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Chou HC, Fang CK, Chung PY, Yu JR, Liao WS, Chen SH, Chen P, Hwang IS, Chen JT, Chen C. Structural and Optical Identification of Planar Side-Chain Stacking P3HT Nanowires. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Chun Chou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kai Fang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ru Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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2
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Anantharaman SB, Jo K, Jariwala D. Exciton-Photonics: From Fundamental Science to Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12628-12654. [PMID: 34310122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in all dimensionalities ranging from 0D quantum dots and molecules to 3D bulk crystals support bound electron-hole pair quasiparticles termed excitons. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a variety of low-dimensional semiconductors that support excitons combined with advances in nano-optics and photonics has burgeoned an advanced area of research that focuses on engineering, imaging, and modulating the coupling between excitons and photons, resulting in the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed exciton-polaritons. This advanced area has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in quantum optics, as well as classical optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a review on the coupling of light in excitonic semiconductors and previous investigations of the optical properties of these hybrid quasiparticles via both far-field and near-field imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Special emphasis is given to recent advances with critical evaluation of the bottlenecks that plague various materials toward practical device implementations including quantum light sources. Our review highlights a growing need for excitonic material development together with optical engineering and imaging techniques to harness the utility of excitons and their host materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Yu JR, Chou HC, Yang CW, Liao WS, Hwang IS, Chen C. A horizontal-type scanning near-field optical microscope with torsional mode operation toward high-resolution and non-destructive imaging of soft materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:073703. [PMID: 32752832 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We design and build a horizontal-type aperture based scanning near-field optical microscope (a-SNOM) with superior mechanical stability toward high-resolution and non-destructive topographic and optical imaging. We adopt the torsional mode in AFM (atomic force microscopy) operation to achieve a better force sensitivity and a higher topographic resolution when using pyramidal a-SNOM tips. The performance and stability of the AFM are evaluated through single-walled carbon nanotube and poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) nanowire samples. An optical resolution of 93 nm is deduced from the a-SNOM imaging of a metallic grating. Finally, a-SNOM fluorescence imaging of soft lipid domains is successfully achieved without sample damage by our horizontal-type a-SNOM instrument with torsional mode AFM operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ru Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - He-Chun Chou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shouh Hwang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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4
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Wang P, Liang J, Wang LV. Single-shot ultrafast imaging attaining 70 trillion frames per second. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2091. [PMID: 32350256 PMCID: PMC7190645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of countless femtosecond dynamics requires extreme speeds orders of magnitude beyond the limits of electronic sensors. Existing femtosecond imaging modalities either require event repetition or provide single-shot acquisition with no more than 1013 frames per second (fps) and 3 × 102 frames. Here, we report compressed ultrafast spectral photography (CUSP), which attains several new records in single-shot multi-dimensional imaging speeds. In active mode, CUSP achieves both 7 × 1013 fps and 103 frames simultaneously by synergizing spectral encoding, pulse splitting, temporal shearing, and compressed sensing-enabling unprecedented quantitative imaging of rapid nonlinear light-matter interaction. In passive mode, CUSP provides four-dimensional (4D) spectral imaging at 0.5 × 1012 fps, allowing the first single-shot spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (SR-FLIM). As a real-time multi-dimensional imaging technology with the highest speeds and most frames, CUSP is envisioned to play instrumental roles in numerous pivotal scientific studies without the need for event repetition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Mail Code 138-78, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jinyang Liang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Mail Code 138-78, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X1S2, Canada
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Mail Code 138-78, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Ranawat H, Pal S, Mazumder N. Recent trends in two-photon auto-fluorescence lifetime imaging (2P-FLIM) and its biomedical applications. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 9:293-310. [PMID: 31456890 PMCID: PMC6694381 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two photon fluorescence microscopy and the numerous technical advances to it have served as valuable tools in biomedical research. The fluorophores (exogenous or endogenous) absorb light and emit lower energy photons than the absorption energy and the emission (fluorescence) signal is measured using a fluorescence decay graph. Additionally, high spatial resolution images can be acquired in two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (2P-FLIM) with improved penetration depth which helps in detection of fluorescence signal in vivo. 2P-FLIM is a non-invasive imaging technique in order to visualize cellular metabolic, by tracking intrinsic fluorophores present in it, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide and tryptophan etc. 2P-FLIM of these molecules enable the visualization of metabolic alterations, non-invasively. This comprehensive review discusses the numerous applications of 2P-FLIM towards cancer, neuro-degenerative, infectious diseases, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sagnik Pal
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Shcheslavskiy VI, Shirmanova MV, Jelzow A, Becker W. Multiparametric Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Luminescence Microscopy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S51-S68. [PMID: 31213195 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Classic time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique involves detection of single photons of a periodic optical signal, registration of the photon arrival time in respect to the reference pulse, and construction of photon distribution with regard to the detection times. This technique achieves extremely high time resolution and near-ideal detection efficiency. Modern TCSPC is multi-dimensional, i.e., in addition to the photon arrival time relative to the excitation pulse, spatial coordinates within the image area, wavelength, time from the start of the experiment, and many other parameters are determined for each photon. Hence, the multi-dimensional TCSPC allows generation of photon distributions over these parameters. This review describes both classic and multi-dimensional types of TCSPC microscopy and their application for fluorescence lifetime imaging in different areas of biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Shcheslavskiy
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany. .,Privolzhskiy Medical Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M V Shirmanova
- Privolzhskiy Medical Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - A Jelzow
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany
| | - W Becker
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany
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7
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Zhang Y, Hu X, Wang SW, Zhang B, Shi L, Liu X, Zi J, Lu W. High transparent mid-infrared silicon "window" decorated with amorphous photonic structures fabricated by facile phase separation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18734-18748. [PMID: 30114046 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High transparency in the infrared (IR) region is desirable for most common IR materials and devices, due to their high interfacial reflectance, resulting from the high refractive indices of constituent substances. Herein, a new strategy, with using phase-separated polystyrene (PS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends as masks, is proposed to fabricate subwavelength structures for Si with significantly enhanced mid-IR transmission. Maximum transmittance approaching to 70% and 90% are achieved with single and double- side structured Si respectively. The fabricated subwavelength structures are short-range ordered amorphous photonic structures (APSs). By using different spin-coating speeds and molar ratios of PS to PMMA and by adjusting the etching duration time, tunable enhanced transmission are also obtained. The good performance of high transmission is confirmed by mid-IR thermal imaging experiments. Furthermore, the enhanced transmission is effective over a wide range of incident angles up to 50° and well maintained at high temperatures up to 600 °C.
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8
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Braendle A, Perevedentsev A, Cheetham NJ, Stavrinou PN, Schachner JA, Mösch-Zanetti NC, Niederberger M, Caseri WR. Homoconjugation in poly(phenylene methylene)s: A case study of non-π-conjugated polymers with unexpected fluorescent properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Braendle
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Department of Materials; Polymer Technology, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Nathan J. Cheetham
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Paul N. Stavrinou
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PJ United Kingdom
| | - Jörg A. Schachner
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Schubertstrasse 1 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Schubertstrasse 1 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Walter R. Caseri
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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Vrućinić M, Matthiesen C, Sadhanala A, Divitini G, Cacovich S, Dutton SE, Ducati C, Atatüre M, Snaith H, Friend RH, Sirringhaus H, Deschler F. Local Versus Long-Range Diffusion Effects of Photoexcited States on Radiative Recombination in Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500136. [PMID: 27980979 PMCID: PMC5115383 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiative recombination in thin films of the archetypical, high-performing perovskites CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3 shows localized regions of increased emission with dimensions ≈500 nm. Maps of the spectral emission line shape show narrower emission lines in high emission regions, which can be attributed to increased order. Excited states do not diffuse out of high emission regions before they decay, but are decoupled from nearby regions, either by slow diffusion rates or energetic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vrućinić
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Clemens Matthiesen
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Sian E Dutton
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Henry Snaith
- Department of Physics Clarendon Laboratory University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PU UK
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Felix Deschler
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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10
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Becker W. Fluorescence lifetime imaging by multi-dimensional time correlated single photon counting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medpho.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Pan C, Sugiyasu K, Takeuchi M. Blending conjugated polymers without phase separation for fluorescent colour tuning of polymeric materials through FRET. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11814-7. [PMID: 24935716 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence properties of conjugated polymer blends were investigated using a combination of excitation energy donor and acceptor conjugated polymers encapsulated by identical cyclic sidechains. Wearing this 'uniform', the polymers did not phase-separate in the blends. As such, these polymers provide an effective ensemble for designing fluorescent polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Pan
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
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Hao XT, Hirvonen LM, Smith TA. Nanomorphology of polythiophene–fullerene bulk-heterojunction films investigated by structured illumination optical imaging and time-resolved confocal microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2013; 1:015004. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/1/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Quacquarelli FP, Woolley RAJ, Humphry M, Chauhan J, Moriarty PJ, Cadby A. Combining nanoscale manipulation with macroscale relocation of single quantum dots. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:324-328. [PMID: 22563529 PMCID: PMC3343268 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have controllably positioned, with nanometre precision, single CdSe quantum dots referenced to a registration template such that the location of a given nanoparticle on a macroscopic (≈1 cm(2)) sample surface can be repeatedly revisited. The atomically flat sapphire substrate we use is particularly suited to optical measurements of the isolated quantum dots, enabling combined manipulation-spectroscopy experiments on a single particle. Automated nanoparticle manipulation and imaging routines have been developed so as to facilitate the rapid assembly of specific nanoparticle arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Quacquarelli
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Hicks Building, The University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Richard A J Woolley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Martin Humphry
- Phase Focus Limited, The Kroto Innovation Centre, The University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Jasbiner Chauhan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Philip J Moriarty
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ashley Cadby
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Hicks Building, The University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7RH, UK
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Virgili T, Grancini G, Molotokaite E, Suarez-Lopez I, Rajendran SK, Liscio A, Palermo V, Lanzani G, Polli D, Cerullo G. Confocal ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy: a new technique to explore nanoscale composites. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2219-2226. [PMID: 22358178 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the exploration of the benefits of a new ultrafast confocal pump-probe technique, able to study the photophysics of different structured materials with nanoscale resolution. This tool offers many advantages over standard stationary microscopy techniques because it directly interrogates excited state dynamics in molecules, providing access to both radiative and non-radiative deactivation processes at a local scale. In this paper we present a few different examples of its application to organic semiconductor systems. The first two are focussed on the study of the photophysics of phase-separated polymer blends: (i) a blue-emitting polyfluorene (PFO) in an inert matrix of PMMA and (ii) an electron donor polythiophene (P3HT) mixed with an electron acceptor fullerene derivative (PCBM). The experimental results on these samples demonstrate the capability of the technique to unveil peculiar interfacial dynamics at the border region between phase-segregated domains, which would be otherwise averaged out using conventional pump-probe spectroscopy. The third example is the study of the photophysics of isolated mesoscopic crystals of the PCBM molecule. Our ultrafast microscope could evidence the presence of two distinctive regions within the crystals. In particular, we could pinpoint for the first time areas within the crystals showing photobleaching/stimulated emission signals from a charge-transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tersilla Virgili
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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16
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Gao J, Grey JK. Spectroscopic studies of energy transfer in fluorene co-polymer blend nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Lee LT, Ube T, Aoki H, Ito S. Characterization of surface compositions of phase-separated structures in conjugated poly(phenylene vinylene) blends by scanning near-field optical microscopy. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Nicholson PG, Castro FA. Organic photovoltaics: principles and techniques for nanometre scale characterization. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:492001. [PMID: 21071826 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/49/492001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The photoconversion efficiency of state-of-the-art organic solar cells has experienced a remarkable increase in the last few years, with reported certified efficiency values of up to 8.3%. This increase has been due to an improved understanding of the underlying physics, synthetic discovery and the realization of the pivotal role that morphological optimization plays. Advances in nanometre scale characterization have underpinned all three factors. Here we give an overview of the current understanding of the fundamental processes in organic photovoltaic devices, on optimization considerations and on recent developments in nanometre scale measuring techniques. Finally, recommendations for future developments from the perspective of characterization techniques are set forth.
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Polli D, Grancini G, Clark J, Celebrano M, Virgili T, Cerullo G, Lanzani G. Nanoscale imaging of the interface dynamics in polymer blends by femtosecond pump-probe confocal microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3048-3051. [PMID: 20578123 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Polli
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Heng L, Tian D, Chen L, Su J, Zhai J, Han D, Jiang L. Local photoelectric conversion properties of titanyl-phthalocyanine (TiOPc) coated aligned ZnO nanorods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1162-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b916026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Zhao K, Zhou G, Wang Q, Han Y, Wang L, Ma D. Phase Separation in Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blends. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Celebrano M, Biagioni P, Zavelani-Rossi M, Polli D, Labardi M, Allegrini M, Finazzi M, Duò L, Cerullo G. Hollow-pyramid based scanning near-field optical microscope coupled to femtosecond pulses: a tool for nonlinear optics at the nanoscale. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:033704. [PMID: 19334924 DOI: 10.1063/1.3095556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe an aperture scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) using cantilevered hollow pyramid probes coupled to femtosecond laser pulses. Such probes, with respect to tapered optical fibers, present higher throughput and laser power damage threshold, as well as greater mechanical robustness. In addition, they preserve pulse duration and polarization in the near field. The instrument can operate in two configurations: illumination mode, in which the SNOM probe is used to excite the nonlinear response in the near field, and collection mode, where it collects the nonlinear emission following far-field excitation. We present application examples highlighting the capability of the system to observe the nonlinear optical response of nanostructured metal surfaces (gold projection patterns and gold nanorods) with sub-100-nm spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Celebrano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, National Laboratory for Ultrafast and Ultraintense Optical Science-CNR-INFM, Politecnico di Milano, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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POMRAENKE R, ROPERS C, RENARD J, LIENAU C, LÜER L, POLLI D, CERULLO G. Broadband optical near-field microscope for nanoscale absorption spectroscopy of organic materials. J Microsc 2008; 229:197-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wu MC, Chang CH, Lo HH, Lin YS, Lin YY, Yen WC, Su WF, Chen YF, Chen CW. Nanoscale morphology and performance of molecular-weight-dependent poly(3-hexylthiophene)/TiO2 nanorod hybrid solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b803484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Pomraenke R, Ropers C, Renard J, Lienau C, Lüer L, Polli D, Cerullo G. Structural phase contrast in polycrystalline organic semiconductor films observed by broadband near-field optical spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:998-1002. [PMID: 17385936 DOI: 10.1021/nl070083i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel near-field absorption spectrometer with 100 nm spatial resolution based on an ultrabroadband Ti:sapphire oscillator coupled to an aperture NSOM, enabling the measurement of nanoscale absorption spectra. The instrument is particularly suited for structural phase-selective imaging of organic materials at the nanoscale. We demonstrate that variations in the local absorption spectrum allow us to distinguish between the crystalline and the amorphous phases in polycrystalline phtalocyanine films, thus providing previously unavailable information on their mesoscopic texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pomraenke
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Coffey DC, Reid OG, Rodovsky DB, Bartholomew GP, Ginger DS. Mapping local photocurrents in polymer/fullerene solar cells with photoconductive atomic force microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:738-44. [PMID: 17295549 DOI: 10.1021/nl062989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic solar cells is highly dependent on film morphology. However, directly correlating local film structures with device performance remains challenging. We demonstrate that photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pcAFM) can be used to map local photocurrents with 20 nm resolution in donor/acceptor blend solar cells of the conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyl-oxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV) with the fullerene (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) spin-coated from various solvents. We present photocurrent maps under short-circuit conditions (zero applied bias) as well as under various applied voltages. We find significant variation in the short-circuit current between regions that appear identical in AFM topography. These variations occur from one domain to another as well as on larger length scales incorporating multiple domains. These results suggest that the performance of polymer-fullerene blends can still be improved through better control of morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Coffey
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Coffey DC, Ginger DS. Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:735-40. [PMID: 16906141 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Blends of conjugated polymers with fullerenes, polymers, or nanocrystals make promising materials for low-cost photovoltaic applications. Different processing conditions affect the efficiencies of these solar cells by creating a variety of nanostructured morphologies, however, the relationship between film structure and device efficiency is not fully understood. We introduce time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) as a means to measure photoexcited charge in polymer films with a resolution of 100 nm and 100 micros. These EFM measurements correlate well with the external quantum efficiencies measured for a series of polymer photodiodes, providing a direct link between local morphology, local optoelectronic properties and device performance. The data show that the domain centres account for the majority of the photoinduced charge collected in polyfluorene blend devices. These results underscore the importance of controlling not only the length scale of phase separation, but also the composition of the domains when optimizing nanostructured solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Coffey
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
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28
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Grausem J, Dossot M, Cremel S, Humbert B, Viala F, Mauchien P. Local Heterogeneity for a Eu3+-Doped Glass Evidenced by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy Coupled to Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:11259-66. [PMID: 16771394 DOI: 10.1021/jp0607317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) was applied to an aluminate glass sample doped with Eu3+ cation as a fluorescent probe of the chemical environment and local symmetry. Conventional far-field experiments revealed the presence of two different phases: an amorphous phase featured by a highly disordered environment surrounding the Eu3+ cation and a more ordered polycrystalline phase that exhibits a significant increase in the Eu3+ fluorescence decay time compared to that of the amorphous phase. Near-field fluorescence spectra and decay kinetics were recorded in the frontier region between the two phases using a home-built scanning near-field optical microscope. SNOM-TRFS experiments confirmed the presence of local heterogeneities in this part of the glass at a sub-micrometric spatial scale. Polycrystalline sites featured an important shear-force interaction with the probing fiber optic tip, a longer fluorescence decay time, and a higher Stark splitting of the 5D0 --> 7FJ (J = 1-4) electronic transitions of the Eu3+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Grausem
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement LCPME, UMR CNRS-UHP 7564, 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, F-54600 Villers-Les-Nancy, France
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