1
|
Evaluating the predictive character of the method of Constrained Geometries Simulate External Force with Density Functional Theory. FORCES IN MECHANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2022.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
2
|
Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex-Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13559-13563. [PMID: 33826803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a new flex-activated mechanophore that releases an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) under mechanical load. The mechanophore design is based upon NHC-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) adducts and demonstrates an important first step toward flex-activated designs capable of further downstream reactivities. Since the flex-activation is non-destructive to the main polymer chains, the material can be subjected to multiple compression cycles to achieve iterative increases in the activation percentage of mechanophores. Two different NHC structures were demonstrated, signifying the potential modularity of the mechanophore design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael B Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Allison G Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, 4484 Peachtree Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex‐Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Allison G. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Oglethorpe University 4484 Peachtree Rd Atlanta GA 30319 USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia J, Zhao P, Pan S, Xu H. Diselenide-Containing Polymeric Vesicles with Osmotic Pressure Response. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:629-633. [PMID: 35619536 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanophore is a kind of functional group that can undergo chemical reactions when given mechanical force stimuli. In this paper, osmotic pressure was used as an external force to trigger a diselenide exchange reaction. A diselenide bond containing block polymer capable of self-assembling to a vesicle structure and an ester bond containing a counterpart were synthesized in this study. When NaCl was added into the solution to generate the osmotic pressure difference inside and outside vesicles, diselenide containing vesicles were ruptured, while the ester bond counterpart stayed still. Further investigation into the chemical composition of both vesicles indicated the occurrence of the diselenide exchange reaction. The osmotic pressure response of the diselenide bond enriched the diselenide dynamic covalent chemistry and offers a potential application in a controlled release system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuojiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Photocleavable Supramolecular Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Release in Cancer Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Hua Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xianjing Wu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ying‐Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang Z, Boyaud F, Guillot R, Boddaert T, Aitken DJ. A Photochemical Route to 3- and 4-Hydroxy Derivatives of 2-Aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic Acid with an all-cis Geometry. J Org Chem 2017; 83:527-534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong Chang
- CP3A
Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris
Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - France Boyaud
- CP3A
Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris
Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Services
Communs, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Boddaert
- CP3A
Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris
Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - David J. Aitken
- CP3A
Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris
Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Honda S, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. A Twisting Ring Polymer: Synthesis and Thermally Induced Chiroptical Responses of a Cyclic Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Having Axially Chiral Units. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Honda
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaoru Adachi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valentini A, Rivero D, Zapata F, García-Iriepa C, Marazzi M, Palmeiro R, Fdez. Galván I, Sampedro D, Olivucci M, Frutos LM. Optomechanical Control of Quantum Yield in Trans
-Cis
Ultrafast Photoisomerization of a Retinal Chromophore Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3842-3846. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valentini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Daniel Rivero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Felipe Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ); University of La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 53 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Theory-Modeling-Simulation SRSMC; Université de Lorraine-Nancy; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy France
- Theory-Modeling-Simulation SRSMC; CNRS; SRSMC Boulevard des Aiguillettes Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Raúl Palmeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström; Uppsala Center for Computational Chemistry-UC 3; Uppsala University; Box 518 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ); University of La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 53 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
- USIAS and Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg; Université de Strasbourg-CNRS; 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Valentini A, Rivero D, Zapata F, García-Iriepa C, Marazzi M, Palmeiro R, Fdez. Galván I, Sampedro D, Olivucci M, Frutos LM. Optomechanical Control of Quantum Yield in Trans
-Cis
Ultrafast Photoisomerization of a Retinal Chromophore Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valentini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Daniel Rivero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Felipe Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ); University of La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 53 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Theory-Modeling-Simulation SRSMC; Université de Lorraine-Nancy; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy France
- Theory-Modeling-Simulation SRSMC; CNRS; SRSMC Boulevard des Aiguillettes Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Raúl Palmeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström; Uppsala Center for Computational Chemistry-UC 3; Uppsala University; Box 518 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ); University of La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 53 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
- USIAS and Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg; Université de Strasbourg-CNRS; 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Ctra. A2 Km 33,6 28871 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA, Zhang Q. Preparation of mechanoresponsive hairy particles using polymeric surfactants in emulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that particles synthesized by emulsion polymerization using mechanophore-containing PS46-b-PAA142 as stabilizers can be mechanically activated, which further opens up ways for the application of polymer mechanochemistry in aqueous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Yibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aboutorabi L, Morsali A. Sonochemical synthesis of two new nano lead(II) coordination polymers: Evaluation of structural transformation via mechanochemical approach. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 32:31-36. [PMID: 27150742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new lead(II) mixed-ligand coordination polymers, [Pb(PNO)(SCN)]n (1) and [Pb(PNO)(N3)]n (2), (HPNO=picolinic acid N-oxide) were synthesized by a sonochemical method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The thermal behavior of 1 and 2 were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. Structural transformations of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated through anion-replacement processes by mechanochemical method. Moreover, the effect of sonication conditions including time, concentrations of initial reagents and power of irradiation were evaluated on size and morphology of compounds 1 and 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Aboutorabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-175, Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-175, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee ME, Gungor E, Armani AM. Photocleavage of Poly(methyl acrylate) with Centrally Located o-Nitrobenzyl Moiety: Influence of Environment on Kinetics. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele E. Lee
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Eda Gungor
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rivero D, Valentini A, Fernández-González MÁ, Zapata F, García-Iriepa C, Sampedro D, Palmeiro R, Frutos LM. Mechanical Forces Alter Conical Intersections Topology. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:3740-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rivero
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Felipe Zapata
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 51, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 51, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Raúl Palmeiro
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Y, Sheiko SS. Molecular Mechanochemistry: Engineering and Implications of Inherently Strained Architectures. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:1-36. [PMID: 25805145 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical activation of chemical bonds is usually achieved by applying external forces. However, nearly all molecules exhibit inherent strain of their chemical bonds and angles as a result of constraints imposed by covalent bonding and interactions with the surrounding environment. Particularly strong deformation of bonds and angles is observed in hyperbranched macromolecules caused by steric repulsion of densely grafted polymer branches. In addition to the tension amplification, macromolecular architecture allows for accurate control of strain distribution, which enables focusing of the internal mechanical tension to specific chemical bonds and angles. As such, chemically identical bonds in self-strained macromolecules become physically distinct because the difference in bond tension leads to the corresponding difference in the electronic structure and chemical reactivity of individual bonds within the same macromolecule. In this review, we outline different approaches to the design of strained macromolecules along with physical principles of tension management, including generation, amplification, and focusing of mechanical tension at specific chemical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hemmer JR, Smith PD, van Horn M, Alnemrat S, Mason BP, de Alaniz JR, Osswald S, Hooper JP. High strain-rate response of spiropyran mechanophores in PMMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Patrick D. Smith
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Matt van Horn
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Sufian Alnemrat
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Brian P. Mason
- Research Department; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division; 3767 Strauss Ave. Indian Head Maryland 20640
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Sebastian Osswald
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Joseph P. Hooper
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balkenende DWR, Coulibaly S, Balog S, Simon YC, Fiore GL, Weder C. Mechanochemistry with metallosupramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10493-8. [PMID: 24972163 DOI: 10.1021/ja5051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transduction of mechanical force into useful chemical reactions is an emerging design approach to impart soft materials with new functions. Here, we report that mechanochemical transductions can be achieved in metallosupramolecular polymers. We show that both reversible and irreversible reactions are possible and useful to create mechanically responsive materials that display new functions. The metallopolymer studied was a cross-linked network assembled from a europium salt and a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) with 2,6-bis(1'-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (Mebip) ligands at the termini. The Eu(3+) complexes serve both as mechanically responsive binding motifs and as built-in optical probes that can monitor the extent of (dis)assembly due to their characteristic photoluminescent properties. Indeed, dose-dependent and reversible metal-ligand dissociation occurs upon exposure to ultrasound in solution. The absence of ultrasound-induced dissociation of a low-molecular weight model complex and in-depth studies of temperature effects confirm that the dissociation is indeed the result of mechanical activation. The influence of the strength of the metal-ligand interactions on the mechanically induced dissociation was also explored. Metallopolymers in which the Mebip ligands were substituted with more strongly coordinating dipicolinate (dpa) ligands do not dissociate upon exposure to ultrasound. Finally, we show that mechanochemical transduction in metallosupramolecular polymers is also possible in the solid state. We demonstrate mending of damaged objects through ultrasound as well as mechanochromic behavior based on metal-exchange reactions in metallopolymers imbibed with an auxiliary metal salt.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mechanically triggered heterolytic unzipping of a low-ceiling-temperature polymer. Nat Chem 2014; 6:623-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
20
|
Model studies of force-dependent kinetics of multi-barrier reactions. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2538. [PMID: 24077443 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to transition state theory, the rate of a reaction that traverses multiple energy barriers is determined by the least stable (rate-determining) transition state. The preceding ('inner') energy barriers are kinetically 'invisible' but mechanistically significant. Here we show experimentally and computationally that the reduction rate of organic disulphides by phosphines in water, which in the absence of force proceeds by an equilibrium formation of a thiophosphonium intermediate, measured as a function of force applied on the disulphide moiety yields a usefully accurate estimate of the height of the inner barrier. We apply varying stretching force to the disulphide by incorporating it into a series of increasingly strained macrocycles. This force accelerates the reduction, even though the strain-free rate-determining step is orthogonal to the pulling direction. The observed rate-force correlation is consistent with the simplest model of force-dependent kinetics of a multi-barrier reaction.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee CK, Diesendruck CE, Lu E, Pickett AN, May PA, Moore JS, Braun PV. Solvent Swelling Activation of a Mechanophore in a Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corissa K. Lee
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Enjiong Lu
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Austin N. Pickett
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Preston A. May
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cravotto G, Gaudino EC, Cintas P. On the mechanochemical activation by ultrasound. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:7521-34. [PMID: 23321794 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemists have discovered, and recently actively exploited, the fact that subjecting certain molecules to ultrasound waves can bring about transformations that give insight into the correlation between classical tribological processes and the mechanical action caused by collapsing microbubbles when sonic waves propagate through a liquid medium. Chemical transformations induced by ultrasound take place in solution via mechanisms that are markedly different from those associated with molecular activation in the solid state. Both fields, however, share some striking similarities and numerous sonochemical reactions can be rationalized in purely mechanical terms. This tutorial review examines the tribochemical interpretation of sonochemical reactivity and how the multifaceted action of cavitational phenomena determines molecular evolution. A series of case studies involving solids, crystals, and polymers illustrate the mechanical properties of sound waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnología del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Surampudi SK, Patel HR, Nagarjuna G, Venkataraman D. Mechano-isomerization of azobenzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7519-21. [PMID: 23864053 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43797c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that ultrasound-induced mechanical force isomerizes an azobenzene centered within a poly(methyl acrylate) polymer from cis to trans configuration without cleaving the azo bond. The isomerization rate was not altered by the polarity of the solvent indicating that the isomerization occurs through a non-polar, inversion transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravan K Surampudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kharkar PM, Kloxin AM, Kiick KL. Dually degradable click hydrogels for controlled degradation and protein release. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5511-5521. [PMID: 25908977 PMCID: PMC4405130 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinks that can undergo click bond cleavage and ester hydrolysis were incorporated to design glutathione-sensitive, dually degradable hydrogels for degradation-mediated, controlled release of cargo molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh M. Kharkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Golovin YI, Klyachko NL, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Single-domain magnetic nanoparticles as force generators for the nanomechanical control of biochemical reactions by low-frequency magnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s1062873813110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
28
|
Zhang Y, Ma Y, Sun J. Reversible actuation of polyelectrolyte films: expansion-induced mechanical force enables cis-trans isomerization of azobenzenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14919-14925. [PMID: 24215493 DOI: 10.1021/la403019z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of light-driven actuators that can prolong their deformation without constant irradiation poses a challenge. This study shows the preparation of polymeric actuators that are capable of reversible bending/unbending movements and prolonging their bending deformation without UV irradiation by releasing thermally cross-linked azobenzene-containing polyelectrolyte films with a limited free volume from substrates. Layer-by-layer assembly of poly{1-4[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl sodium salt} (PAZO)-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) complexes (noted as PAZO-PAA) with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) produces azobenzene-containing PAZO-PAA/PAH films. UV irradiation induces trans-cis isomerization of azobenzenes and allows large-scale bending deformation of the actuators. The actuators prolong the bending deformation even under visible light irradiation because the cis-trans back isomerization of azobenzenes is inhibited by the limited free volume in the actuators. Unbending of actuators is attained by exposing the actuators to a humid environment at room temperature. Film expansion in a humid environment produces a mechanical force that is sufficiently strong to enable the cis-trans back isomerization of azobenzenes and restore the bent actuators to their original configuration. The capability of the force produced by film expansion for cis-trans azobenzene isomerization can be helpful for designing novel polymeric actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li J, Wang L, Benicewicz BC. Synthesis of Janus nanoparticles via a combination of the reversible click reaction and "grafting to" strategies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11547-11553. [PMID: 24001363 DOI: 10.1021/la401990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge in nanoparticle functionalization has been the preparation of polymer-grafted asymmetric (Janus) nanoparticles (diameter < 100 nm). We describe a robust and cyclic method involving a reversible click reaction and "grafting to" strategies to synthesize such nanoparticles. Mechanochemistry was used in a protection-deprotection process to separate nanoparticles cleanly that were anchored to larger particles, and the recovered azide-functionalized larger particles could be recycled as face-blocking moieties. With this combination of strategies, we prepared 15 nm silica nanoparticles that were partially functionalized with poly(methyl methacrylate). Additionally, the unique self-assembly behaviors of the resultant Janus nanoparticles were investigated in different solvents at different concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kean ZS, Niu Z, Hewage GB, Rheingold AL, Craig SL. Stress-responsive polymers containing cyclobutane core mechanophores: reactivity and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13598-604. [PMID: 23941619 PMCID: PMC3806219 DOI: 10.1021/ja4075997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of covalent mechanochemistry is to develop polymer bound mechanophores that undergo constructive transformations in response to otherwise destructive forces. The [2 + 2] cycloreversion of cyclobutane mechanophores has emerged as a versatile framework to develop a wide range of stress-activated functionality. Herein, we report the development of a class of cyclobutane bearing bicyclo[4.2.0]octane mechanophores. Using carbodiimide polyesterification, these stress-responsive units were incorporated into high molecular weight polymers containing up to 700 mechanophores per polymer chain. Under exposure to the otherwise destructive elongational forces of pulsed ultrasound, these mechanophores unravel by ∼7 Å per monomer unit to form α,β-unsaturated esters that react constructively via thiol-ene conjugate addition to form sulfide functionalized copolymers and cross-linked polymer networks. To probe the dynamics of the mechanochemical ring opening, a series of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivatives that varied in stereochemistry, substitution, and symmetry were synthesized and activated. Reactivity and product stereochemistry was analyzed by (1)H NMR, which allowed us to interrogate the mechanism of the mechanochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion. These results support that the ring opening is not concerted but proceeds via a 1,4 diradical intermediate. The bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes hold promise as active functional groups in new classes of stress-responsive polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mauguière FAL, Collins P, Ezra GS, Wiggins S. Bond breaking in a Morse chain under tension: Fragmentation patterns, higher index saddles, and bond healing. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:134118. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4798641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
32
|
Azagarsamy M, Anseth KS. Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry: An Indispensable Tool to Create Multifaceted Cell Culture Scaffolds. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:5-9. [PMID: 23336091 PMCID: PMC3547663 DOI: 10.1021/mz300585q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, bioorthogonal click chemistry has led the field of biomaterial science into a new era of diversity and complexity by its extremely selective, versatile, and biocompatible nature. In this viewpoint, we seek to emphasize recent endeavors of exploiting this versatile chemistry toward the development of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels as cell culture scaffolds. In these cell-laden materials, the orthogonality of these reactions has played an effective role in allowing the creation of diverse biochemical patterns in complex biological environments that provide new found opportunities for researchers to delineate and control cellular phenotypes more precisely than ever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malar
A. Azagarsamy
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, the BioFrontiers
Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, University
of Colorado at Boulder, 596 UCB Boulder, Colorado 80303,
United States
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, the BioFrontiers
Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, University
of Colorado at Boulder, 596 UCB Boulder, Colorado 80303,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lodge TP, Rowan SJ. 2013 ACS Macro Letters Editorial: Our First Year of Business. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:90-91. [PMID: 35581831 DOI: 10.1021/mz300648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Dondi D, Zeffiro A, Buttafava A, Marciano C, Bianchi M, Faucitano A. Mechanical degradation of elastomers in the presence of silica and inhibitors using a new design of mechano reactor. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Ciardelli F, Ruggeri G, Pucci A. Dye-containing polymers: methods for preparation of mechanochromic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
36
|
Leibfarth FA, Mattson KM, Fors BP, Collins HA, Hawker CJ. Externe Regulation kontrollierter Polymerisationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
37
|
Leibfarth FA, Mattson KM, Fors BP, Collins HA, Hawker CJ. External Regulation of Controlled Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:199-210. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|