cancer therapy. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 4:11-33. [PMID: 23226051 PMCID: PMC3513217 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s18861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new era of personalized medicine, which integrates the uniqueness of an individual with respect to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, holds promise as a means to provide greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development. Personalized medicine is particularly important in oncology, whereby most clinically used anticancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic window and exhibit a large interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. This variability can be explained, at least in part, by genetic variations in the genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, or drug targets. Understanding of how genetic variations influence drug disposition and action could help in tailoring cancer therapy based on individual's genetic makeup. This review focuses on the pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, with a particular highlight of examples whereby genetic variations in the metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the pharmacokinetics and/or response of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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39
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Abstract
Recent progress in research on drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been determined by key developments in two areas. First, new technologies allow the identification of genetic risk factors with improved sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency. Second, new mechanistic concepts of DILI emphasize the importance of unspecific "downstream" events following drug-specific initial "upstream" hepatocyte injury and of complex interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors. The integration of genetic and mechanistic concepts is essential for current research approaches, and genetic studies of DILI now focus on targets that affect the function and transcriptional regulation of genes relating not only to drug metabolism but also to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), cytokines, oxidative stress, and hepatobiliary transporters. Risk factors affecting unspecific downstream mechanisms may be identified using pooled DILI cases caused by various drugs. The power to detect variants that confer a low risk can be increased by recruitment of strictly selected cases through large networks, whereas controls may also be obtained from genotyped reference populations. The first genomewide studies of DILI identified HLA variants as risk factors for hepatotoxicity associated with flucloxacillin and ximelagatran, and their design has defined a new standard for pharmacogenetic studies. From a clinical and regulatory point of view, there is a need for genetic tests that identify patients at increased hepatotoxic risk. However, DILI is a rare complex disease, and pharmacogenetic studies have so far not been able to identify interactions of several risk factors defining a high population-attributable risk and clinically relevant absolute risk for DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Russmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Justenhoven C, Schaeffeler E, Winter S, Baisch C, Hamann U, Harth V, Rabstein S, Spickenheuer A, Pesch B, Brüning T, Ko YD, Schwab M, Brauch H. Polymorphisms of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor and organic anion transporter polypeptides 1A2, 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1 are not associated with breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:563-9. [PMID: 20635135 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs, SLCOs) are involved in the uptake of conjugates steroid hormones such as estrone-3-sulfate. It has been suggested that the expression of OATPs in breast tissues could impact breast carcinogenesis and tumor pathology. The nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) is involved in the regulation of SLCO1A2 expression. We investigated 31 variants located in PXR, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1 for an association with breast cancer risk and/or histo-pathological tumor characteristics. Polymorphisms were selected on the basis of a known or potential functional consequence and an allele frequency >2%. Genotyping was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using the GENICA population-based breast cancer case-control collection comprising 1,021 cases and 1,015 age-matched controls. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS, and all tests were two-sided. None of the 31 analyzed transporter and PXR polymorphisms showed an association with breast cancer risk or tumor characteristics. Our data suggest that among the many known transporters common variations of PXR, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1 do not contribute to breast carcinogenesis.
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42
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Amacher DE. The effects of cytochrome P450 induction by xenobiotics on endobiotic metabolism in pre-clinical safety studies. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:159-66. [DOI: 10.3109/15376511003690307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Endres CJ, Endres MG, Unadkat JD. Interplay of drug metabolism and transport: a real phenomenon or an artifact of the site of measurement? Mol Pharm 2010; 6:1756-65. [PMID: 19886641 DOI: 10.1021/mp9002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The interdependence of both transport and metabolism on the disposition of drugs has recently gained heightened attention in the literature, and has been termed the "interplay of transport and metabolism". Such "interplay" is observed when inhibition of biliary clearance of a drug results in an "apparent" increase in the metabolic clearance of the drug or vice versa. In this manuscript, we derived and explored through simulations a physiological-based pharmacokinetic model that integrates both transport and metabolism and explains the "apparent" dependence of hepatic clearance on both these processes. In addition, we show that the phenomenon of hepatic "transport-metabolism interplay" is a result of using the plasma concentration as a point of reference when calculating metabolic or biliary clearance, and this interplay is maximal when the drug is actively transported into the hepatocytes (i.e., hepatocyte sinusoidal influx clearance is greater than the sinusoidal efflux clearance). When the hepatic drug concentration is used as a reference point to calculate metabolic or biliary clearance, this interplay ceases to exist. A mechanistic understanding of this interplay phenomenon can be used to explain the somewhat paradoxical results that may be observed in drug-drug interaction studies when a drug is cleared by both metabolism and biliary excretion. That is, when one of these two pathways is inhibited, the other pathway appears to be induced or activated. This interplay results in an increase in hepatic drug concentrations and therefore has implications for the hepatic efficacy and toxicity of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Endres
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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44
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Li-Wan-Po A, Farndon P, Craddock C, Griffiths M. Integrating pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug monitoring: optimal dosing of imatinib as a case-example. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:369-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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45
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Lu Y, Feskens EJM, Boer JMA, Müller M. The potential influence of genetic variants in genes along bile acid and bile metabolic pathway on blood cholesterol levels in the population. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:14-27. [PMID: 19932478 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver is currently known to be the major organ to eliminate excess cholesterol from our body. It accomplishes this function in two ways: conversion of cholesterol molecules into bile acids (BAs) and secretion of unesterified cholesterol molecules into bile. BAs are synthesized in the hepatocytes, secreted into bile and delivered to the lumen of the small intestine where they act as detergents to facilitate absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. About 95% of BAs are recovered in the ileum during each cycle of the enterohepatic circulation. Five percent are lost and replaced by newly synthesized BAs, which amounts to approximately 500 mg/day in adult humans. In contrast to the efficiency of the BAs' enterohepatic circulation, 50% of the 1000 mg of cholesterol secreted daily into bile is lost in feces. It is known that rare human mutations in certain genes in bile acid and bile metabolic pathway influence blood cholesterol levels. With the recent success of genome-wide association studies, we are convinced that common genetic variants also play a role in the genetic architecture of plasma lipid traits. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge about genetic variations in bile acid and bile metabolic pathway, and assessed their impact on blood cholesterol levels and cholesterol metabolic kinetics in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Lu
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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