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Wang L, Liu Q, Buchwald A, Wackenhut F, Brecht M, Gierschner J, Meixner AJ. Deuterium Isotope Effect in Single Molecule Photophysics and Photochemistry of Hypericin. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400374. [PMID: 38837881 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The peripherical protons of the dye molecule hypericin can undergo structural interconversion (tautomerization) between different isomers separated by a low energy barrier with rates that depends sensitively on the interaction with local chemical environment defined by the nature of host material. We investigate the deuterium (D) isotope effect of hypericin tautomerism at the single-molecule level to avoid ensemble averaging in different polymer matrices by a combined spectroscopic and computational approach. In the 'innocent' PMMA matrix only intramolecular isotope effects on the internal conversion channel and tautomerization are observed; while PVA specifically interacts with the probe via H- and D-bonding. This establishes a single molecular picture on intra- and intermolecular nano-environment effects to control chromophore photophysics and -chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxuan Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Andrea Buchwald
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Life Sciences
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, Reutlingen, 72762, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Life Sciences
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, Reutlingen, 72762, Germany
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Anastasova I, Ignatova M, Manolova N, Rashkov I, Markova N, Toshkova R, Georgieva A, Kamenova-Nacheva M, Trendafilova A, Ivanova V, Doncheva T. Chitosan/Hyaluronate Complex-Coated Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Materials Containing Extracts from Melissa officinalis and/or Hypericum perforatum with Various Biological Activities: Antioxidant, Antibacterial and In Vitro Anticancer Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2105. [PMID: 39125132 PMCID: PMC11313976 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to fabricate innovative fibrous materials with various biological activities from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), sodium hyaluronate (HA), chitosan (Ch), Melissa officinalis (MO), Hypericum perforatum (HP) extract, or a combination of both extracts. Electrospinning or electrospinning followed by dip coating and the subsequent formation of a polyelectrolyte complex were the methods used to prepare these materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were applied for investigating the morphology of materials, their thermal characteristics, and their surface chemical composition. The composition and design of the mats had an influence on the in vitro release behavior of the main bioactive compounds present in the MO and HP extracts incorporated in the materials. It was found that as-created materials comprising a combination of both extracts and a Ch/HA complex exerted higher antioxidant activity than that of (non-)coated MO-containing mats and Ch/HA-coated mats containing HP. The novel materials manifested antibacterial efficacy towards the pathogenic bacteria S. aureus and E. coli, as evidenced by the performed microbiological screening. Furthermore, the mats possessed a great growth inhibitory effect on HeLa cancer cells but had a less pronounced effect on the growth of normal mouse BALB/3T3 fibroblasts. The loading of both extracts in the mats and the formation of coating led to the enhancement of the in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities of the materials. Thus, the novel materials have potential for use in local cancer therapy as well as for use as wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Anastasova
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (N.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Milena Ignatova
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (N.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Nevena Manolova
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (N.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Iliya Rashkov
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (N.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Nadya Markova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 26, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Reneta Toshkova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 25, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Ani Georgieva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 25, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariana Kamenova-Nacheva
- Laboratory for Extraction of Natural Products and Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Research and Development and Innovation Consortium, Sofia Tech Park JSC, 111 Tsarigradsko Shose blvd., BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 9, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.I.); (T.D.)
| | - Antoaneta Trendafilova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 9, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.I.); (T.D.)
| | - Viktoria Ivanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 9, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.I.); (T.D.)
| | - Tsvetelina Doncheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 9, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.I.); (T.D.)
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Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Czuba ZP, Kłósek M, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hypericin as a Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy Used on Skin Cell Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:696. [PMID: 38931819 PMCID: PMC11207107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Determination of the hypericin-photodynamic (HY-PDT) effect on the secretion of cytokines secreted by the skin cells, may be the basis for using the immunomodulatory effect of photodynamic action in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of hypericin (HY) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed in vitro on cultures of selected skin cell lines. The study used two human cell lines, primary dermal fibroblast (HDFa) and primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa). The MTT test was used to define the metabolic activity of treated cells. Cell supernatants subjected to sublethal PDT were assessed to determine the interleukins: IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-19, IL-22, and metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1). The results confirm the destructive effect of HY-PDT and the immunomodulatory effects of sublethal doses on the selected skin cells, depending on the concentration of HY and the light doses. No statistically significant differences were noted in IL-2 and IL-10 concentration after HY-PDT for HEKa and HDFa lines. After using HY-PDT, the concentration of IL-8, MMP-1, IL-22, and IL-11 significantly decreased in the HEKa line. Moreover, the concentration of IL-19 and MMP-1 significantly decreased in the HDFa line. The concentration of IL-11 in the HDFa line after using only the HY, without the light, increased but decreased after HY-PDT. Our experiment confirmed that HY-PDT has not only a cytotoxic effect but, used in sublethal doses, also presents immunomodulatory properties. These may be an advantage of HY-PDT when used in the treatment of persistent skin inflammation, connected with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines resistant to conventional treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Doctoral School of the Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kłósek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Yurttas C, Horvath P, Fischer I, Wagner S, Thiel K, Ladurner R, Königsrainer I, Königsrainer A, Schwab M, Beckert S, Löffler MW. Fluorescence-Guided Laparoscopy after Oral Hypericin Administration for Staging of Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer-A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2422. [PMID: 38673695 PMCID: PMC11050884 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Laparoscopic staging is essential in gastric cancer (GC) to rule out peritoneal metastasis (PM). Hypericin, a plant-derived fluorescent compound, has been suggested to improve laparoscopic visualization of PM from GC. This prospective, single-arm, open-label clinical trial aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of oral hypericin administration as well as the suitability of fluorescence-guided laparoscopy (FGL) for improving the sensitivity and specificity of staging in GC patients (EudraCT-Number: 2015-005277-21; clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT-02840331). (2) Methods: GC patients received Laif® 900, an approved hypericin-containing phytopharmaceutical, once orally two to four hours before white light and ultraviolet light laparoscopy. The peritoneal cancer index was evaluated, biopsies taken and hypericin concentrations in serum and peritoneal tissue were determined by mass spectrometry. (3) Results: Between 2017 and 2021, out of 63 patients screened for eligibility, 50 patients were enrolled and treated per protocol. The study intervention was shown to be feasible and safe in all patients. Standard laparoscopy revealed suspicious lesions in 27 patients (54%), among whom 16 (59%) were diagnosed with PM. FGL identified suspicious areas in 25 patients (50%), among whom PM was confirmed in 13 cases (52%). Although hypericin concentrations in serum reached up to 5.64 ng/mL, no hypericin was detectable in peritoneal tissue biopsies. (4) Conclusions: FGL in patients with GC was shown to be feasible but futile in this study. Sufficient levels of hypericin should be ensured in target tissue prior to reassessing FGL with hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yurttas
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Horvath
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6807 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University Hospital Tübingen, Silcherstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karolin Thiel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, Oberschwabenklinik, St. Elisabethen-Klinikum, Elisabethenstr. 15, 88212 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6807 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Departments of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Beckert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Schwarzwald-Baar Klinikum, Klinikstr. 11, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Markus W. Löffler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Orlova AV, Shmychkov NV, Vlasova KY, Iakimova TM, Lepnev LS, Eliseev AA, Utochnikova VV. Ytterbium 10-carboxyperylene-3,4,9-tricarboxylates for targeted NIR luminescent bioimaging. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3980-3984. [PMID: 38349065 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04298g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Two new ytterbium coordination compounds Yb(HPTC)(H2O)2 (Yb1) and Yb(HPTC)(Phen) (Yb2) were obtained using 10-carboxyperylene-3,4,9-tricarboxylate ion (HPTC3-) as a sensitizer. Both coordination compounds exhibited intense NIR-II luminescence upon excitation in the visible range and formed stable suspensions with nanoparticles of 50-70 nm in size in an aqueous solution of sodium alginate. Both complexes demonstrated non-toxicity up to at least 25 mg L-1 in two cell cultures: cancer cells MCF7 and embryonic cells HEK293T - making them suitable for bioimaging. For both complexes, the accumulation in cells was directly measured and it was shown that the accumulation of Yb2 was the same for both cell types (0.51-0.52 πg per cell), while Yb1 demonstrated selective accumulation in cancer cells (0.04 πg per cell for HEK293T and 7.00 πg per cell for MCF7). Thus, Yb1 can also be proposed as a selective vis-excited NIR emitting bioprobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Orlova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Nazar V Shmychkov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Kseniia Yu Vlasova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Tamara M Iakimova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Leonid S Lepnev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 53, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Olejárová S, Horváth D, Huntošová V. The Remodulation of Actin Bundles during the Stimulation of Mitochondria in Adult Human Fibroblasts in Response to Light. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:20. [PMID: 38258031 PMCID: PMC10818370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
β-actin belongs to cytoskeletal structures that change dynamically in cells according to various stimuli. Human skin can be considered as an organ that is very frequently exposed to various stress factors, of which light plays an important role. The present study focuses on adult human fibroblasts exposed to two types of light stress. Orange light with a wavelength of 590 nm was used here to stimulate the photosensitizer localized in the cells as a residual dose of photodynamic therapy (PDT). On the other hand, near-infrared light with a wavelength of 808 nm was considered for photobiomodulation (PBM), which is often used in healing processes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to observe changes in intercellular communication, mitochondrial structures, and cytoskeletal dynamics defined by the remodulation of β-actin of fibroblasts. The number of β-actin bundles forming spherical structures was detected after light exposure. These structures as β-actin oligomers were confirmed with super-resolution microscopy. While PDT led to the disintegration of actin oligomers, PBM increased their number. The interaction of β-actin with mitochondria was observed. The combination of PDT and PBM treatments is important to minimize the side effects of cancer treatment with PDT on healthy cells, as shown by the cell metabolism assay in this work. In this work, β-actin is presented as an important parameter that changes and is involved in the response of cells to PDT and PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Olejárová
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Denis Horváth
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Huntošová
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia;
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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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Meta M, Bilčík B, Čavarga I, Grzegorzewska AK, Kundeková B, Máčajová M. The potential effect of leptin co-administration on photodynamic damage using quail chorioallantoic membrane model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103711. [PMID: 37459940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the Japanese quail is an excellent model for studying photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its rich vascularization. PDT is used not only in oncological treatment but also in infectious diseases, or psoriasis, where it yields significant advantages. This treatment also has its limitations, such as burning, itching, erythema, redness, swelling, and delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to analyse the potentially protective properties of the tissue hormone leptin during PDT. METHODS Japanese quail embryos incubated ex ovo were used in this experiment. On the 9th day of embryonic development, leptin (5 μg) and photosensitiser hypericin (79 μM) were topically applied, followed by irradiation. The effect of leptin co-administration was evaluated from CAM images and histological structure analysis, histological samples, and qPCR, where the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress was monitored. RESULTS We observed vascular damage in all experimental groups, the highest damage was found after the application of hypericin without leptin coadministration. Histological analysis confirmed the protective effect of leptin. qPCR analysis presented differences in FREK gene expression, but also in genes involved in oxidative stress like SOD, NRF-1, NRF-2, and GPX7. The application of leptin significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins CASP3, cytochrome C, and APAF1. CONCLUSIONS Our results in the CAM model suggest a possible protective effect of leptin to prevent PDT damage and aid in the subsequent regeneration of target tissues after antimicrobial PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majlinda Meta
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bilčík
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Čavarga
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Agnieszka K Grzegorzewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbora Kundeková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Máčajová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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9
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Galinari CB, Biachi TDP, Gonçalves RS, Cesar GB, Bergmann EV, Malacarne LC, Kioshima Cotica ÉS, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Svidzinski TIE. Photoactivity of hypericin: from natural product to antifungal application. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:38-56. [PMID: 35171731 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2036100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering the multifaceted and increasing application of photodynamic therapy (PDT), in recent years the antimicrobial employment of this therapy has been highlighted, because of the antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antifungal activities that have already been demonstrated. In this context, research focussed on antimycological action, especially for treatment of superficial infections, presents promising growth due to the characteristics of these infections that facilitate PDT application as new therapeutic options are needed in the field of medical mycology. Among the more than one hundred classes of photosensitizers the antifungal action of hypericin (Hyp) stands out due to its ability to permeate the lipid membrane and accumulate in different cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we aim to provide a complete overview of the origin, physicochemical characteristics, and optimal alternative drug deliveries that promote the photodynamic action of Hyp (Hyp-PDT) against fungi. Furthermore, considering the lack of a methodological consensus, we intend to compile the best strategies to guide researchers in the antifungal application of Hyp-PDT. Overall, this review provides a future perspective of new studies and clinical possibilities for the advances of such a technique in the treatment of mycoses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Barros Galinari
- Department of Analysis Clinics & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Paula Biachi
- Department of Analysis Clinics & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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10
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Doroshenko A, Tomkova S, Kozar T, Stroffekova K. Hypericin, a potential new BH3 mimetic. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991554. [PMID: 36267274 PMCID: PMC9577225 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of cancer such as prostate cancer, myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, glioblastoma display strong chemo resistance, which is supported by enhanced expression of multiple anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 proteins. The viable anti-cancer strategies are based on developing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins inhibitors, BH3 mimetics. Our focus in past years has been on the investigating a new potential BH3 mimetic, Hypericin (Hyp). Hyp is a naturally occurring photosensitive compound used in photodynamic therapy and diagnosis. We have demonstrated that Hyp can cause substantial effects in cellular ultrastructure, mitochondria function and metabolism, and distribution of Bcl2 proteins in malignant and non-malignant cells. One of the possible mechanisms of Hyp action could be the direct interactions between Bcl-2 proteins and Hyp. We investigated this assumption by in silico computer modelling and in vitro fluorescent spectroscopy experiments with the small Bcl2 peptide segments designed to correspond to Bcl2 BH3 and BH1 domains. We show here that Hyp interacts with BH3 and BH1 peptides in concentration dependent manner, and shows the stronger interactions than known BH3 mimetics, Gossypol (Goss) and ABT-263. In addition, interactions of Hyp, Goss and ABT263, with whole purified proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 by fluorescence spectroscopy show that Hyp interacts stronger with the Bcl-2 and less with Mcl-1 protein than Goss or ABT-263. This suggest that Hyp is comparable to other BH3 mimetics and could be explore as such. Hyp cytotoxicity was low in human U87 MG glioma, similar to that of ABT263, where Goss exerted sufficient cytotoxicity, suggesting that Hyp acts primarily on Bcl-2, but not on Mcl-1 protein. In combination therapy, low doses of Hyp with Goss effectively decreased U87 MG viability, suggesting a possible synergy effect. Overall, we can conclude that Hyp as BH3 mimetic acts primarily on Bcl-2 protein and can be explored to target cells with Bcl-2 over-expression, or in combination with other BH3 mimetics, that target Mcl-1 or Bcl-XL proteins, in dual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Doroshenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Tomkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Kozar
- Center of Interdisciplinary Biosciences, TIP-Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Stroffekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Katarina Stroffekova,
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11
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Hempfling L, Adamus A, Wagner BR, Engel N, Seitz G. A new valid rhabdomyosarcoma spheroid culture model for in vitro evaluation of hypericin-based photodynamic therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29482. [PMID: 34889033 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced stages of pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMA) are associated with an unfavorable outcome at established therapeutic strategies, accentuating the need for novel treatment options. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hypericin (HYP) has shown strong cytotoxic effects in two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. In order to more accurately mimic in vivo tissue architecture and better predict pharmaceutical response, the aim of this study was to establish a spheroid culture model by which PDT efficacy could be assessed in a three-dimensional (3D) context. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D multicellular tumor spheroids were generated using various scaffold-based and scaffold-free techniques. On two reproducible methods, HYP-PDT was performed varying spheroid sizes, photosensitizer concentrations, and illumination times. The ability for HYP uptake within the spheroid was analyzed assessing the substrate's autofluorescence. Antitumorigenic treatment effects were evaluated investigating cell viability, spheroid morphology, proliferative activity, and induction of apoptosis. RESULTS Magnetic spheroid printing and orbital shaking methods were established as reproducible culturing systems producing uniform spheroids. Within assessed incubation times, HYP showed good penetration depth in spheroids containing 50,000 cells. PDT was causing metabolic and molecular impairment of RMA cells, resulting in viability decrease, reduction of cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSION Assessing HYP-based PDT in a 3D culture model, we were able to gain an insight on how parameters like photosensitizer, oxygen, and light distribution contribute to the phototoxic effect. Compared to 2D cell culture, a higher treatment resistance was detected, which can be related to spheroid structure and mechanisms of intercellular communication, signal transduction, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hempfling
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Adamus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt R Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Engel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Seitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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12
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Adnane F, El-Zayat E, Fahmy HM. The combinational application of photodynamic therapy and nanotechnology in skin cancer treatment: A review. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Foglietta F, Canaparo R, Cossari S, Panzanelli P, Dosio F, Serpe L. Ultrasound Triggers Hypericin Activation Leading to Multifaceted Anticancer Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1102. [PMID: 35631688 PMCID: PMC9146189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ultrasound (US) in combination with a responsive chemical agent (sonosensitizer) can selectively trigger the agent's anticancer activity in a process called sonodynamic therapy (SDT). SDT shares some properties with photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has been clinically approved, but sets itself apart because of its use of US rather than light to achieve better tissue penetration. SDT provides anticancer effects mainly via the sonosensitizer-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although the precise nature of the underpinning mechanism is still under debate. This work investigates the SDT anticancer activity of hypericin (Hyp) in vitro in two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) HT-29 colon cancer models, and uses PDT as a yardstick due to its well-known Hyp phototoxicity. The cancer cell uptake and cellular localization of Hyp were investigated first to determine the proper noncytotoxic concentration and incubation time of Hyp for SDT. Furthermore, ROS production, cell proliferation, and cell death were evaluated after Hyp was exposed to US. Since cancer relapse and transporter-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) are important causes of cancer treatment failure, the US-mediated ability of Hyp to elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD) and overcome MDR was also investigated. SDT showed strong ROS-mediated anticancer activity 48 h after treatment in both the HT-29 models. Specific damage-associated molecular patterns that are consistent with ICD, such as calreticulin (CRT) exposure and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release, were observed after SDT with Hyp. Moreover, the expression of the ABC transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), in HT-29/MDR cells was not able to hinder cancer cell responsiveness to SDT with Hyp. This work reveals, for the first time, the US responsiveness of Hyp with significant anticancer activity being displayed, making it a full-fledged sonosensitizer for the SDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Foglietta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Simone Cossari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
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14
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Some Natural Photosensitizers and Their Medicinal Properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041192. [PMID: 35208984 PMCID: PMC8879555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy for the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. This therapy uses a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light irradiation of appropriate length and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic effect kills cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy of tumor cells. PDT is a promising approach for eliminating various cancers but is not yet as widely applied in therapy as conventional chemotherapy. Currently, natural compounds with photosensitizing properties are being discovered and identified. A reduced toxicity to healthy tissues and a lower incidence of side effects inspires scientists to seek natural PS for PDT. In this review, several groups of compounds with photoactive properties are presented. The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. This review focused on the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, tolyporphins, curcumins, alkaloid and anthraquinones in relation to the light-absorbing properties. Attention will be paid to their phototoxic and anti-cancer effects on various types of cancer.
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15
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Liang R, Wong KH, Yang Y, Duan Y, Chen M. ROS-Responsive Dexamethasone Micelles Normalize the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Hypericin in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1018-1025. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01802g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is limited due to the abnormality of tumor microenvironment (TME), such as dysfunctional tumor vascular system leading to restrict the drug distribution in...
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16
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Perylene as a controversial antiviral scaffold. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Pevna V, Wagnières G, Huntosova V. Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced in U87 MG Glioblastoma Cells by Hypericin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Can Be Photobiomodulated with 808 nm Light. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111703. [PMID: 34829932 PMCID: PMC8615841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive types of tumors. Although few treatment options are currently available, new modalities are needed to improve prognosis. In this context, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising adjuvant treatment modality. In the present work, hypericin-mediated PDT (hypericin-PDT, 2 J/cm2) of U87 MG cells is combined with (2 min, 15 mW/cm2 at 808 nm) photobiomodulation (PBM). We observed that PBM stimulates autophagy, which, in combination with PDT, increases the treatment efficacy and leads to apoptosis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, cytotoxicity assays and Western blot were used to monitor apoptotic and autophagic processes in these cells. Destabilization of lysosomes, mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus led to an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, oxidative stress levels, LC3-II, and caspase-3, as well as a decrease of the PKCα and STAT3 protein levels in response to hypericin-PDT subcellular concentration in U87 MG cells. Our results indicate that therapeutic hypericin concentrations can be reduced when PDT is combined with PBM. This will likely allow to reduce the damage induced in surrounding healthy tissues when PBM-hypericin-PDT is used for in vivo tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Pevna
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Building CH, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Hypericin and Pheophorbide a Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Fighting MRSA Wound Infections: A Translational Study from In Vitro to In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091399. [PMID: 34575478 PMCID: PMC8472478 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High prevalence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and lack of effective antibacterial treatments urge discovery of alternative therapeutic modalities. The advent of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative, composing rapid, nonselective cell destruction without generating resistance. We used a panel of clinically relevant MRSA to evaluate hypericin (Hy) and pheophobide a (Pa)-mediated PDT with clinically approved methylene blue (MB). We translated the promising in vitro anti-MRSA activity of selected compounds to a full-thick MRSA wound infection model in mice (in vivo) and the interaction of aPDT innate immune system (cytotoxicity towards neutrophils). Hy-PDT consistently displayed lower minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (0.625-10 µM) against ATCC RN4220/pUL5054 and a whole panel of community-associated (CA)-MRSA compared to Pa or MB. Interestingly, Pa-PDT and Hy-PDT topical application demonstrated encouraging in vivo anti-MRSA activity (>1 log10 CFU reduction). Furthermore, histological analysis showed wound healing via re-epithelization was best in the Hy-PDT group. Importantly, the dark toxicity of Hy was significantly lower (p < 0.05) on neutrophils compared to Pa or MB. Overall, Hy-mediated PDT is a promising alternative to treat MRSA wound infections, and further rigorous mechanistic studies are warranted.
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19
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Photophysical properties and therapeutic use of natural photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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20
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Heinrich M, Jiang H, Scotti F, Booker A, Walt H, Weckerle C, Maake C. Medicinal plants from the Himalayan region for potential novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory skin treatments. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:956-967. [PMID: 33886964 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adequate treatment of wounds remains one of the major medical needs globally, most notably in the regions with poor or limited access to health care. In many local and traditional systems of medicine, plants are often widely used for treating infected wounds. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The overarching aim of this project was selection of potential species for use in a future treatment by combining with plant resources with aspects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Specifically, we focussed on species used locally in the Himalayan region for the treatment of skin disorders and then assessed the existing pharmacological evidence for key species based on the published evidence available. METHODS Database searches were performed to identify relevant publications describing local and traditional uses of plants in the Himalayan region of Bhutan, PR China, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Using the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), species were researched in terms of their distribution including in different climatic regions, focussing on species mostly found in higher climatic zones (based on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). For species used in three or more countries and restricted to the higher altitudes, data on safety, pharmacology, as it relates to dermatological conditions, and phytochemistry were retrieved. KEY FINDINGS The study identified a total of 606 species that are used in the treatment of various skin conditions often associated with infections reported in 84 articles. Common weeds like Ageratum conyzoides and Bidens pilosa, widely used and cultivated species like Centealla asiatiaca and Prunus armenica were excluded. This ultimately led to the identification of a core group of five widely used species restricted to the Himalayan region (Cedrus deodara, Nardostachys jatamansi, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii and Valeriana jatamansi). CONCLUSIONS Here we apply a novel approach comprising an assessment of the published information on the use of medicinal plants (i.e. local and traditional knowledge) in the context of their potential to be used in a biomedical form of clinical treatment - aPDT. Then, once sustainable sourcing based on access and benefit-sharing arrangements is in place, these species are investigated for their potential in wound treatment. Ultimately, the goal is to develop a new baseline for primary health care in some of the regions of the world with poor or limited access to health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heinrich
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.,'Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine', and 'Chinese Medicine Research Center', China Medical University, Beitun District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Scotti
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.,Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Heinrich Walt
- Department for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Weckerle
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Maake
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Yalçın S, Yalçınkaya S, Ercan F. Determination of Potential Drug Candidate Molecules of the Hypericum perforatum for COVID-19 Treatment. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 7:42-48. [PMID: 33680715 PMCID: PMC7921287 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel human coronavirus was firstly emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread rapidly around the world. There is no known specific effective treatment of COVID-19. The most commonly used agents against this disease both in Turkey and around the world include chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, and remdesivir. In the study, we investigated the drug potential of molecules that the components of an important medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum by using molecular docking and drug possibility properties of these molecules. The molecular docking results showed that the most stable complex was obtained with COVID-19 main protease and hypericin/isohypericin ligands with − 11 kcal/mol binding energy. Furthermore, ADMET, drug-likeness features of compounds of H. perforatum were investigated using the rules of Lipinski, Veber, and Ghose. According to the results obtained, it has been shown that H. perforatum has the potential to be an effective drug in the COVID-19 pandemic. In the next stage, it is necessary to carry out the clinically necessary reliability studies of these components. It is thought that it can be used for the treatment of COVID-19 if our molecular docking results are found to be in high correlation with clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Yalçın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, 40100 Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Seda Yalçınkaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Ercan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
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22
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de Souza LM, de Sousa FD, Cruz RCR, Tavares DC, Francielli de Oliveira P. Hypericin, a medicinal compound from St. John's Wort, inhibits genotoxicity induced by mutagenic agents in V79 cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1302-1307. [PMID: 33050761 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1822389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and the modulatory effects on DNA damage of hypericin in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells). The hypericin is a natural polycyclic quinone, mainly extracted from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Along with hyperforin, the hypericins are responsible for the antidepressant activity of St. John's Wort. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the XTT colorimetric assay and the nuclear division index (NDI). The genotoxic activity was studied by the micronucleus test at concentrations of 30, 60, 120, and 240 μg/mL. Mutagenic agents, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 44 μg/mL), doxorubicin (DXR, 0.5 μg/mL), and etoposide (VP16, 1 μg/mL) were used in combination with different concentrations of hypericin in order to evaluate the modulatory effect on DNA damage. Results showed that the hypericin was cytotoxic at concentrations above 156.2 μg/mL and genotoxic above 120 μg/mL. The hypericin significantly reduced DNA damage frequency induced by DXR, at concentrations of 30 and 60 μg/mL, and MMS at a concentration of 30 μg/mL, but was unable to reduce damage when combined with VP-16. These results demonstrate the non-photoactivated hypericin toxicological safety limits, its protective effect on DNA damage and provide a basis for future studies that may characterize better its chemopreventive mechanism.
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23
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Simões JCS, Sarpaki S, Papadimitroulas P, Therrien B, Loudos G. Conjugated Photosensitizers for Imaging and PDT in Cancer Research. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14119-14150. [PMID: 32990442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection and perfect understanding of the disease are imperative toward efficient treatments. It is straightforward that, for choosing a specific cancer treatment methodology, diagnostic agents undertake a critical role. Imaging is an extremely intriguing tool since it assumes a follow up to treatments to survey the accomplishment of the treatment and to recognize any conceivable repeating injuries. It also permits analysis of the disease, as well as to pursue treatment and monitor the possible changes that happen on the tumor. Likewise, it allows screening the adequacy of treatment and visualizing the state of the tumor. Additionally, when the treatment is finished, observing the patient is imperative to evaluate the treatment methodology and adjust the treatment if necessary. The goal of this review is to present an overview of conjugated photosensitizers for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C S Simões
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.,BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - George Loudos
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
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Antibody-Based Immunotherapy: Alternative Approaches for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090327. [PMID: 32899183 PMCID: PMC7555584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer and is associated with the highest mortality. Where melanoma is mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy), BRAF inhibitor treatment has shown improved therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on a light-activated compound to produce death-inducing amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their capacity to selectively accumulate in tumor cells has been confirmed in melanoma treatment with some encouraging results. However, this treatment approach has not reached clinical fruition for melanoma due to major limitations associated with the development of resistance and subsequent side effects. These adverse effects might be bypassed by immunotherapy in the form of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) relying on the ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and to be used as carriers to specifically deliver cytotoxic warheads into corresponding tumor cells. Of late, the continued refinement of ADC therapeutic efficacy has given rise to photoimmunotherapy (PIT) (a light-sensitive compound conjugated to mAbs), which by virtue of requiring light activation only exerts its toxic effect on light-irradiated cells. As such, this review aims to highlight the potential clinical benefits of various armed antibody-based immunotherapies, including PDT, as alternative approaches for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Desensitization of metastatic melanoma cells to therapeutic treatment through repeated exposure to dacarbazine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 211:111982. [PMID: 32866820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant anti-cancer drug efflux mediated by membrane protein ABC transporters (ABCB5 and ABCG2) is thought to characterize melanoma heterogeneous chemoresistant populations, presumed to have unlimited proliferative and self-renewal abilities. Therefore, this study primarily aimed to investigate whether continuous exposure of melanoma cells to dacarbazine (DTIC) chemotherapeutic drug enriches cultures with therapy resistant cells. Thereafter, we sought to determine whether combining the genotoxic activity of DTIC with the oxidative insults of hypericin activated photodynamic therapy (HYP-PDT) could synergized to kill heterogenous chemoresistant melanoma populations. This study revealed that DTIC resistant (UCT Mel-1DTICR2) melanoma cells were less sensitive to all therapies than parental melanoma cells (UCT Mel-1), yet combination therapy was the most efficient. At the exception of DTIC treatment, both HYP-PDT and the combination therapy were effective in significantly reducing the Hoechst non-effluxing dye melanoma main populations (MP) compared to their side population (SP) counterparts. Likewise, HYP-PDT and combination therapy significantly reduced self-renewal capacity, increased expression of ABCB5 and ABCG2 transporters and differentially induced cell cycle arrest and cell death (apoptosis or necrosis) depending on the melanoma MP cell type. Collectively, combination therapy could synergistically reduce melanoma proliferative and clonogenic potential. However, further research is needed to decipher the cellular mechanisms underlying this resistance which would enable combination therapy to reach therapeutic fruition.
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Lenkavska L, Tomkova S, Horvath D, Huntosova V. Searching for combination therapy by clustering methods: Stimulation of PKC in Golgi apparatus combined with hypericin induced PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101813. [PMID: 32442674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is a very attractive target for anticancer treatments. This work focuses on protein kinase C (PKC) signaling in the U87 MG glioma. By means of western blot, fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy the correlation between the Golgi apparatus (GA), lysosomes and mitochondria were evaluated. The known regulators of PKC were applied to cancer cells. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was chosen as the activator of PKC. Gö6976, hypericin and rottlerin, the inhibitors of PKCα and PKCδ were selected as well. Stabilization, destabilization processes occurring in cells allow classification of observations into several groups. Multiple versions of hierarchical cluster analysis have been applied and similarities have been found between organelles and PKC regulators. The method identified GA as an extraordinary organelle whose functionality is significantly influenced by PKC regulators as well as oxidative stress. Therefore, combination therapy has been designed according to the results of the cluster analysis. Furthermore, the efficacy of photodynamic therapy mediated by hypericin, and the consequent apoptosis, was significantly increased during the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effectiveness of the clustering in the given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lenkavska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Tomkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
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Macejová M, Sačková V, Hradická P, Jendželovský R, Demečková V, Fedoročko P. Combination of photoactive hypericin and Manumycin A exerts multiple anticancer effects on oxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Teng X, Li F, Lu C, Li B. Carbon dot-assisted luminescence of singlet oxygen: the generation dynamics but not the cumulative amount of singlet oxygen is responsible for the photodynamic therapy efficacy. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:978-985. [PMID: 32314991 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbon dot-based luminescence probe for singlet oxygen (1O2) with a conventional optical detector has been implemented through the specific formation of electronically excited carbonyls from the breakdown of unstable endoperoxide intermediates, and its application in the real-time in vivo monitoring of 1O2 in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is achieved. More attractively, the relationship between the dynamics details of photosensitizer-generated 1O2 and the PDT efficacy has been established through a modified multiple-target survival model, enabling a direct and easy estimate of the surviving fraction of tumor cells from the generation dynamics of 1O2. Both in vitro and in vivo therapy results revealed that the rapid generation dynamics of 1O2 rather than its cumulative amount is responsible for better treatment efficacy in PDT. Overall, the deeper insight into the important roles of the generation dynamics of 1O2 in the PDT efficacy is irreplaceably advantageous in substantially reduced risks from deleterious treatment-related side effects by screening advanced photosensitizers and determining the light exposure end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Damke GMZF, Damke E, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Ratti BA, de Freitas Meirelles LE, da Silva VRS, Gonçalves RS, César GB, de Oliveira Silva S, Caetano W, Hioka N, Souza RP, Consolaro MEL. Selective photodynamic effects on cervical cancer cells provided by P123 Pluronic®-based nanoparticles modulating hypericin delivery. Life Sci 2020; 255:117858. [PMID: 32497635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer among women worldwide with no effective treatment options. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hypericin (HYP) encapsulated on Pluronic® P123 (HYP/P123) photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a comprehensive panel of human cervical cancer-derived cell lines, including HeLa (HPV 18-positive), SiHa (HPV 16-positive), CaSki (HPV 16 and 18-positive), and C33A (HPV-negative), compared to a nontumorigenic human epithelial cell line (HaCaT). Were investigated: (i) cell cytotoxicity and phototoxicity, cellular uptake and subcellular distribution; (ii) cell death pathway and cellular oxidative stress; (iii) migration and invasion. Our results showed that HYP/P123 micelles had effective and selective time- and dose-dependent phototoxic effects on cervical cancer cells but not in HaCaT. Moreover, HYP/P123 micelles accumulated in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes, resulting in photodynamic cell death mainly by necrosis. HYP/P123 induced cellular oxidative stress mainly via type II mechanism of PDT and inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion mainly via MMP-2 inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate a potentially useful role of HYP/P123 micelles as a platform for HYP delivery to more specifically and effectively treat cervical cancers through PDT, suggesting they are worthy for in vivo preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Altrão Ratti
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lyvia Eloiza de Freitas Meirelles
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Ramos Sela da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato Sonchini Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Batista César
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pantarotto Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87025-210 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kessel D. Exploring Modes of Photokilling by Hypericin. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1101-1104. [PMID: 32343412 DOI: 10.1111/php.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the anthraquinone hypericin were explored with OVCAR-5 cells in vitro. Irradiation resulted in ER > lysosomal photodamage. Paraptosis was identified as a primary death pathway resulting from ER perturbation. This is characterized by an extensive pattern of cytoplasmic vacuole formation. As the PDT dose increased, apoptotic death was also detected. The cytoprotective effect of autophagy, observed when certain other subcellular sites are PDT targets, appears to be absent. These results, together with prior evidence that paraptosis can be lethal to cells with an impaired apoptotic pathway, suggest a role for agents with this targeting profile in photodynamic therapy. A limitation to be overcome for hypericin is a suboptimal absorbance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Hypericin and its radio iodinated derivatives – A novel combined approach for the treatment of pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vollmer A, Al-Ahmad A, Argyropoulou A, Thurnheer T, Hellwig E, Attin T, Vach K, Wittmer A, Ferguson K, Skaltsounis AL, Karygianni L. Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) and Hypericum Perforatum Modifies In Situ Oral Biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20325. [PMID: 31889168 PMCID: PMC6937260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is gaining increasing popularity in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of aPDT using visible light (VIS) and water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) in combination with a Hypericum perforatum extract on in situ oral biofilms. The chemical composition of H. perforatum extract was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). To obtain initial and mature oral biofilms in situ, intraoral devices with fixed bovine enamel slabs (BES) were carried by six healthy volunteers for two hours and three days, respectively. The ex situ exposure of biofilms to VIS + wIRA (200 mWcm-2) and H. perforatum (32 mg ml-1, non-rinsed or rinsed prior to aPDT after 2-min preincubation) lasted for five minutes. Biofilm treatment with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX) served as a positive control, while untreated biofilms served as a negative control. The colony-forming units (CFU) of the aPDT-treated biofilms were quantified, and the surviving microorganisms were identified using MALDI-TOF biochemical tests as well as 16 S rDNA-sequencing. We could show that the H. perforatum extract had significant photoactivation potential at a concentration of 32 mg ml-1. When aPDT was carried out in the presence of H. perforatum, all biofilms (100%) were completely eradicated (p = 0.0001). When H. perforatum was rinsed off prior to aPDT, more than 92% of the initial viable bacterial count and 13% of the mature oral biofilm were killed. Overall, the microbial composition in initial and mature biofilms was substantially altered after aPDT, inducing a shift in the synthesis of the microbial community. In conclusion, H. perforatum-mediated aPDT using VIS + wIRA interferes with oral biofilms, resulting in their elimination or the substantial alteration of microbial diversity and richness. The present results support the evaluation of H. perforatum-mediated aPDT for the adjunctive treatment of biofilm-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vollmer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerry Ferguson
- Botanical Innovation, Unit 2, 390 Clergate Road, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Alexios Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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R Mokoena D, P George B, Abrahamse H. Enhancing Breast Cancer Treatment Using a Combination of Cannabidiol and Gold Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4771. [PMID: 31561450 PMCID: PMC6801525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indisputably, cancer is a global crisis that requires immediate intervention. Despite the use of conventional treatments over the past decades, it is acceptable to admit that these are expensive, invasive, associated with many side effects and, therefore, a reduced quality of life. One of the most possible solutions to this could be the use of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with cannabidiol (CBD), a Cannabis derivative from the Cannabis sativa. Since the use of Cannabis has always been associated with recreation and psychoactive qualities, the positive effects of Cannabis or its derivatives on cancer treatment have been misunderstood and hence misinterpreted. On the other hand, AuNP-PDT is the most favoured form of treatment for cancer, due to its augmented specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to conventional treatments. However, its use requires the consideration of several physical, biologic, pharmacologic and immunological factors, which may hinder its effectiveness if not taken into consideration. In this review, the role of gold nanoparticle mediated PDT combined with CBD treatment on breast cancer cells will be deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimakatso R Mokoena
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
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BODIPYs in antitumoral and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An integrating review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Siewert B, Stuppner H. The photoactivity of natural products - An overlooked potential of phytomedicines? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152985. [PMID: 31257117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoactivity, though known for centuries, is only recently shifting back into focus as a treatment option against cancer and microbial infections. The external factor light is the ingenious key-component of this therapy: Since light activates the drug locally, a high level of selectivity is reached and side effects are avoided. The first reported photoactive medicines were plant extracts. Synthetic entities (so-called photosensitizers PSs), however, paved the route towards the clinical approval of the so-called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and thus natural PSs took a backseat in the past. HYPOTHESIS Many isolated bioactive phytochemicals hold a hidden photoactive potential, which is overlooked due to the reduced common awareness of photoactivity. METHODS A systematic review of reported natural PSs and their supposed medicinal application was conducted by employing PubMed, Scifinder, and Web of Science. The identified photoactive natural products were compiled including information about their natural sources, their photoyield, and their pharmacological application. Furthermore, the common chemical scaffolds of natural PS are shown to enable the reader to recognize potentially overlooked natural PSs. RESULTS The literature review revealed over 100 natural PS, excluding porphyrins. The PSs were classified according to their scaffold. Thereby it was shown that some PS-scaffolds were analyzed in a detailed way, while other classes were only scarcely investigated, which leaves space for future discoveries. In addition, the literature revealed that many PSs are phytoalexins, thus the selection of the starting material significantly matters in order to find new PSs. CONCLUSION Photoactive principles are ubiquitous and can be found in various plant extracts. With the increasing availability of light-irradiation setups for the identification of photoactive natural products, we anticipate the discovery of many new natural PSs in the near future. With the accumulation of chemically diverse PSs, PDT itself might finally reach its clinical breakthrough as a promising alternative treatment against multi-resistant microbes and cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria.
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
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Theodossiou TA, Ali M, Grigalavicius M, Grallert B, Dillard P, Schink KO, Olsen CE, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM, Kubin A, Peng Q, Berg K. Simultaneous defeat of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 resistances by a hypericin PDT-tamoxifen hybrid therapy. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 30993194 PMCID: PMC6458138 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the greatest challenge in oncology is the lack of homogeneity of the lesions where different cell components respond differently to treatment. There is growing consensus that monotherapies are insufficient to eradicate the disease and there is an unmet need for more potent combinatorial treatments. We have previously shown that hypericin photodynamic therapy (HYP-PDT) triggers electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition in cell mitochondria. We have also shown that tamoxifen (TAM) enhances cytotoxicity in cells with high respiration, when combined with ETC inhibitors. Herein we introduce a synergistic treatment based on TAM chemotherapy and HYP-PDT. We tested this novel combinatorial treatment (HYPERTAM) in two metabolically different breast cancer cell lines, the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and the estrogen-receptor-positive MCF7, the former being quite sensitive to HYP-PDT while the latter very responsive to TAM treatment. In addition, we investigated the mode of death, effect of lipid peroxidation, and the effect on cell metabolism. The results were quite astounding. HYPERTAM exhibited over 90% cytotoxicity in both cell lines. This cytotoxicity was in the form of both necrosis and autophagy, while high levels of lipid peroxidation were observed in both cell lines. We, consequently, translated our research to an in vivo pilot study encompassing the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 tumor models in NOD SCID-γ immunocompromised mice. Both treatment cohorts responded very positively to HYPERTRAM, which significantly prolonged mice survival. HYPERTAM is a potent, synergistic modality, which may lay the foundations for a novel, composite anticancer treatment, effective in diverse tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mantas Grigalavicius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Beata Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay Oliver Schink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine E. Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Kubin
- PLANTA Naturstoffe Vertriebs GmbH, A-1120 Wien, Austria
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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Lenkavska L, Blascakova L, Jurasekova Z, Macajova M, Bilcik B, Cavarga I, Miskovsky P, Huntosova V. Benefits of hypericin transport and delivery by low- and high-density lipoproteins to cancer cells: From in vitro to ex ovo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Xu L, Zhang X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Yi K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Shao L, Zhao T. Hypericin-photodynamic therapy inhibits the growth of adult T-cell leukemia cells through induction of apoptosis and suppression of viral transcription. Retrovirology 2019; 16:5. [PMID: 30782173 PMCID: PMC6381730 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL carries a poor prognosis due to chemotherapy resistance. Thus, it is urgent to develop new treatment strategies. Hypericin (HY) is a new-type of photosensitizer in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its excellent photosensitizing properties and anti-tumor activities. RESULTS In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of hypericin in ATL cells. Clinically achievable concentrations of hypericin in association with PDT induced the inhibition of cell proliferation in ATL cell lines with minimal effect on peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, hypericin-PDT treatment caused apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in leukemic cells. Western blot analyses revealed that hypericin-PDT treatment resulted in downregulation of Bcl-2 and enhanced the expression of Bad, cytochrome C, and AIF. Cleavage of caspases-3/-7/-9/-8, Bid, and PARP was increased in hypericin-PDT-treated ATL cells. In a luciferase assay, hypericin-PDT treatment was able to activate the promoter activity of Bax and p53, resulting in enhanced expression of Bax and p53 proteins. Finally, hypericin-PDT treatment suppressed the expression of viral protein HBZ and Tax by blocking the promoter activity via HTLV-1 5'LTR and 3'LTR. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that hypericin-PDT is highly effective against ATL cells by induction of apoptosis and suppression of viral transcription. These studies highlight the promising use of hypericin-PDT as a targeted therapy for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhao Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Department, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaining Yi
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxiang Shao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
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Padayachee ER, Adeola HA, Van Wyk JC, Nsole Biteghe FA, Chetty S, Khumalo NP, Barth S. Applications of SNAP-tag technology in skin cancer therapy. Health Sci Rep 2019; 2:e103. [PMID: 30809593 PMCID: PMC6375544 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer treatment in the 21st century has seen immense advances in optical imaging and immunotherapy. Significant progress has been made in the bioengineering and production of immunoconjugates to achieve the goal of specifically targeting tumors. DISCUSSION In the 21st century, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have been the focus of immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer. ADCs combine the unique targeting of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cancer killing ability of cytotoxic drugs. However, due to random conjugation methods of drug to antibody, ADCs are associated with poor antigen specificity and low cytotoxicity, resulting in a drug to antibody ratio (DAR) >1. This means that the cytotoxic drugs in ADCs are conjugated randomly to antibodies, by cysteine or lysine residues. This generates heterogeneous ADC populations with 0 to 8 drugs per an antibody, each with distinct pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and toxicity properties. Additionally, heterogeneity is created not only by different antibody to ligand ratios but also by different sites of conjugation. Hence, much effort has been made to find and establish antibody conjugation strategies that enable us to better control stoichiometry and site-specificity. This includes utilizing protein self-labeling tags as fusion partners to the original protein. Site-specific conjugation is a significant characteristic of these engineered proteins. SNAP-tag is one such engineered self-labeling protein tag shown to have promising potential in cancer treatment. The SNAP-tag is fused to an antibody of choice and covalently reacts specifically in a 1:1 ratio with benzylguanine (BG) substrates, eg, fluorophores or photosensitizers, to target skin cancer. This makes SNAP-tag a versatile technique in optical imaging and photoimmunotherapy of skin cancer. CONCLUSION SNAP-tag technology has the potential to contribute greatly to a broad range of molecular oncological applications because it combines efficacious tumor targeting, minimized local and systemic toxicity, and noninvasive assessment of diagnostic/prognostic molecular biomarkers of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Rebecca Padayachee
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Henry Ademola Adeola
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape Town and Groote Schuur HospitalCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Jennifer Catherine Van Wyk
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape Town and Groote Schuur HospitalCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Fleury Augustine Nsole Biteghe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Patience Khumalo
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape Town and Groote Schuur HospitalCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Damke GMZF, Souza RP, Montanha MC, Damke E, Gonçalves RS, César GB, Kimura E, Caetano W, Hioka N, Consolaro MEL. Selective Photodynamic Effects on Breast Cancer Cells Provided by p123 Pluronic®- Based Nanoparticles Modulating Hypericin Delivery. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2018; 20:1352-1367. [PMID: 30387402 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181102091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most relevant type of cancer and the second cause of cancer- related deaths among women in general. Currently, there is no effective treatment for breast cancer although advances in its initial diagnosis and treatment are available. Therefore, the value of novel anti-tumor therapeutic modalities remains an immediate unmet need in clinical practice. Following our previous work regarding the properties of the Pluronics with different photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), in this study we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of supersaturated hypericin (HYP) encapsulated on Pluronic® P123 (HYP/P123) against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and non-tumorigenic breast cells (MCF-10A). METHODS Cell internalization and subcellular distribution of HYP/P123 was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The phototoxicity and citototoxicity of HYP/P123 was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay in the presence and absence of light. Long-term cytotoxicity was performed by clonogenic assay. Cell migration was determined by the wound-healing assay. Apoptosis and necrosis assays were performed by annexin VFITC/ propidium Iodide (PI) by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Our results showed that HYP/P123 micelles had high stability and high rates of binding to cells, which resulted in the selective internalization in MCF-7, indicating their potential to permeate the membrane of these cells. Moreover, HYP/P123 micelles accumulated in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum organelles, resulting in the photodynamic cell death by necrosis. Additionally, HYP/P123 micelles showed effective and selective time- and dose dependent phototoxic effects on MCF-7 cells but little damage to MCF-10A cells. HYP/P123 micelles inhibited the generation of cellular colonies, indicating a possible capability to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer. We also demonstrated that HYP/P123 micelles inhibit the migration of tumor cells, possibly by decreasing their ability to form metastases. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results presented here indicate a potentially useful role of HYP/P123 micelles as a platform for HYP delivery to more specifically and effectively treat human breast cancers through photodynamic therapy, suggesting they are worthy for in vivo preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Pantarotto Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elza Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Mastrangelopoulou M, Grigalavicius M, Berg K, Ménard M, Theodossiou TA. Cytotoxic and Photocytotoxic Effects of Cercosporin on Human Tumor Cell Lines. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:387-396. [PMID: 30107033 DOI: 10.1111/php.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cercosporin is a naturally occurring perylenequinone. Although other perylenequinones have been extensively studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), cercosporin has been studied in this light only within the remits of phytopathology. Herein, we investigated the photocytotoxicity of cercosporin against two glioblastoma multiforme (T98G and U87) and one breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) human cell lines. Cercosporin was found to be a potent singlet oxygen producer upon 532 nm excitation, while its cell loading was similar for MCF7 and U87, but approximately threefold higher for T98G cells. The subcellular localization of cercosporin was in all cases in both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Light irradiation of cercosporin-incubated cells around 450 nm showed that T98G cells were more susceptible to cercosporin PDT, mainly due to their higher cercosporin uptake. Metabolic studies before and 1 h following cercosporin PDT showed that cercosporin PDT instigated a bioenergetic collapse in both the respiratory and glycolytic activities of all cell lines. In the dark, cercosporin exhibited a synergistic cytotoxicity with copper only in the most respiratory cell lines (MCF7 and T98G). Cercosporin is a potent photosensitizer, but with a short activation wavelength, mostly suitable for superficial PDT treatments, especially when it is necessary to avoid perforations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mastrangelopoulou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mantas Grigalavicius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathilde Ménard
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodossis A Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Nahdi A, Hammami I, Ali RB, Kallech-Ziri O, El May A, El May MV. Effect of Hypericum humifusum aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts on biochemical and histological parameters in adult rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:144-152. [PMID: 30218859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum genus is traditionally known for its medicinal use and its therapeutic and antioxidant effects. However, the toxic effect of this plant has not been much explored. Our study aimed at investigating the effect of Hypericum humifusum (Hh) leaf extracts on oxidative stress parameters in male rats. For it, we first focused on the phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Hh leaves. Hence, Wistar rats were treated per gavage for 30 days and divided into Control (1 mL/rat, distilled water), A200 group (200 mg/kg body weight (bw) aqueous extract), A400 group (400 mg/kg bw aqueous extract), M10 group (10 mg/kg bw methanolic extract), M20 group (20 mg/kg bw methanolic extract). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. Biochemical and histological investigations were performed in plasma and liver tissue. Liver tissue homogenates were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. At the same time, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in plasma samples. Histological study was also conducted in liver. We showed that Hh extracts reduced relative liver weight and increased ALT, AST, LDH activities in treated groups compared to control group. These results were associated with an increase of MDA levels and a decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) in liver tissues of treated rats. Histology of liver demonstrated several alterations showing necrosis, altered hepatocytes and lymphocyte migration mainly in A200 group and dilated sinusoids, foamy appearance of hepatocytes and lymphocyte accumulation in the other treated groups. This original work indicated that chronic consumption of Hh leaf extracts has no antioxidant effect but instead it induces oxidative stress and enhances markers of cell damage which was confirmed by histological study of liver rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Nahdi
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine, 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Hammami
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine, 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Ben Ali
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine, 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Kallech-Ziri
- National Research Institute of Physico-chemical Analyses, INRAP, Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed El May
- Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Place Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michèle Véronique El May
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine, 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
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Shao C, Shang K, Xu H, Zhang Y, Pei Z, Pei Y. Facile fabrication of hypericin-entrapped glyconanoparticles for targeted photodynamic therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4319-4331. [PMID: 30087563 PMCID: PMC6061409 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s161262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy is a safe, noninvasive modality for cancer therapy, in which the photosensitizer (PS) is a crucial component. Hypericin (Hy) is a promising PS; however, its clinical application is significantly limited by its poor hydrophilicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To overcome the clinical application limitation of Hy, a novel strategy is developed here by entrapping Hy into polydopamine (PDA) film formed on the surface of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) through the self-polymerization of dopamine under alkaline condition. The amount of Hy in the Hy-entrapped PDA-MNP composite nanoparticles (denoted as PHMs) was measured by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, lactose, as the targeting ligand to asialoglycoprotein receptors, was conjugated to the surface of the PHMs by taking advantage of the spontaneous reaction of PDA with amino groups. RESULTS Spectrophotometry analysis revealed that the amount of Hy in the PHMs was 72 μmol g-1 PHMs. The fabricated Hy-entrapped glyconanoparticle (Lac-PHM) exhibited excellent water dispersibility, stability, and selectivity for asialoglycoprotein receptors overexpressing HepG2 cells. Atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis showed that the amount of the Lac-PHMs taken in HepG2 cells was 2.1-fold higher than that of the triethylene glycol-modified PHMs. The results of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation detection, cytotoxicity study, and apoptosis detection indicated that the Lac-PHMs had a satisfying photodynamic effect to HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION The strategy developed in this work offers great potential for delivery of a variety of hydrophobic PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
| | - Kun Shang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
| | - Huaibao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, ;
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Wei Y, Hu X, Shen L, Jin B, Liu X, Tan W, Shangguan D. Dicyanomethylene Substituted Benzothiazole Squaraines: The Efficiency of Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro and In Vivo. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:25-33. [PMID: 28811165 PMCID: PMC5605326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of ideal photosensitizers limits the clinicalapplication of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here we report the PDT efficiency of dicyanomethylene substituted benzothiazole squaraine derivatives. This class of squaraine derivatives possess strong absorption and long excitation and emission wavelengths (ex/em, 685/720 nm). They show negligible dark toxicity, but can generate singlet oxygen under irradiation resulting in the apoptosis and necrosis of cells (phototoxicity). Changing the side chains of these compounds greatly influences their albumin-binding rate, cellular uptake and their phototoxicity. One of the squaraine derivatives with two methyl butyrate side chains shows high PDT efficiency in a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model under the irradiation of a 690 nm laser. These results show the great potential of dicyanomethylene substituted benzothiazole squaraines to be the leading compound of near-infrared photosensitizers in PDT. New squaraines show high photodynamic therapy efficiency in mouse xenograft model under irradiation at 690 nm. Squaraine derivatives show negligible dark toxicity and high phototoxicity. Side chains of squaraines greatly affect their albumin-binding rate, cellular uptake.
Photodynamic therapy is a noninvasive and precisely directed treatment that uses photosensitizer and light. The light causes photosensitizer to react with oxygen, which forms chemicals that kills the diseased cells. The lack of ideal photosensitizers limits the clinicalapplication of photodynamic therapy. In the paper, we report the photodynamic therapy efficiency of dicyanomethylene substituted benzothiazole squaraine derivatives which can be actived by red light. These squaraine derivatives show negligible toxicity in dark, but exhibit strong cytotoxicity under irradiation. One of the squaraine derivatives shows high photodynamic therapy efficiency for cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22, Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Luyao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, 410082, China; Department of Chemistry, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
| | - Dihua Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Hammami I, Ali RB, Nahdi A, Kallech-Ziri O, Boussada M, El May A, El May MV. Chronic consumption of Hypericum humifusum leaf extracts impairs epididymis spermatozoa characters in association with oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:616-625. [PMID: 28686976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in Hypericum (Hypericaceae) genus. The first part of the present study focused on the phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Hypericum humifusum leaves. The second part of the study investigated the effect of Hypericum humifusum leaf extracts on male reproductive parameters. 30 male rats were grouped into control (1mL/rat, distilled water), treated by 200mg/kg body weight (bw) aqueous extract (A200), 400mg/kg bw aqueous extract (A400), 10mg/kg bw methanolic extract (M10) and 20mg/kg bw methanolic extract (M20) groups. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. After thirty-day treatment, body and reproductive organs were weighed. Testes in all rat groups were processed for biochemical assays and histopathological examinations. Epididymis sperm analyses were also performed. Testicular tissue homogenate samples were used for Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurements. We showed that Hh extracts induced a severe seminiferous tubular damage with an increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Epididymis sperm analysis revealed a significant reduction in density and viability of sperm with alteration of spermatozoa morphology. Also, we found that Hh leaf extracts decreased plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels. These results were associated with an increase of MDA levels and a decrease of catalase and SOD activities in testis tissues. Our finding revealed that chronic consumption of Hh extracts induces disruption of normal spermatogenesis by alteration of sperm density, viability, and morphology. This action may be due to an inhibition of the antioxidant-defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Ridha Ben Ali
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Nahdi
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Kallech-Ziri
- National Research Institute of Physico-chemical Analyses, INRAP, Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Boussada
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed El May
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Place Bab Saadoun 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michèle Véronique El May
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
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Synergism between PKCδ regulators hypericin and rottlerin enhances apoptosis in U87 MG glioma cells after light stimulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:267-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Huntosova V, Novotova M, Nichtova Z, Balogova L, Maslanakova M, Petrovajova D, Stroffekova K. Assessing light-independent effects of hypericin on cell viability, ultrastructure and metabolism in human glioma and endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:184-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Misuth M, Joniova J, Horvath D, Dzurova L, Nichtova Z, Novotova M, Miskovsky P, Stroffekova K, Huntosova V. The flashlights on a distinct role of protein kinase C δ: Phosphorylation of regulatory and catalytic domain upon oxidative stress in glioma cells. Cell Signal 2017; 34:11-22. [PMID: 28237688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme are considered to be aggressive high-grade tumors with poor prognosis for patient survival. Photodynamic therapy is one of the adjuvant therapies which has been used for glioblastoma multiforme during last decade. Hypericin, a photosensitizer, can be employed in this treatment. We have studied the effect of hypericin on PKCδ phosphorylation in U87 MG cells before and after light application. Hypericin increased PKCδ phosphorylation at tyrosine 155 in the regulatory domain and serine 645 in the catalytic domain. However, use of the light resulted in apoptosis, decreased phosphorylation of tyrosine 155 and enhanced serine 645. The PKCδ localization and phosphorylation of regulatory and catalytic domains were shown to play a distinct role in the anti-apoptotic response of glioma cells. We hypothesized that PKCδ phosphorylated at the regulatory domain is primarily present in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria before irradiation, and it may participate in Bcl-2 phosphorylation. After hypericin and light application, PKCδ phosphorylated at a regulatory domain which is in the nucleus. In contrast, PKCδ phosphorylated at the catalytic domain may be mostly active in the nucleus before irradiation, but active in the cytoplasm after the irradiation. In summary, light-induced oxidative stress significantly regulates PKCδ pro-survival and pro-apoptotic activity in glioma cells by its phosphorylation at serine 645 and tyrosine 155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Misuth
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Dzurova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Nichtova
- Department of Muscle Cell Research, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Novotova
- Department of Muscle Cell Research, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia; SAFTRA Photonics Ltd., Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Stroffekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
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Hypericin in the Dark: Foe or Ally in Photodynamic Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100093. [PMID: 27754424 PMCID: PMC5082383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) are, in most cases, administered systemically with preferential accumulation in malignant tissues; however, exposure of non-malignant tissues to PS may also be clinically relevant, when PS molecules affect the pro-apoptotic cascade without illumination. Hypericin (Hyp) as PS and its derivatives have long been studied, regarding their photodynamic and photocytotoxic characteristics. Hyp and its derivatives have displayed light-activated antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in many tumor cell lines without cytotoxicity in the dark. However, light-independent effects of Hyp have emerged. Contrary to the acclaimed Hyp minimal dark cytotoxicity and preferential accumulation in tumor cells, it was recently been shown that non-malignant and malignant cells uptake Hyp at a similar level. In addition, Hyp has displayed light-independent toxicity and anti-proliferative effects in a wide range of concentrations. There are multiple mechanisms underlying Hyp light-independent effects, and we are still missing many details about them. In this paper, we focus on Hyp light-independent effects at several sub-cellular levels—protein distribution and synthesis, organelle ultrastructure and function, and Hyp light-independent effects regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS). We summarize work from our laboratories and that of others to reveal an intricate network of the Hyp light-independent effects. We propose a schematic model of pro- and anti-apoptotic protein dynamics between cell organelles due to Hyp presence without illumination. Based on our model, Hyp can be explored as an adjuvant therapeutic drug in combination with chemo- or radiation cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.
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