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Feng C, Lu BQ, Fan Y, Ni H, Zhao Y, Tan S, Zhou Z, Liu L, Hachtel JA, Kepaptsoglou D, Wu B, Gebauer D, He S, Chen F. Amorphous 1-D nanowires of calcium phosphate/pyrophosphate: A demonstration of oriented self-growth of amorphous minerals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:960-970. [PMID: 38096779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous inorganic solids are traditionally isotropic, thus, it is believed that they only grow in a non-preferential way without the assistance of regulators, leading to the morphologies of nanospheres or irregular aggregates of nanoparticles. However, in the presence of (ortho)phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate ions (PPi) which have synergistic roles in biomineralization, the highly elongated amorphous nanowires (denoted ACPPNs) form in a regulator-free aqueous solution (without templates, additives, organics, etc). Based on thorough characterization and tracking of the formation process (e.g., Cryo-TEM, spherical aberration correction high resolution TEM, solid state NMR, high energy resolution monochromated STEM-EELS), the microstructure and its preferential growth behavior are elucidated. In ACPPNs, amorphous calcium orthophosphate and amorphous calcium pyrophosphate are distributed at separated but close sites. The ACPPNs grow via either the preferential attachment of ∼2 nm nanoclusters in a 1-dimension way, or the transformation of bigger nanoparticles, indicating an inherent driving force-governed process. We propose that the anisotropy of ACPPNs microstructure, which is corroborated experimentally, causes their oriented growth. This study proves that, unlike the conventional view, amorphous minerals can form via oriented growth without external regulation, demonstrating a novel insight into the structures and growth behaviors of amorphous minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Feng
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Bing-Qiang Lu
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Haijian Ni
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Shuo Tan
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK; Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Baohu Wu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS-4, JCNS at MLZ, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 9, D-30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Shisheng He
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Center for Orthopedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200001 PR China.
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2
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Han Y, Wang L, Cao K, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Hou Y, Lu Y. In Situ TEM Characterization and Modulation for Phase Engineering of Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14119-14184. [PMID: 38055201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state phase transformation is an intriguing phenomenon in crystalline or noncrystalline solids due to the distinct physical and chemical properties that can be obtained and modified by phase engineering. Compared to bulk solids, nanomaterials exhibit enhanced capability for phase engineering due to their small sizes and high surface-to-volume ratios, facilitating various emerging applications. To establish a comprehensive atomistic understanding of phase engineering, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have emerged as powerful tools, providing unprecedented atomic-resolution imaging, multiple characterization and stimulation mechanisms, and real-time integrations with various external fields. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in in situ TEM studies to characterize and modulate nanomaterials for phase transformations under different stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, environmental, optical, and magnetic factors. We briefly introduce crystalline structures and polymorphism and then summarize phase stability and phase transformation models. The advanced experimental setups of in situ techniques are outlined and the advantages of in situ TEM phase engineering are highlighted, as demonstrated via several representative examples. Besides, the distinctive properties that can be obtained from in situ phase engineering are presented. Finally, current challenges and future research opportunities, along with their potential applications, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yingxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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3
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Zhou K, Jia Z, Zhou Y, Ding G, Ma XQ, Niu W, Han ST, Zhao J, Zhou Y. Covalent Organic Frameworks for Neuromorphic Devices. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7173-7192. [PMID: 37540588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing could enable the potential to break the inherent limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures, which has led to widespread research interest in developing novel neuromorphic memory devices, such as memristors and bioinspired artificial synaptic devices. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as crystalline porous polymers, have tailorable skeletons and pores, providing unique platforms for the interplay with photons, excitons, electrons, holes, ions, spins, and molecules. Such features encourage the rising research interest in COF materials in neuromorphic electronics. To develop high-performance COF-based neuromorphic memory devices, it is necessary to comprehensively understand materials, devices, and applications. Therefore, this Perspective focuses on discussing the use of COF materials for neuromorphic memory devices in terms of molecular design, thin-film processing, and neuromorphic applications. Finally, we provide an outlook for future directions and potential applications of COF-based neuromorphic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guanglong Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Ma
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wenbiao Niu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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4
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Beckham JL, Wyss KM, Xie Y, McHugh EA, Li JT, Advincula PA, Chen W, Lin J, Tour JM. Machine Learning Guided Synthesis of Flash Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106506. [PMID: 35064973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanoscience have enabled the synthesis of nanomaterials, such as graphene, from low-value or waste materials through flash Joule heating. Though this capability is promising, the complex and entangled variables that govern nanocrystal formation in the Joule heating process remain poorly understood. In this work, machine learning (ML) models are constructed to explore the factors that drive the transformation of amorphous carbon into graphene nanocrystals during flash Joule heating. An XGBoost regression model of crystallinity achieves an r2 score of 0.8051 ± 0.054. Feature importance assays and decision trees extracted from these models reveal key considerations in the selection of starting materials and the role of stochastic current fluctuations in flash Joule heating synthesis. Furthermore, partial dependence analyses demonstrate the importance of charge and current density as predictors of crystallinity, implying a progression from reaction-limited to diffusion-limited kinetics as flash Joule heating parameters change. Finally, a practical application of the ML models is shown by using Bayesian meta-learning algorithms to automatically improve bulk crystallinity over many Joule heating reactions. These results illustrate the power of ML as a tool to analyze complex nanomanufacturing processes and enable the synthesis of 2D crystals with desirable properties by flash Joule heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yunchao Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Emily A McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - John Tianci Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul A Advincula
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weiyin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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5
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Wyss KM, Luong DX, Tour JM. Large-Scale Syntheses of 2D Materials: Flash Joule Heating and Other Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106970. [PMID: 34695282 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past 17 years, the larger-scale production of graphene and graphene family materials has proven difficult and costly, thus slowing wider-scale commercial applications. The quality of the graphene that is prepared on larger scales has often been poor, demonstrating a need for improved quality controls. Here, current industrial graphene synthetic and analytical methods, as well as recent academic advancements in larger-scale or sustainable synthesis of graphene, defined here as weights more than 200 mg or films larger than 200 cm2 , are compiled and reviewed. There is a specific emphasis on recent research in the use of flash Joule heating as a rapid, efficient, and scalable method to produce graphene and other 2D nanomaterials. Reactor design, synthetic strategies, safety considerations, feedstock selection, Raman spectroscopy, and future outlooks for flash Joule heating syntheses are presented. To conclude, the remaining challenges and opportunities in the larger-scale synthesis of graphene and a perspective on the broader use of flash Joule heating for larger-scale 2D materials synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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6
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Liu C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Muruganathan M, Mizuta H, Oshima Y. In-situ electrical conductance measurement of suspended ultra-narrow graphene nanoribbons observed via transmission electron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:025710. [PMID: 32992312 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbca7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbon is an attractive material for nano-electronic devices, as their electrical transport performance can be controlled by their edge structures. However, in most cases, the electrical transport has been investigated only for graphene nanoribbons fabricated on a substrate, which hinders the appearance of intrinsic electrical transport due to screening effects. In this study, we developed special devices based on silicon chips for transmission electron microscopy to observe a monolayer graphene nanoribbon suspended between two gold electrodes. Moreover, with the development of an in-situ transmission electron microscopy holder, the current-voltage characteristics were achieved simultaneously with observing and modifying the structure. We found that the current-voltage characteristics differed between 1.5 nm-wide graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag edge structures. The energy gap of the zigzag edge was more than two-fold larger than that of the armchair edge and exhibited an abrupt jump above a critical bias voltage in the differential conductance curve. Thus, our in-situ transmission electron microscopy method is promising for elucidating the structural dependence of electrical conduction in two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Liu
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Manoharan Muruganathan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3: 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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7
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Synthesis of Hybrid Carbon Materials Consisting of N-Doped Microporous Carbon and Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132997. [PMID: 32640535 PMCID: PMC7372370 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The N-doped hybrid carbon materials containing amorphous carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) were obtained by free growth of a polymer at 200 °C. The improvement of electrical conductivity was achieved by a final carbonization at 600–800 °C under the flow of nitrogen. The microstructure of ACNT/N-doped hybrids was characterized using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffusion. Furthermore, their elemental composition was measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and an elemental analyzer. The experimental results indicated that the ACNTs had a diameter in the range of 40–60 nm and the N-doped carbon background contained nitrogen atoms in most bonded pyrrolic-N and quaternary-N groups. The results revealed that the microstructure of the as-grown nanotubes, prepared by the proposed method, is mainly amorphous. This technique introduces the advantages of low cost and process simplicity, which may redeem some drawbacks of the methods commonly used in ACNT synthesis.
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8
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Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis. Nature 2020; 577:647-651. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun B, He J, Sun Y, Wang C. The field emission of carbon-in-Al 4O 4C nanoneedles and its failure mechanism: high-field induced shell cracking and chemical decomposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:365702. [PMID: 31026856 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1d0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although ceramic Al4O4C has recently been found to have interesting optical properties, its low conductivity makes it difficult to be used in fields related to electron transport. Here, we achieved carbon-in-Al4O4C core-shell nanoneedles via a one-step chemical vapor deposition method. The core with the form of few-layer graphene embedded in amorphous carbon improves the electron transport largely, as the I-V measurement is based on a single nanowire. Good field electron emission behavior was observed in these nanoneedles. Noticeably, when a large electric field was loaded, the nanoneedle failed in two manners, i.e. zippered dispassion between the core and shell, and chemical deposition of the Al4O4C shell into metastable δ-Al2O3. These results help to broaden the application field of Al4O4C and understand its physicochemical behavior under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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10
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Park Y, Lee JS. Artificial Synapses with Short- and Long-Term Memory for Spiking Neural Networks Based on Renewable Materials. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8962-8969. [PMID: 28837313 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Emulation of biological synapses that perform memory and learning functions is an essential step toward realization of bioinspired neuromorphic systems. Artificial synaptic devices have been developed based mostly on inorganic materials and conventional semiconductor device fabrication processes. Here, we propose flexible biomemristor devices based on lignin by a simple solution process. Lignin is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth and is biocompatible, biodegradable, as well as environmentally benign. This memristor emulates several essential synaptic behaviors, including analog memory switching, short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, spike-rate-dependent plasticity, and short-term to long-term transition. A flexible lignin-based artificial synapse device can be operated without noticeable degradation under mechanical bending test. These results suggest lignin can be a promising key component for artificial synapses and flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Ling H, Yi M, Nagai M, Xie L, Wang L, Hu B, Huang W. Controllable Organic Resistive Switching Achieved by One-Step Integration of Cone-Shaped Contact. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701333. [PMID: 28707713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conductive filaments (CFs)-based resistive random access memory possesses the ability of scaling down to sub-nanoscale with high-density integration architecture, making it the most promising nanoelectronic technology for reclaiming Moore's law. Compared with the extensive study in inorganic switching medium, the scientific challenge now is to understand the growth kinetics of nanoscale CFs in organic polymers, aiming to achieve controllable switching characteristics toward flexible and reliable nonvolatile organic memory. Here, this paper systematically investigates the resistive switching (RS) behaviors based on a widely adopted vertical architecture of Al/organic/indium-tin-oxide (ITO), with poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as the case study. A nanoscale Al filament with a dynamic-gap zone (DGZ) is directly observed using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) , which demonstrates that the RS behaviors are related to the random formation of spliced filaments consisting of Al and oxygen vacancy dual conductive channels growing through carbazole groups. The randomicity of the filament formation can be depressed by introducing a cone-shaped contact via a one-step integration method. The conical electrode can effectively shorten the DGZ and enhance the localized electric field, thus reducing the switching voltage and improving the RS uniformity. This study provides a deeper insight of the multiple filamentary mechanisms for organic RS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Ling
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingdong Yi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Masaru Nagai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Laiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Park Y, Lee JS. Flexible Multistate Data Storage Devices Fabricated Using Natural Lignin at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6207-6212. [PMID: 28078883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in bioinspired and sustainable electronics has induced research on biocompatible and biodegradable materials. However, conventional electronic devices have been restricted due to their nonbiodegradable and sometimes harmful and toxic materials, which can even cause environmental issues. Here, we report a resistive switching random access memory (ReRAM) device based on lignin, which is a biodegradable waste product of the paper industry. The active layer of the device can be easily formed using a simple solution process on a plastic substrate. The memory devices show stable bipolar resistive switching behavior with good endurance and retention. Appropriate control of the maximum reset voltage and compliance current can yield multibit data storage capability with at least four resistance states, which can be exploited to realize a high-density memory device. The resistive switching mechanism may be a result of formation and rupture of carbon-rich filaments. These results suggest that lignin is a promising candidate material for an inexpensive and environmentally benign ReRAM device. We believe that this study can initiate a new route toward development of biocompatible and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang B, Zhao L, Cheng Y, Golberg D, Wang MS. Reversible Tuning of Individual Carbon Nanotube Mechanical Properties via Defect Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5221-5227. [PMID: 27454869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural defects that inevitably exist in real-world carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are generally considered undesirable because they break the structural perfection and may result in drastically degraded CNT properties. On the other hand, the deliberate defect introduction can provide a possibility to tailor the tube mechanical properties. Herein, we present a fully controllable technique to handle defects by using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Young's modulus, quality factor of the resonation and tensile strength of CNTs can be controllably, reversibly, and repeatedly tuned. Parallel high-resolution visualizing of structural defects suggests that the property tuning cycles are primarily attributed to the reversible conversion of defects at the atomic scale: the defects are created in the form of vacancies and interstitials under electron irradiation, and they vanish through the recombination via current-induced annealing. For applications, such as reversible frequency-tuned CNT resonators, this defect-engineering technique is demonstrated to be uniquely precise; the frequency may be tuned with 0.1%/min accuracy, improved by 1 order of magnitude compared with the existing approaches. We believe that these results will be highly valuable in a variety of property-tunable CNT-based composites and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, and Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Longze Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, and Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, and Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, and Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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14
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Di J, Fang S, Moura FA, Galvão DS, Bykova J, Aliev A, de Andrade MJ, Lepró X, Li N, Haines C, Ovalle-Robles R, Qian D, Baughman RH. Strong, Twist-Stable Carbon Nanotube Yarns and Muscles by Tension Annealing at Extreme Temperatures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6598-6605. [PMID: 27184216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed incandescent tension annealing process (ITAP) is used to increase the modulus and strength of twist-spun carbon nanotube yarns by up to 12-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, provide remarkable resistance to oxidation and powerful protonating acids, and freeze yarn untwist. This twist stability enables torsional artificial-muscle motors having improved performance and minimizes problematic untwist during weaving nanotube yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Di
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shaoli Fang
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Francisco A Moura
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Galvão
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Julia Bykova
- Nano-Science & Technology Center, Lintec of America, Richardson, TX, 75081, USA
| | - Ali Aliev
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mônica Jung de Andrade
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Xavier Lepró
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Na Li
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Carter Haines
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | | | - Dong Qian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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15
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Wan N, Pan W, Lin T. Strain-induced growth of oriented graphene layers revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy observation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16641-6. [PMID: 27150490 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01708h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of the strain-induced oriented alignment of graphene layers during the in situ 80 keV e-beam irradiation of an amorphous carbon structure using an aberration corrected (Cs-corrected) electron transmission microscope. E-beam irradiation promoted the amorphous-to-ordered structure transformation and contributed to the formation of small sized graphene flakes by local structure reconstruction. In the mean time, graphene flakes were driven to rotate and re-orient along the strain direction under the uni-axial stress conditions, which finally connected with each other and produced a high oriented structure. Our observations suggest that strain engineering could be an effective method in tuning the microstructure and properties especially in layer-structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wan
- SEU-FEI Nano Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter Spectroscopy and Opto-Electronic Physics, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lin
- School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
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16
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Lee BH, Bae H, Seong H, Lee DI, Park H, Choi YJ, Im SG, Kim SO, Choi YK. Direct Observation of a Carbon Filament in Water-Resistant Organic Memory. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7306-7313. [PMID: 26056735 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The memory for the Internet of Things (IoT) requires versatile characteristics such as flexibility, wearability, and stability in outdoor environments. Resistive random access memory (RRAM) to harness a simple structure and organic material with good flexibility can be an attractive candidate for IoT memory. However, its solution-oriented process and unclear switching mechanism are critical problems. Here we demonstrate iCVD polymer-intercalated RRAM (i-RRAM). i-RRAM exhibits robust flexibility and versatile wearability on any substrate. Stable operation of i-RRAM, even in water, is demonstrated, which is the first experimental presentation of water-resistant organic memory without any waterproof protection package. Moreover, the direct observation of a carbon filament is also reported for the first time using transmission electron microscopy, which puts an end to the controversy surrounding the switching mechanism. Therefore, reproducibility is feasible through comprehensive modeling. Furthermore, a carbon filament is superior to a metal filament in terms of the design window and selection of the electrode material. These results suggest an alternative to solve the critical issues of organic RRAM and an optimized memory type suitable for the IoT era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Lee
- ‡Department of Memory Business, Samsung Electronics, San #16 Banwol-Dong, Hwasung-City, Gyeonggi-Do 445-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyejeong Seong
- ∥Graphene Research Center, KI for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sung-Gap Im
- ∥Graphene Research Center, KI for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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18
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Shi K, Yan J, Lester E, Wu T. Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes via Microwave-Induced Processing of Biomass. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503076n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Shi
- Municipal
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion Technologies, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Jiefeng Yan
- Municipal
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion Technologies, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Edward Lester
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Tao Wu
- Municipal
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion Technologies, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
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19
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Sorkin A, Su H. Phase Diagram of Solid-Phase Transformation in Amorphous Carbon Nanorods. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9163-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Sorkin
- School
of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Haibin Su
- School
of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Institute
of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
View, Singapore 639673
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20
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Xu T, Xie X, Yin K, Sun J, He L, Sun L. Controllable atomic-scale sculpting and deposition of carbon nanostructures on graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1724-8. [PMID: 24616431 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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21
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22
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Barreiro A, Börrnert F, Avdoshenko SM, Rellinghaus B, Cuniberti G, Rümmeli MH, Vandersypen LMK. Understanding the catalyst-free transformation of amorphous carbon into graphene by current-induced annealing. Sci Rep 2013. [PMCID: PMC3552284 DOI: 10.1038/srep01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We shed light on the catalyst-free growth of graphene from amorphous carbon (a–C) by current-induced annealing by witnessing the mechanism both with in-situ transmission electron microscopy and with molecular dynamics simulations. Both in experiment and in simulation, we observe that small a–C clusters on top of a graphene substrate rearrange and crystallize into graphene patches. The process is aided by the high temperatures involved and by the van der Waals interactions with the substrate. Furthermore, in the presence of a–C, graphene can grow from the borders of holes and form a seamless graphene sheet, a novel finding that has not been reported before and that is reproduced by the simulations as well. These findings open up new avenues for bottom-up engineering of graphene-based devices.
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23
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Yuan D, Zeng F, Yan J, Yuan X, Huang X, Zou W. A novel route for preparing graphitic ordered mesoporous carbon as electrochemical energy storage material. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Lu Y, Merchant CA, Drndić M, Johnson ATC. In situ electronic characterization of graphene nanoconstrictions fabricated in a transmission electron microscope. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:5184-8. [PMID: 22026483 PMCID: PMC3382988 DOI: 10.1021/nl2023756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report electronic measurements on high-quality graphene nanoconstrictions (GNCs) fabricated in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the first measurements on GNC conductance with an accurate measurement of constriction width down to 1 nm. To create the GNCs, freely suspended graphene ribbons were fabricated using few-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The ribbons were loaded into the TEM, and a current-annealing procedure was used to clean the material and improve its electronic characteristics. The TEM beam was then used to sculpt GNCs to a series of desired widths in the range 1-700 nm; after each sculpting step, the sample was imaged by TEM and its electronic properties were measured in situ. GNC conductance was found to be remarkably high, comparable to that of exfoliated graphene samples of similar size. The GNC conductance varied with width approximately as G(w)=(e2/h)w0.75, where w is the constriction width in nanometers. GNCs support current densities greater than 120 μA/nm2, 2 orders of magnitude higher than that which has been previously reported for graphene nanoribbons and 2000 times higher than that reported for copper.
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25
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Wei X, Wang MS, Bando Y, Golberg D. Thermal stability of carbon nanotubes probed by anchored tungsten nanoparticles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2011; 12:044605. [PMID: 27877413 PMCID: PMC5090491 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/12/4/044605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was studied in high vacuum using tungsten nanoparticles as miniaturized thermal probes. The particles were placed on CNTs inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope equipped with a scanning tunneling microscope unit. The setup allowed manipulating individual nanoparticles and heating individual CNTs by applying current to them. CNTs were found to withstand high temperatures, up to the melting point of 60-nm-diameter W particles (∼3400 K). The dynamics of W particles on a hot CNT, including particle crystallization, quasimelting, melting, sublimation and intradiffusion, were observed in real time and recorded as a video. Graphite layers reel off CNTs when melted or premelted W particles revolve along the tube axis.
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26
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Zeng L, Wu A, Wang Y, Pu S, Ding J. In-situ observation and relocation method of nanomaterial samples based on microscope systems. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:138-44. [PMID: 21761495 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Taking poly(lactic acid) microbubbles and purple membranes as examples, a general in situ observation and relocation method of nanomaterial samples based on microscope systems was reported. First, a four-grade coordinate with different precisions was marked around a substrate by UV lithography. Second, using optical microscope and scanning probe microscope, special positions of poly(lactic acid) microbubbles and purple membranes were observed, respectively. Third, the four-grade coordinate value corresponded to the special sample position, and the distance between the special position and coordinate edge were recorded, respectively. Finally, the special position can be easily found again, or the sample in the special position can be manipulated and secondary processed based on the recorded coordinate value and distance, after the sample was removed and then was reset on the sample stage of microscope. The in situ observation and relocation method can be applied in different microscope systems and different sample substrates, and will have potential applications in the manipulation and the secondary process of micro- and nano-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyong Zeng
- Division of Functional Materials and Nano Devices, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
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27
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Hummelgård M, Zhang R, Carlberg T, Vengust D, Dvorsek D, Mihailovic D, Olin H. Nanowire transformation and annealing by Joule heating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:165704. [PMID: 20351407 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/16/165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Joule heating of bundles of Mo(6)S(3)I(6) nanowires, in real time, was studied using in situ TEM probing. TEM imaging, electron diffraction, and conductivity measurements showed a complete transformation of Mo(6)S(3)I(6) into Mo via thermal decomposition. The resulting Mo nanowires had a conductivity that was 2-3 orders higher than the starting material. The conductivity increased even further, up to 1.8 x 10(6) S m( - 1), when the Mo nanowires went through annealing phases. These results suggest that Joule heating might be a general way to transform or anneal nanowires, pointing to applications such as metal nanowire fabrication, novel memory elements based on material transformation, or in situ improvement of field emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hummelgård
- Department of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden.
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28
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Yao J, Jin Z, Zhong L, Natelson D, Tour JM. Two-terminal nonvolatile memories based on single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2009; 3:4122-6. [PMID: 19904998 DOI: 10.1021/nn901263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reproducible current hysteresis is observed in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) measured in a two-terminal configuration without a gate electrode. On the basis of this hysteresis, a two-terminal nonvolatile memory is realized by applying voltage pulses of opposite polarities across the SWCNT. Charge trapping at the SWCNT/SiO(2) interface is proposed to account for the observed phenomena; this explanation is supported by the direct correlation between the switching behaviors and SWCNT carrier types. In particular, a change in dominant carrier type induced by adsorbates in air leads to the direct transition of hysteresis evolution in the same device, providing further evidence for the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Lee VS, Nimmanpipug P, Mollaamin F, Kungwan N, Thanasanvorakun S, Monajjemi M. Investigation of single wall carbon nanotubes electrical properties and normal mode analysis: Dielectric effects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409130184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Loop formation in graphitic nanoribbon edges using furnace heating or Joule heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3148829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Kölbl D, Ebbecke J, Heinrich A, Wixforth A. Self-aligned growth of carbon nanosticks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:485304. [PMID: 21836298 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/48/485304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser deposition of carbon on LiNbO(3) as substrate material leads for certain process parameters to the growth of self-aligned carbon stick-like nanoparticles (so called nanosticks). The carbon nanosticks and the growth conditions were investigated in detail by means of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and conductivity measurements. A model for the growth mechanism is presented on the basis of the experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kölbl
- Experimentalphysik I, Institut für Physik der Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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32
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Wang HW, Wang BC, Chen WH, Hayashi M. Localized Gaussian Type Orbital−Periodic Boundary Condition−Density Functional Theory Study of Infinite-Length Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Various Tubular Diameters. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1783-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074107l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houng-Wei Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, and Institute for Molecular Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Bo-Cheng Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, and Institute for Molecular Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, and Institute for Molecular Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, and Institute for Molecular Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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33
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Huang JY, Ding F, Jiao K, Yakobson BI. Self-templated growth of carbon-nanotube walls at high temperatures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1735-9. [PMID: 17763513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Huang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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34
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Huang JY. In situ observation of quasimelting of diamond and reversible graphite-diamond phase transformations. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:2335-40. [PMID: 17628113 DOI: 10.1021/nl0709975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of technique difficulties in achieving the extreme high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) simultaneously, direct observation of the structures of carbon at extreme HPHT conditions has not been possible. Banhart and Ajayan discovered remarkably that carbon onions can act as nanoscopic pressure cells to generate high pressures. By heating carbon onions to approximately 700 degrees C and under electron beam irradiation, the graphite-to-diamond transformation was observed in situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the highest achievable temperature in a TEM heating holder is less than 1000 degrees C. Here we report that, by using carbon nanotubes as heaters and carbon onions as high-pressure cells, temperatures higher than 2000 degrees C and pressures higher than 40 GPa were achieved simultaneously in carbon onions. At such HPHT conditions and facilitated by electron beam irradiation, the diamond formed in the carbon onion cores frequently changed its shape, size, orientation, and internal structure and moved like a fluid, implying that it was in a quasimelting state. The fluctuation between the solid phase of diamond and the fluid/amorphous phase of diamond-like carbon, and the changes of the shape, size, and orientation of the solid diamond, were attributed to the dynamic crystallization of diamond crystal from the quasimolten state and the dynamic graphite-diamond phase transformations. Our discovery offers unprecedented opportunities to studying the nanostructures of carbon at extreme conditions in situ and at an atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Huang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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35
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Huang JY, Chen S, Ren ZF, Wang Z, Kempa K, Naughton MJ, Chen G, Dresselhaus MS. Enhanced ductile behavior of tensile-elongated individual double-walled and triple-walled carbon nanotubes at high temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:185501. [PMID: 17501582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.185501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report exceptional ductile behavior in individual double-walled and triple-walled carbon nanotubes at temperatures above 2000 degrees C, with tensile elongation of 190% and diameter reduction of 90%, during in situ tensile-loading experiments conducted inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Concurrent atomic-scale microstructure observations reveal that the superelongation is attributed to a high temperature creep deformation mechanism mediated by atom or vacancy diffusion, dislocation climb, and kink motion at high temperatures. The superelongation in double-walled and triple-walled carbon nanotubes, the creep deformation mechanism, and dislocation climb in carbon nanotubes are reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Huang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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36
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Huang KW, Wang JH, Chen HC, Hsu HC, Chang YC, Lu MY, Lee CY, Chen LJ. Supramolecular nanotubes with high thermal stability: a rigidity enhanced structure transformation induced by electron-beam irradiation and heat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b618446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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