1
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Dibble JP, Deboer SR, Mersha M, Robinson TJ, Felling RJ, Zeiler SR, Tovar JD. In Vivo Formation and Tracking of π-Peptide Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:25091-25097. [PMID: 35838681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics associated with the self-assembly of π-peptide molecules into 1-D nanostructures has been well-established, thus revealing the creation of nanoscale electronic conduits in aqueous media. Such materials have therapeutic potential in many biomedical applications. In this work, we report the in vivo deployment of these π-peptide nanostructures in brain tissue using photothrombotic stroke as a model application. A test peptide was used for brain injections, and the nanostructures formed were visualized with electron microscopy. A new peptide bearing a low-energy fluorescence dye was prepared to facilitate direct visualization of π-peptide localization in the brain cavity by way of fluorescence microscopy. This work demonstrates feasibility for in vivo application of π-peptide nanostructures toward pressing biomedical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Scott R Deboer
- Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, 9000 Franklin Square Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21237, United States
| | - Mahlet Mersha
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Thomas J Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Steven R Zeiler
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Evolution of π-Peptide Self-Assembly: From Understanding to Prediction and Control. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15463-15475. [PMID: 36475709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials derived from the self-assembly of engineered molecules continue to garner tremendous scientific and technological interest. Recent innovations include the realization of nano- and mesoscale particles (0D), rods and fibrils (1D), sheets (2D), and even extended lattices (3D). Our research groups have focused attention over the past 15 years on one particular class of supramolecular materials derived from oligopeptides with embedded π-electron units, where the oligopeptides can be viewed as substituents or side chains to direct the assembly of the central π-electron cores. Upon assembly, the π-systems are driven into close cofacial architectures that facilitate a variety of energy migration processes within the nanomaterial volume, including exciton transport, voltage transmission, and photoinduced electron transfer. Like many practitioners of supramolecular materials science, many of our initial molecular designs were designed with substantial inspiration from biologically occurring self-assembly coupled with input from chemical intuition and molecular modeling and simulation. In this feature article, we summarize our current understanding of the π-peptide self-assembly process as documented through our body of publications in this area. We address fundamental spectroscopic and computational tools used to extract information regarding the internal structures and energetics of the π-peptide assemblies, and we address the current state of the art in terms of recent applications of data science tools in conjunction with high-throughput computational screening and experimental assays to guide the efficient traversal of the π-peptide molecular design space. The abstract image details our integrated program of chemical synthesis, spectroscopic and functional characterization, multiscale simulation, and machine learning which has advanced the understanding and control of the assembly of synthetic π-conjugated peptides into supramolecular nanostructures with energy and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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3
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Chen Z, Chi Z, Sun Y, Lv Z. Chirality in peptide-based materials: From chirality effects to potential applications. Chirality 2021; 33:618-642. [PMID: 34342057 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature with primary cellular functions that include construction of right-/left-handed helix and selective communications among diverse biomolecules. Of particularly intriguing are the chiral peptide-based materials that can be deliberately designed to change physicochemistry properties via tuning peptide sequences. Critically, understanding their chiral effects are fundamental for the development of novel materials in chemistry and biomedicine fields. Here, we review recent researches on chirality in peptide-based materials, summarizing relevant typical chiral effects towards recognition, amplification, and induction. Driven forces for the chiral discrimination in affinity interaction as well as the handedness preferences in supramolecular structure formation at both the macroscale and microscale are illustrated. The implementation of such chirality effects of artificial copolymers, assembled aggregates and their composites in the fields of bioseparation and bioenrichment, cell incubation, protein aggregation inhibitors, chiral smart gels, and bionic electro devices are also presented. At last, the challenges in these areas and possible directions are pointed out. The diversity of chiral roles in the origin of life and chirality design in different organic or composite systems as well as their applications in drug development and chirality detection in environmental protection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of OEMT, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of OEMT, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Garifullin R, Guler MO. Electroactive peptide-based supramolecular polymers. Mater Today Bio 2021; 10:100099. [PMID: 33778465 PMCID: PMC7985408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroactivity as a supramolecular feature of intelligently designed self-assembled systems stimulates a wide interest in development of new stimuli-responsive biomaterials. A diverse set of nanostructures are fabricated through programmed self-assembly of molecules for functional materials. Electroactive groups are conjugated as a functional moiety for organic semiconductor applications. In this review, we present recent examples of self-assembling peptide molecules and electroactive units for supramolecular functional electronic and optical materials with potential biomedical and bioelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Garifullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Mustafa O. Guler
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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5
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Tovar JD. Repurposing aromaticity for organic electronics: Making, breaking, and stacking π‐circuits. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
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6
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Dibble JP, Troyano-Valls C, Tovar JD. A Tale of Three Hydrophobicities: Impact of Constitutional Isomerism on Nanostructure Evolution and Electronic Communication in π-Conjugated Peptides. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Njenga SM, Wang X, Jiang W, Wan X. Nanostructure Control of a Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Using an Oligopeptide Side Chain. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mirie Njenga
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Pollution and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
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Hafner RJ, Görl D, Sienkiewicz A, Balog S, Frauenrath H. Long‐Lived Photocharges in Supramolecular Polymers of Low‐Band‐Gap Chromophores. Chemistry 2020; 26:9506-9517. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina J. Hafner
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 037, Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniel Görl
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 037, Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Condensed Matter PhysicsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)EPFL-SB-IPHYS-LPMC, PH L 1 491, Station 3 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 037, Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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9
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Panda SS, Shmilovich K, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Computationally Guided Tuning of Amino Acid Configuration Influences the Chiroptical Properties of Supramolecular Peptide-π-Peptide Nanostructures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6782-6792. [PMID: 32491857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular materials derived from peptidic macromolecules with π-conjugated building blocks are of enormous interest because of their aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. The design rules to achieve tailored optoelectronic properties from these types of materials can be guided by computation and virtual screening rather than intuition-based experimental trial-and-error. Using machine learning, we reported previously that the supramolecular chirality in self-assembled aggregates from VEVAG-π-GAVEV type peptidic materials was most strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic packing of the alanine and valine residues. Herein, we build upon this idea to demonstrate through molecular-level experimental characterization and all-atom molecular modeling that varying the stereogenic centers of these residues has a profound impact on the optoelectronic properties of the supramolecular aggregates, whereas the variation of stereogenic centers of other residues has only nominal influence on these properties. This study highlights the synergy between computational and experimental insight relevant to the control of chiroptical or other electronic properties associated with supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Jira ER, Shmilovich K, Kale TS, Ferguson A, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Effect of Core Oligomer Length on the Phase Behavior and Assembly of π-Conjugated Peptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20722-20732. [PMID: 32286786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid molecules are a versatile class of materials for controlling the assembly behavior and functional properties of electronically active organics. In this work, we study the effect of the size of the π-conjugated core on the assembly and phase behavior for a series of π-conjugated peptides consisting of oligothiophene cores of defined lengths flanked by sequence-defined peptides (OTX, where X = 4, 5, 6 is the number of thiophene core units). Interestingly, we find that π-conjugated peptides with relatively short OT4 cores assemble into ordered, high aspect ratio, one-dimensional (1D) structures, whereas π-conjugated peptides with longer OT5 and OT6 cores assemble into disordered structures or lower aspect ratio 1D structures depending on assembly conditions. Phase diagrams for assembled materials are experimentally determined as a function of ionic strength, pH, temperature, and peptide concentration, revealing the impact of molecular sequence and π-conjugated core length on assembled morphologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are further used to probe the origins of microscale differences in assembly that arise from subtle changes in molecular identity. Broadly, our work elucidates the mechanisms governing the assembly of π-conjugated peptides, which will aid in efficient materials processing for soft electronic applications. Overall, these results highlight the complex phase behavior of biohybrid materials, including the impact of molecular sequence on assembly behavior and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Jira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tejaswini S Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Andrew Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Lee T, Panda SS, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Unusually Conductive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanostructures Derived from Bio-Inspired Mineralization of Peptide/Pi-Electron Assemblies. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1846-1855. [PMID: 31999098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials derived from pi-conjugated peptidic macromolecules are well-established to self-assemble into 1D nanostructures. In the presence of KOH, which was used to more fully dissolve the peptide macromolecules prior to triggering the self-assembly by way of exposure to HCl vapor, we report here an unexpected mineralization of KCl as templated presumably by the glutamic acid residues that were present along the backbone of the peptide macromolecules. In order to decouple the peptidic side chains from the central pi-electron unit, three-carbon spacers were added between them on both sides. The assembled structures that resulted from the collective formation of β-sheets, π-orbital overlaps, and mineralization resulted in highly interconnected dendritic structures under suitable KOH concentrations. Electrical measurements indicated that when well-interconnected, these dendritic structures maintained conductivities comparable to those of metals at around 1800 S/cm. About 50 mA current was measured for 0.5 V/37.5 μm. Varying the gate voltage in a transistor configuration had no effect on the current levels, indicating a conductive instead of a semiconducting pathway. Control experiments without the peptide, measurements of conductivity over time, and conductivity quenching by ammonia suggested the conductivity of these dendritic networks was derived from proton doping of the central π-electron units in a strong acid environment and was facilitated by closely spaced chromophores, as suggested in the literature, leading to facile π-electron transfer along the interconnected dendritic pathways. Our findings suggest that mineralization templated by appropriate amino acids combined with peptide/π-electron self-assembly can lead to highly conductive dendritic macrostructures as well as control of nanowire growth in specific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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12
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Panda SS, Shmilovich K, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Controlling Supramolecular Chirality in Peptide-π-Peptide Networks by Variation of the Alkyl Spacer Length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14060-14073. [PMID: 31566986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular organic materials with π-functionalities are of great interest because of their applications as biocompatible nanoelectronics. A detailed understanding of molecular parameters to modulate the formation of hierarchical structures can inform design principles for materials with engineered optical and electronic properties. In this work, we combine molecular-level characterization techniques with all-atom molecular simulations to investigate the subtle relationship between the chemical structure of peptide-π-peptide molecules and the emergent supramolecular chirality of their spontaneously self-assembled nanoaggregates. We demonstrate through circular dichroism measurements that we can modulate the chirality by incorporating alkyl spacers of various lengths in between the peptides and thienylene-phenylene π-system chromophores: even numbers of alkyl carbons in the spacer units (0, 2) induce M-type helical character whereas odd numbers (1, 3) induce P-type. Corroborating molecular dynamics simulations and explicating machine learning analysis techniques identify hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic packing to be the principal discriminants of the observed chirality switches. Our results present a molecular-level design rule to engineer chirality into optically and electronically active nanoaggregates of these peptidic building blocks by exploiting systematic variations in the alkyl spacer length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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14
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Kale TS, Ardoña HAM, Ertel A, Tovar JD. Torsional Impacts on Quaterthiophene Segments Confined within Peptidic Nanostructures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2270-2282. [PMID: 30642185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The co-assembly behavior of peptide-π-peptide and peptide-alkyl-peptide triblock molecules that form one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures under acidic, aqueous environments is dependent on the peptide sequence and the torsional constraints imposed within the nanomaterial volume. Although a hydrophilic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Asp-Asp, DDD-) previously promoted isolation/dilution of minority π-electron components in the matrix of aliphatic peptides, a β-sheet promoting sequence (Asp-Val-Val, DVV-) led to blocks of the two components distributed within larger 1D self-assembled nanostructures. Furthermore, torsional restrictions exerted on the oligoaromatic π-electron unit by the self-assembly process can lead to changes in its conformation (for example, planarity), which has ramifications on its functionality within the peptide matrix. Here, we study this impact on thiophene-based π-electron units with inherently different geometries, viz., relatively planar 2,2':5',2″:5″,2‴-quaterthiophene and 3″,4'-dimethyl-2,2':5',2″:5″,2‴-quaterthiophene, which is twisted at the core bithiophene unit due to the presence of two methyl groups. These peptides were co-assembled at 5 and 20 mol % with peptide- n-decyl-peptide triblock molecules, and the resultant assemblies were studied using UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies. We found that torsional restriction in dimethylated quaterthiophene units can impact the stacking behavior of these 1D peptide nanoassemblies and have consequences on their photophysical properties. Additionally, these insights help in the understanding of the dependence of the optoelectronic properties of these materials on both the intrinsic conformation of π-units and the geometric constraints imposed by their immediate local environment under aqueous conditions.
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Amdursky N, Głowacki ED, Meredith P. Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802221. [PMID: 30334284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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16
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Mansbach RA, Ferguson AL. Patchy Particle Model of the Hierarchical Self-Assembly of π-Conjugated Optoelectronic Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10219-10236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Mansbach
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew L. Ferguson
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Amit M, Yuran S, Gazit E, Reches M, Ashkenasy N. Tailor-Made Functional Peptide Self-Assembling Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707083. [PMID: 29989255 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are the main driving force in the folding of proteins into a 3D functional structure. Motivated by the wish to reveal the mechanisms of the associated self-assembly processes, scientists are focusing on studying self-assembly processes of short protein segments (peptides). While this research has led to major advances in the understanding of biological and pathological process, only in recent years has the applicative potential of the resulting self-assembled peptide assemblies started to be explored. Here, major advances in the development of biomimetic supramolecular peptide assemblies as coatings, gels, and as electroactive materials, are highlighted. The guiding lines for the design of helical peptides, β strand peptides, as well as surface binding monolayer-forming peptides that can be utilized for a specific function are highlighted. Examples of their applications in diverse immerging applications in, e.g., ecology, biomedicine, and electronics, are described. Taking into account that, in addition to extraordinary design flexibility, these materials are naturally biocompatible and ecologically friendly, and their production is cost effective, the emergence of devices incorporating these biomimetic materials in the market is envisioned in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Amit
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA
| | - Sivan Yuran
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nurit Ashkenasy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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Ing NL, El-Naggar MY, Hochbaum AI. Going the Distance: Long-Range Conductivity in Protein and Peptide Bioelectronic Materials. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10403-10423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Konda M, Maiti S, Jadhav RG, Das AK. Redox-Active Peptide-Functionalized Quinquethiophene-Based Electrochromic π-Gel. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:204-209. [PMID: 29266836 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An electrochromic system based on a self-assembled dipeptide-appended redox-active quinquethiophene π-gel is reported. The designed peptide-quinquethiophene consists of a symmetric bolaamphiphile that has two segments: a redox-active π-conjugated quinquethiophene core for electrochromism, and peptide motif for the involvement of molecular self-assembly. Investigations reveal that self-assembly and electrochromic properties of the π-gel are strongly dependent on the relative orientation of peptidic and quinquethiophene scaffolds in the self-assembly system. The colors of the π-gel film are very stable with fast and controlled switching speed at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Konda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Sayan Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rohit G Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Apurba K Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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20
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Panda SS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3640-3658. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advancements in electrical properties and applications of natural proteins and mutated variants, synthetic oligopeptides and peptide–π conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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21
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Tovar JD. Photon management in supramolecular peptide nanomaterials. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 13:015004. [PMID: 29076807 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa9685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides with covalent pi-electron functionality offer new ways to create delocalized conduits within protein-based nanomaterials. My group's recent research is summarized in this regard, detailing foundational self-assembly and photophysical characterizations that validate the electronic couplings existing within the resulting peptidic nanomaterials. Using these initial studies as a benchmark, ongoing studies to create even more complex photonic energy delocalization schemes are presented, spanning excitonic and Förster energy transfer to low-bandgap dopant sites (whereby 46% of the observed photoluminescence could be quenched by the addition of 1 mol% of an energy acceptor), the creation of charge separated states following photoinduced electron transfer that persisted for over a nanosecond, and use of kinetic control to dictate self-sorting (at long time scales, ca. several hours) or intimate coassembly (at short time scales, ca. several seconds) of multiple peptide components. Peptide coassemblies are described that exhibit both directed exciton migration to low-energy sites and follow-up charge separation events, very much in mimicry with relevant photosynthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street (NCB 316), Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
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22
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Yeh MY, Lin HC. Theoretical Investigation of the Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Interactions of Poly-p
-Phenylene Oligomers. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yu Yeh
- Integrative Stem Cell Center; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung 40447 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung 40402 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
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23
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Zhou Y, Li B, Li S, Ardoña HAM, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Concentration-Driven Assembly and Sol-Gel Transition of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:986-994. [PMID: 28979940 PMCID: PMC5620977 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in supramolecular assembly have enabled the design and synthesis of functional materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Biopolymer-synthetic hybrid materials can assemble into supramolecular structures with a broad range of structural and functional diversity through precisely controlled noncovalent interactions between subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to understand the mechanisms underlying the assembly of biohybrid/synthetic molecular building blocks, which ultimately control the emergent properties of hierarchical assemblies. In this work, we study the concentration-driven self-assembly and gelation of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides containing different π-conjugated cores (quaterthiophene and perylene diimide) using a combination of particle tracking microrheology, confocal fluorescence microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Our results show that π-conjugated oligopeptides self-assemble into β-sheet-rich fiber-like structures at neutral pH, even in the absence of electrostatic screening of charged residues. A critical fiber formation concentration cfiber and a critical gel concentration cgel are determined for fiber-forming π-conjugated oligopeptides, and the linear viscoelastic moduli (storage modulus G' and loss modulus G″) are determined across a wide range of peptide concentrations. These results suggest that the underlying chemical structure of the synthetic π-conjugated cores greatly influences the self-assembly process, such that oligopeptides appended to π-conjugated cores with greater torsional flexibility tend to form more robust fibers upon increasing peptide concentration compared to oligopeptides with sterically constrained cores. Overall, our work focuses on the molecular assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides driven by concentration, which is controlled by a combination of enthalpic and entropic interactions between oligopeptide subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - William L. Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Systems, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Ardoña HAM, Kale TS, Ertel A, Tovar JD. Nonresonant and Local Field Effects in Peptidic Nanostructures Bearing Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) Units. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7435-7445. [PMID: 28683194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nanostructures with built-in electronic functions offer a new platform for biomaterial science. In this report, we interrogate the influences of the immediate peptide environment around oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV3) electronic units embedded within one-dimensional peptide nanostructures on the resulting photophysics as assessed by UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and circular dichroism spectroscopies. To do so, we studied peptide-core-peptide molecules where the core was either OPV3 or an aliphatic n-decyl chain. Coassemblies of these molecules wherein the π-core was diluted as a minority component within a majority aliphatic matrix allowed for the variation of interchromophore exciton coupling commonly found in homoassemblies of peptide-OPV3-peptide monomers. Upon coassembly of the peptides, a hydrophilic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Asp-Asp-, DDD-) promoted the dilution/isolation of the peptide-π-peptide molecules in the majority peptide-decyl-peptide matrix whereas a hydrophobic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Val-Val-, DVV-) promoted the formation of self-associated stacks within the nanostructures. We also performed temperature variation studies to induce the reorganization of π-electron units in the spatially constrained n-decyl environment. This study elucidates the nonresonant (e.g., conformational) and local peptide field effects enforced within the internal environment of peptide nanomaterials and how they lead to varied photophysical properties of the embedded π-electron cores. It offers new insights on tuning the optoelectronic properties of these types of materials on the basis of the local electronic and steric environment available within the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tejaswini S Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alyssa Ertel
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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25
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Kale TS, Marine JE, Tovar JD. Self-Assembly and Associated Photophysics of Dendron-Appended Peptide-π-Peptide Triblock Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannette E. Marine
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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26
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Yuan Y, Huang H, Chen L, Chen Y. N,N′-Bicarbazole: A Versatile Building Block toward the Construction of Conjugated Porous Polymers for CO2 Capture and Dyes Adsorption. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of
Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of
Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of
Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, P. R. China
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27
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Ardoña HAM, Draper ER, Citossi F, Wallace M, Serpell LC, Adams DJ, Tovar JD. Kinetically Controlled Coassembly of Multichromophoric Peptide Hydrogelators and the Impacts on Energy Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8685-8692. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R. Draper
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Citossi
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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28
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Sanders A, Kale TS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Self-Assembling Multivalent π-Conjugated Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:409-419. [PMID: 31457447 PMCID: PMC6640940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a completely solid-phase synthetic strategy to create three- and four-fold peptide-appended π-electron molecules, where the multivalent oligopeptide presentation is dictated by the symmetries of reactive handles placed on discotic π-conjugated cores. Carboxylic acid and anhydride groups were viable amidation and imidation partners, respectively, and oligomeric π-electron discotic cores were prepared through Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the three or four peptide axes, these π-peptide hybrids self-assemble into robust one-dimensional nanostructures with high aspect ratios in aqueous solution. The preparation of these systems via solid-phase methods will be detailed along with their self-assembly properties, as revealed by steady-state spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy and electrical characterization using field-effect transistor measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allix
M. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tejaswini S. Kale
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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29
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Li B, Li S, Zhou Y, Ardoña HAM, Valverde LR, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides in Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3977-3984. [PMID: 28067038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly is a powerful method that can be used to generate materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Supramolecular assemblies consisting of biopolymer-synthetic polymer subunits are specifically known to exhibit exceptional structural and functional diversity as well as programmable control of noncovalent interactions through hydrogen bonding in biopolymer subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to control and quantitatively understand assembly under nonequilibrium conditions. In this work, we study the nonequilibrium self-assembly of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides using a combination of experiments and analytical modeling. By isolating an aqueous peptide solution droplet within an immiscible organic layer, the rate of peptide assembly in the aqueous solution can be controlled by tuning the transport rate of acid that is used to trigger assembly. Using this approach, peptides are guided to assemble under reaction-dominated and diffusion-dominated conditions, with results showing a transition from a diffusion-limited reaction front to spatially homogeneous assembly as the transport rate of acid decreases. Interestingly, our results show that the morphology of self-assembled peptide fibers is controlled by the assembly kinetics such that increasingly homogeneous structures of self-assembled synthetic oligopeptides were generally obtained using slower rates of assembly. We further developed an analytical reaction-diffusion model to describe oligopeptide assembly, and experimental results are compared to the reaction-diffusion model across a range of parameters. Overall, this work highlights the importance of molecular self-assembly under nonequilibrium conditions, specifically showing that oligopeptide assembly is governed by a delicate balance between reaction kinetics and transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Yuecheng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lawrence R Valverde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - William L Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
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30
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Liyanage W, Ardoña HAM, Mao HQ, Tovar JD. Cross-Linking Approaches to Tuning the Mechanical Properties of Peptide π-Electron Hydrogels. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:751-759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational
Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400
North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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31
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Ekiz MS, Cinar G, Khalily MA, Guler MO. Self-assembled peptide nanostructures for functional materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:402002. [PMID: 27578525 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/40/402002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nature is an important inspirational source for scientists, and presents complex and elegant examples of adaptive and intelligent systems created by self-assembly. Significant effort has been devoted to understanding these sophisticated systems. The self-assembly process enables us to create supramolecular nanostructures with high order and complexity, and peptide-based self-assembling building blocks can serve as suitable platforms to construct nanostructures showing diverse features and applications. In this review, peptide-based supramolecular assemblies will be discussed in terms of their synthesis, design, characterization and application. Peptide nanostructures are categorized based on their chemical and physical properties and will be examined by rationalizing the influence of peptide design on the resulting morphology and the methods employed to characterize these high order complex systems. Moreover, the application of self-assembled peptide nanomaterials as functional materials in information technologies and environmental sciences will be reviewed by providing examples from recently published high-impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Sardan Ekiz
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
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32
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Kale TS, Tovar JD. Regulation of peptide-π-peptide nanostructure bundling: the impact of ‘cruciform’ π-electron segments. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Thurston BA, Tovar JD, Ferguson AL. Thermodynamics, morphology, and kinetics of early-stage self-assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1125997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Thurston
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L. Ferguson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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34
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Sanders AM, Magnanelli TJ, Bragg AE, Tovar JD. Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Supramolecular Donor–Acceptor Peptide Nanostructures under Aqueous Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3362-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allix M. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Timothy J. Magnanelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute
of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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35
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1278] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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36
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Besar K, Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Demonstration of Hole Transport and Voltage Equilibration in Self-Assembled π-Conjugated Peptide Nanostructures Using Field-Effect Transistor Architectures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12401-12409. [PMID: 26554697 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated peptide materials are attractive for bioelectronics due to their unique photophysical characteristics, biofunctional interfaces, and processability under aqueous conditions. In order to be relevant for electrical applications, these types of materials must be able to support the passage of current and the transmission of applied voltages. Presented herein is an investigation of both the current and voltage transmission activities of one-dimensional π-conjugated peptide nanostructures. Observations of the nanostructures as both semiconducting and gate layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were made, and the effect of systematic changes in amino acid composition on the semiconducting/conducting functionality of the nanostructures was investigated. These molecular variations directly impacted the hole mobility values observed for the nanomaterial active layers over 3 orders of magnitude (∼0.02 to 5 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) when the nanostructures had quaterthiophene cores and the assembled peptide materials spanned source and drain electrodes. Peptides without the quaterthiophene core were used as controls and did not show field-effect currents, verifying that the transport properties of the nanostructures rely on the semiconducting behavior of the π-electron core and not just ionic rearrangements. We also showed that the nanomaterials could act as gate electrodes and assessed the effect of varying the gate dielectric layer thickness in devices where the conventional organic semiconductor pentacene spanned the source and drain electrodes in a top-contact OFET, showing an optimum performance with 35-40 nm dielectric thickness. This study shows that these peptides that self-assemble in aqueous environments can be used successfully to transmit electronic signals over biologically relevant distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Besar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD. Peptide π-Electron Conjugates: Organic Electronics for Biology? Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2290-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials
Science and
Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials
Science and
Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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Xiang Y, Moulin E, Buhler E, Maaloum M, Fuks G, Giuseppone N. Hydrogen-Bonded Multifunctional Supramolecular Copolymers in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7738-7748. [PMID: 26087392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the self-assembly in water of molecules having a single hydrophobic bis-urea domain linked to different hydrophilic functional side chains, i.e., bioactive peptidic residues and fluorescent cyanine dyes. By using a combination of spectroscopy, scattering, and microscopy techniques, we show that each one of these molecules can individually produce well-defined nanostructures such as twisted ribbons, two-dimensional plates, or branched fibers. Interestingly, when these monomers of different functionalities are mixed in an equimolar ratio, supramolecular copolymers are preferred to narcissistic segregation. Radiation scattering and imaging techniques demonstrate that one of the molecular units dictates the formation of a preferential nanostructure, and optical spectroscopies reveal the alternated nature of the copolymerization process. This work illustrates how social self-sorting in H-bond supramolecular polymers can give straightforward access to multifunctional supramolecular copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Xiang
- †SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84087, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- †SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84087, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- ‡Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII, UMR 7057, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Mounir Maaloum
- †SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84087, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Gad Fuks
- †SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84087, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- †SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84087, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Tovar JD. Peptide Nanostructures with π-Ways: Photophysical Consequences of Peptide/π-Electron Molecular Self-Assembly. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD. Energy transfer within responsive pi-conjugated coassembled peptide-based nanostructures in aqueous environments. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1474-1484. [PMID: 29560236 PMCID: PMC5811113 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements demonstrate energy transfer within π-conjugated peptide nanostructures composed of oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene)-based donor units and quaterthiophene-based acceptor units in completely aqueous environments. These peptide-based assemblies encourage energy migration along the stacking axis, thus resulting in the quenching of donor emission peaks along with the development of new spectral features reminiscent of acceptor emission. These spectral changes were observed even at minute amounts of the acceptor (starting at 1 mol%), suggesting that exciton migration is involved in energy transport and supporting a funnel-like energy transduction mechanism. The reversibility of nanostructure formation and the associated photophysical responses under different conditions (pH, temperature) were also studied. This unique material design incorporates two different semiconducting units coassembled within peptide nanostructures and offers a new platform for the engineering of energy migration through bioelectronic materials in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry , Krieger School of Arts and Sciences , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry , Krieger School of Arts and Sciences , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA . ; http://pages.jh.edu/chem/tovar ; Tel: +1 410 5166065
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Wall BD, Zacca AE, Sanders AM, Wilson WL, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Supramolecular polymorphism: tunable electronic interactions within π-conjugated peptide nanostructures dictated by primary amino acid sequence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5946-5956. [PMID: 24802289 DOI: 10.1021/la500222y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of the photophysical properties of one-dimensional electronically delocalized nanostructures assembled from π-conjugated subunits embedded within oligopeptide backbones. The nature of the excited states within these nanostructures is studied as a function of primary amino acid sequence utilizing steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies, and their atomistic structure is probed by molecular simulation. Variations introduced into the amino acid side chains at specific residue locations along the molecular peptide backbone lead to pronounced changes in the observed photophysical behavior of the fibrillar structures (spanning H-like excitonic coupling and disordered excimeric coupling) that arise from subtle changes in the π-stacking within them. These results indicate that residue modification-in terms of relative size, solvation properties, and with respect to the distance from the central π-electron core-enables the ability to tune chromophore packing and the resulting photophysics of supramolecular assemblies of π-conjugated bioelectronic materials in a rational and systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Sanders AM, Tovar JD. Solid-phase Pd-catalysed cross-coupling methods for the construction of π-conjugated peptide nanomaterials. Supramol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.852675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allix M. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Abstract
Peptide self-assembly is a powerful method to create functional nanoscale materials such as optoelectronically relevant organic nanostructures. The enormous potential that may come from bringing π-conjugated electronic function into biological environments is poised to impact cell and tissue engineering, biosensors, and related biomedical applications. However, very little synthetic guidance is available with respect to uniting these two different materials sets in a generally applicable manner. In this Account, I describe my group's work to synthesize and assemble peptidic nanostructures built around organic electronic elements. The Account begins with a very brief background to the area of supramolecular electronics, followed by a description of areas where these nanomaterials could be useful in biology. I then discuss the synthetic approaches that we utilized to embed a variety of π-electron units directly within peptide backbones. A key supramolecular challenge with respect to subsequent self-assembly of these new molecules is balancing electrostatic contributions within the resulting nanomaterials, because the suitable geometries for stabilizing peptide assemblies may not necessarily correspond to those suitable for maximizing intermolecular π-electron interactions. Regardless of the respective magnitudes of these two major influences, the assembly paradigm is fairly robust. Variation of the π-electron units and the peptide sequences that make up the "peptide-π-peptide" triblock molecules consistently leads to fairly uniform tape-like nanostructures that maintain strong electronic coupling among the component π-electron units. We explored a diverse range of π-electron units spanning fluorescent oligo(phenylene vinylene)s, electron-accepting rylene diimides, and hole-transporting oligothiophenes. I then describe the characterization of the nanomaterials that form after molecular self-assembly in order to understand their internal structures, electronic interactions, and morphologies as existing within self-supporting hydrogel matrices. I also describe how a facile shearing process provided globally aligned macroscopic collections of one-dimensional electronic fibrils in hydrogel matrices. These general assembly processes influence intermolecular π-stacking among the embedded chromophores, and the assemblies themselves can facilitate the covalent cross-linking and polymerization (for example, of reactive diyne units). The latter offers an exciting possibility to create peptidic nanostructures comprised of single polymer chains. Finally, I discuss electronic properties as manifested in the interactions of transition dipoles within the nanomaterials and electrical properties resulting from field-effect gating. The ability to tune the observable electrical properties of the nanostructures externally will allow for their transition to in vitro or in vivo platforms as a powerful new approach to regulating biological interactions at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street (NCB 316), Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Digennaro A, Wennemers H, Joshi G, Schmid S, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Chiral suprastructures of asymmetric oligothiophene-hybrids induced by a single proline. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10929-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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