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Liu A, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li Y, Peng X, Li X, Qin Y, Hu C, Qiu Y, Jiang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Tang J, Liu J, Guo H, Deng T, Peng S, Tian H, Ren TL. The Roadmap of 2D Materials and Devices Toward Chips. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38363512 PMCID: PMC10873265 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the constraints imposed by physical effects and performance degradation, silicon-based chip technology is facing certain limitations in sustaining the advancement of Moore's law. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for the post-Moore era, offering significant potential in domains such as integrated circuits and next-generation computing. Here, in this review, the progress of 2D semiconductors in process engineering and various electronic applications are summarized. A careful introduction of material synthesis, transistor engineering focused on device configuration, dielectric engineering, contact engineering, and material integration are given first. Then 2D transistors for certain electronic applications including digital and analog circuits, heterogeneous integration chips, and sensing circuits are discussed. Moreover, several promising applications (artificial intelligence chips and quantum chips) based on specific mechanism devices are introduced. Finally, the challenges for 2D materials encountered in achieving circuit-level or system-level applications are analyzed, and potential development pathways or roadmaps are further speculated and outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Qiu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
- IMECAS-HKUST-Joint Laboratory of Microelectronics, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Pasadas F, Medina-Rull A, Feijoo PC, Pacheco-Sanchez A, Marin EG, Ruiz FG, Rodriguez N, Godoy A, Jiménez D. Unveiling the impact of the bias-dependent charge neutrality point on graphene based multi-transistor applications. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abfdd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Dirac voltage of a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) stands for the gate bias that sets the charge neutrality condition in the channel, thus resulting in a minimum conductivity. Controlling its dependence on the terminal biases is crucial for the design and optimization of radio-frequency applications based on multiple GFETs. However, the previous analysis of such dependence carried out for single devices is uncomplete and if not properly understood could result in circuit designs with poor performance. The control of the Dirac point shift (DPS) is particularly important for the deployment of graphene-based differential circuit topologies where keeping a strict symmetry between the electrically balanced branches is essential for exploiting the advantages of such topologies. This note sheds light on the impact of terminal biases on the DPS in a real device and sets a rigorous methodology to control it so to eventually optimize and exploit the performance of radio-frequency applications based on GFETs.
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Hu W, Sheng Z, Hou X, Chen H, Zhang Z, Zhang DW, Zhou P. Ambipolar 2D Semiconductors and Emerging Device Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000837. [PMID: 34927812 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of 2D materials, new physics and new processing techniques have emerged, triggering possibilities for the innovation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among them, ambipolar 2D semiconductors are of excellent gate-controlled capability and distinctive physical characteristic that the major charge carriers can be dynamically, reversibly and rapidly tuned between holes and electrons by electrostatic field. Based on such properties, novel devices, like ambipolar field-effect transistors, light-emitting transistors, electrostatic-field-charging PN diodes, are developed and show great advantages in logic and reconfigurable circuits, integrated optoelectronic circuits, and artificial neural network image sensors, enriching the functions of conventional devices and bringing breakthroughs to build new architectures. This review first focuses on the basic knowledge including fundamental principle of ambipolar semiconductors, basic material preparation techniques, and how to obtain the ambipolar behavior through electrical contact engineering. Then, the current ambipolar 2D semiconductors and their preparation approaches and main properties are summarized. Finally, the emerging new device structures are overviewed in detail, along with their novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. It is expected to shed light on the future development of ambipolar 2D semiconductors, exploring more new devices with novel functions and promoting the applications of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhe Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Designing Dual-Function Nanostructures for Water Purification in Sunlight. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims at combining two building blocks together into well-designed nanostructures to act as dual-function materials; active photocatalysts in sunlight and effective adsorbents for increasing the efficiency of water purification. By these nanostructures, we could avoid the drawbacks of the existing technologies for water purification and remove the industrial pollutants by a dual process; adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. In this trend, Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are combined with graphene oxide to produce a series of nanolayered structures. These nanolayered structures are effective for converting Zn-Al LDHs to be photo-active in sunlight through decreasing its band gap energy from 5.5 eV to 2.5 eV. In addition, these nanolayered structures caused complete decolorization and mineralization of green dyes in sunlight through accelerating the reaction rate of the photocatalytic degradation of dyes seven times higher than that of the pure Zn-Al LDHs. In the same time, they improved the adsorption process of green dyes through creating new micro- and meso-porous structures and high surface area for Zn-Al LDHs. Finally, the well-designed nanostructures between Zn-Al LDHs and graphene oxide led to converting non-photoactive materials to be active in the visible light in addition to a complete and fast removal for organic pollutants.
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Son M, Kim H, Jang J, Kim SY, Ki HC, Lee BH, Kim IS, Ham MH. Low-Power Complementary Logic Circuit Using Polymer-Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Switching Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47247-47252. [PMID: 31746181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of the electrical properties of graphene and its device configurations for low-power consumption are important in developing graphene-based logic electronics. Here, we demonstrate the change in the charge transport in graphene from ambipolar to unipolar using surface charge transfer doping of the polymer electrolyte. Unipolar graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) were obtained by the surface treatment of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) for p-type and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) for n-type as polymer-electrolyte gates. In addition, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) in a polymer matrix can be used for the low-gate voltage operation of GFETs (less than ±3 V) because of its high gating efficiency. Using polymer-electrolyte-gated GFETs, complementary graphene inverters were fabricated with a voltage swing of 57% and maximum voltage gain (Vgain) of 1.1 at a low supply voltage (VDD = 1 V). This is expected to facilitate the development of graphene-based logic devices with low-cost, low-power, and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungwoo Son
- Photonic Energy Research Center , Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) , Cheomdanbencheo-ro 108 beon-gil 9 , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61007 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyun Chul Ki
- Photonic Energy Research Center , Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) , Cheomdanbencheo-ro 108 beon-gil 9 , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61007 , Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Kim YC, Choi YJ, Woo HJ, Song YJ, Kang MS, Lee C, Cho JH. Vertically Stacked CVD-Grown 2D Heterostructure for Wafer-Scale Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35444-35450. [PMID: 31456390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates, for the first time, wafer-scale graphene/MoS2 heterostructures prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and their application in vertical transistors and logic gates. A CVD-grown bulk MoS2 layer is utilized as the vertical channel, whereas CVD-grown monolayer graphene is used as the tunable work-function electrode. The short vertical channel of the transistor is formed by sandwiching bulk MoS2 between the bottom indium tin oxide (ITO, drain electrode) and the top graphene (source electrode). The electron injection barriers at the graphene-MoS2 junction and ITO-MoS2 junction are modulated effectively through variation of the Schottky barrier height and its effective barrier width, respectively, because of the work-function tunability of the graphene electrode. The resulting vertical transistor with the CVD-grown MoS2/graphene heterostructure exhibits a current density exceeding 7 A/cm2, a subthreshold swing of 410 mV/dec, and an on-off current ratio exceeding 103. The large-area synthesis, transfer, and patterning processes of both semiconducting MoS2 and metallic graphene facilitate construction of a wafer-scale array of transistors and logic gates such as NOT, NAND, and NOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Sogang University , Seoul 04107 , Korea
| | | | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
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Meng Y, Zhao J, Yang X, Zhao C, Qin S, Cho JH, Zhang C, Sun Q, Wang ZL. Mechanosensation-Active Matrix Based on Direct-Contact Tribotronic Planar Graphene Transistor Array. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9381-9389. [PMID: 30183252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive electronics aims at replicating the multifunctions of human skin to realize quantitative conversion of external stimuli into electronic signals and provide corresponding feedback instructions. Here, we report a mechanosensation-active matrix based on a direct-contact tribotronic planar graphene transistor array. Ion gel is utilized as both the dielectric in the graphene transistor and the friction layer for triboelectric potential coupling to achieve highly efficient gating and sensation properties. Different contact distances between the ion gel and other friction materials produce different triboelectric potentials, which are directly coupled to the graphene channel and lead to different output signals through modulating the Fermi level of graphene. Based on this mechanism, the tribotronic graphene transistor is capable of sensing approaching distances, recognizing the category of different materials, and even distinguishing voices. It possesses excellent sensing properties, including high sensitivity (0.16 mm-1), fast response time (∼15 ms), and excellent durability (over 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the fabricated mechanosensation-active matrix is demonstrated to sense spatial contact distances and visualize a 2D color mapping of the target object. The tribotronic active matrix with ion gel as dielectric/friction layer provides a route for efficient and low-power-consuming mechanosensation in a noninvasive fashion. It is of great significance in multifunction sensory systems, wearable human-machine interactive interfaces, artificial electronic skin, and future telemedicine for patient surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Meng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Junqing Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - XiXi Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746 , South Korea
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Garlapati SK, Divya M, Breitung B, Kruk R, Hahn H, Dasgupta S. Printed Electronics Based on Inorganic Semiconductors: From Processes and Materials to Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707600. [PMID: 29952112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the ever-expanding technological demands, printed electronics has shown palpable potential to create new and commercially viable technologies that will benefit from its unique characteristics, such as, large-area and wide range of substrate compatibility, conformability and low-cost. Through the last few decades, printed/solution-processed field-effect transistors (FETs) and circuits have witnessed immense research efforts, technological growth and increased commercial interests. Although printing of functional inks comprising organic semiconductors has already been initiated in early 1990s, gradually the attention, at least partially, has been shifted to various forms of inorganic semiconductors, starting from metal chalcogenides, oxides, carbon nanotubes and very recently to graphene and other 2D semiconductors. In this review, the entire domain of printable inorganic semiconductors is considered. In fact, thanks to the continuous development of materials/functional inks and novel design/printing strategies, the inorganic printed semiconductor-based circuits today have reached an operation frequency up to several hundreds of kilohertz with only a few nanosecond time delays at the individual FET/inverter levels; in this regard, often circuits based on hybrid material systems have been found to be advantageous. At the end, a comparison of relative successes of various printable inorganic semiconductor materials, the remaining challenges and the available future opportunities are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Garlapati
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mitta Divya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ben Breitung
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- KIT-TUD Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Institute of Materials Science, Jovanka-Bontschits-Str. 2, ,64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Subho Dasgupta
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Chemically induced Fermi level pinning effects of high-k dielectrics on graphene. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2992. [PMID: 29445202 PMCID: PMC5813236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-k materials such as Al2O3 and HfO2 are widely used as gate dielectrics in graphene devices. However, the effective work function values of metal gate in graphene FET are significantly deviated from their vacuum work function, which is similar to the Fermi level pinning effect observed in silicon MOSFETs with high-k dielectric. The degree of deviation represented by a pinning factor was much worse with HfO2 (pinning factor (S) = 0.19) than with Al2O3 (S = 0.69). We propose that the significant pinning-like behaviors induced by HfO2 are correlated with the oxygen exchange reactions occurred at the interface of graphene and HfO2.
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Carey T, Cacovich S, Divitini G, Ren J, Mansouri A, Kim JM, Wang C, Ducati C, Sordan R, Torrisi F. Fully inkjet-printed two-dimensional material field-effect heterojunctions for wearable and textile electronics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1202. [PMID: 29089495 PMCID: PMC5663939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully printed wearable electronics based on two-dimensional (2D) material heterojunction structures also known as heterostructures, such as field-effect transistors, require robust and reproducible printed multi-layer stacks consisting of active channel, dielectric and conductive contact layers. Solution processing of graphite and other layered materials provides low-cost inks enabling printed electronic devices, for example by inkjet printing. However, the limited quality of the 2D-material inks, the complexity of the layered arrangement, and the lack of a dielectric 2D-material ink able to operate at room temperature, under strain and after several washing cycles has impeded the fabrication of electronic devices on textile with fully printed 2D heterostructures. Here we demonstrate fully inkjet-printed 2D-material active heterostructures with graphene and hexagonal-boron nitride (h-BN) inks, and use them to fabricate all inkjet-printed flexible and washable field-effect transistors on textile, reaching a field-effect mobility of ~91 cm2 V-1 s-1, at low voltage (<5 V). This enables fully inkjet-printed electronic circuits, such as reprogrammable volatile memory cells, complementary inverters and OR logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Carey
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Jiesheng Ren
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Aida Mansouri
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Jong M Kim
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Roman Sordan
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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Sul O, Kim K, Jung Y, Choi E, Lee SB. Selective Dirac voltage engineering of individual graphene field-effect transistors for digital inverter and frequency multiplier integrations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:37LT01. [PMID: 28762338 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ambipolar band structure of graphene presents unique opportunities for novel electronic device applications. A cycle of gate voltage sweep in a conventional graphene transistor produces a frequency-doubled output current. To increase the frequency further, we used various graphene doping control techniques to produce Dirac voltage engineered graphene channels. The various surface treatments and substrate conditions produced differently doped graphene channels that were integrated on a single substrate and multiple Dirac voltages were observed by applying a single gate voltage sweep. We applied the Dirac voltage engineering techniques to graphene field-effect transistors on a single chip for the fabrication of a frequency multiplier and a logic inverter demonstrating analog and digital circuit application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onejae Sul
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Wangshimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jang H, Park YJ, Chen X, Das T, Kim MS, Ahn JH. Graphene-Based Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4184-202. [PMID: 26728114 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene provides outstanding properties that can be integrated into various flexible and stretchable electronic devices in a conventional, scalable fashion. The mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene make it an attractive candidate for applications in electronics, energy-harvesting devices, sensors, and other systems. Recent research progress on graphene-based flexible and stretchable electronics is reviewed here. The production and fabrication methods used for target device applications are first briefly discussed. Then, the various types of flexible and stretchable electronic devices that are enabled by graphene are discussed, including logic devices, energy-harvesting devices, sensors, and bioinspired devices. The results represent important steps in the development of graphene-based electronics that could find applications in the area of flexible and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houk Jang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-guSeoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-guSeoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-guSeoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanmoy Das
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-guSeoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Center for Mass Related Quantities, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-guDaejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-guSeoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Pu J, Funahashi K, Chen CH, Li MY, Li LJ, Takenobu T. Highly Flexible and High-Performance Complementary Inverters of Large-Area Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4111-4119. [PMID: 27007295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementary inverters constructed from large-area monolayers of WSe2 and MoS2 achieve excellent logic swings and yield an extremely high gain, large total noise margin, low power consumption, and good switching speed. Moreover, the WSe2 complementary-like inverters built on plastic substrates exhibit high mechanical stability. The results provide a path toward large-area flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuma Funahashi
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chang-Hsiao Chen
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Taishi Takenobu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Material Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
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14
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Liu CH, Chen Q, Liu CH, Zhong Z. Graphene Ambipolar Nanoelectronics for High Noise Rejection Amplification. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1064-1068. [PMID: 26808093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a modern wireless communication system, signal amplification is critical for overcoming losses during multiple data transformations/processes and long-distance transmission. Common mode and differential mode are two fundamental amplification mechanisms, and they utilize totally different circuit configurations. In this paper, we report a new type of dual-gate graphene ambipolar device with capability of operating under both common and differential modes to realize signal amplification. The signal goes through two stages of modulation where the phase of signal can be individually modulated to be either in-phase or out-of-phase at two stages by exploiting the ambipolarity of graphene. As a result, both common and differential mode amplifications can be achieved within one single device, which is not possible in the conventional circuit configuration. In addition, a common-mode rejection ratio as high as 80 dB can be achieved, making it possible for low noise circuit application. These results open up new directions of graphene-based ambipolar electronics that greatly simplify the RF circuit complexity and the design of multifunction device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hung Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chang-Hua Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Li SL, Tsukagoshi K, Orgiu E, Samorì P. Charge transport and mobility engineering in two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenide semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:118-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent progress on charge transport properties, carrier scattering mechanisms, and carrier mobility engineering of two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Li
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC)
- Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Strasbourg 67083
- France
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC)
- Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Strasbourg 67083
- France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC)
- Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Strasbourg 67083
- France
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16
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Liu E, Fu Y, Wang Y, Feng Y, Liu H, Wan X, Zhou W, Wang B, Shao L, Ho CH, Huang YS, Cao Z, Wang L, Li A, Zeng J, Song F, Wang X, Shi Y, Yuan H, Hwang HY, Cui Y, Miao F, Xing D. Integrated digital inverters based on two-dimensional anisotropic ReS2 field-effect transistors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6991. [PMID: 25947630 PMCID: PMC4432591 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides are emerging as top candidates for post-silicon electronics. While most of them exhibit isotropic behaviour, lowering the lattice symmetry could induce anisotropic properties, which are both scientifically interesting and potentially useful. Here we present atomically thin rhenium disulfide (ReS2) flakes with unique distorted 1T structure, which exhibit in-plane anisotropic properties. We fabricated monolayer and few-layer ReS2 field-effect transistors, which exhibit competitive performance with large current on/off ratios (∼107) and low subthreshold swings (100 mV per decade). The observed anisotropic ratio along two principle axes reaches 3.1, which is the highest among all known two-dimensional semiconducting materials. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated an integrated digital inverter with good performance by utilizing two ReS2 anisotropic field-effect transistors, suggesting the promising implementation of large-scale two-dimensional logic circuits. Our results underscore the unique properties of two-dimensional semiconducting materials with low crystal symmetry for future electronic applications. Many two-dimensional materials exhibit isotropic properties, but anisotropy can extend the functionality of future devices. Here, the authors fabricate field-effect transistors from single and few-layer rhenium disulfide and observe an anisotropic ratio of three to one along the two principle axes
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfu Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yaojia Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanqing Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huimei Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiangang Wan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Baigeng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lubin Shao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ching-Hwa Ho
- Graduate School of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Huang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Laiguo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Aidong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fengqi Song
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Harold Y Hwang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Feng Miao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dingyu Xing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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17
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Bianchi M, Guerriero E, Fiocco M, Alberti R, Polloni L, Behnam A, Carrion EA, Pop E, Sordan R. Scaling of graphene integrated circuits. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8076-8083. [PMID: 25873359 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of transistor size reduction (scaling) on the speed of realistic multi-stage integrated circuits (ICs) represents the main performance metric of a given transistor technology. Despite extensive interest in graphene electronics, scaling efforts have so far focused on individual transistors rather than multi-stage ICs. Here we study the scaling of graphene ICs based on transistors from 3.3 to 0.5 μm gate lengths and with different channel widths, access lengths, and lead thicknesses. The shortest gate delay of 31 ps per stage was obtained in sub-micron graphene ROs oscillating at 4.3 GHz, which is the highest oscillation frequency obtained in any strictly low-dimensional material to date. We also derived the fundamental Johnson limit, showing that scaled graphene ICs could be used at high frequencies in applications with small voltage swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bianchi
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100 Como, Italy.
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18
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Meng J, Chen JJ, Zhang L, Bie YQ, Liao ZM, Yu DP. Vertically architectured stack of multiple graphene field-effect transistors for flexible electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1660-1664. [PMID: 25400205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vertically architectured stack of multiple graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) on a flexible substrate show great mechanical flexibility and robustness. The four GFETs are integrated in the vertical direction, and dually gated GFETs with graphene channel, PMMA dielectrics, and graphene gate electrodes are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Ferrari AC, Bonaccorso F, Fal'ko V, Novoselov KS, Roche S, Bøggild P, Borini S, Koppens FHL, Palermo V, Pugno N, Garrido JA, Sordan R, Bianco A, Ballerini L, Prato M, Lidorikis E, Kivioja J, Marinelli C, Ryhänen T, Morpurgo A, Coleman JN, Nicolosi V, Colombo L, Fert A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Bachtold A, Schneider GF, Guinea F, Dekker C, Barbone M, Sun Z, Galiotis C, Grigorenko AN, Konstantatos G, Kis A, Katsnelson M, Vandersypen L, Loiseau A, Morandi V, Neumaier D, Treossi E, Pellegrini V, Polini M, Tredicucci A, Williams GM, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Kim JM, Zirath H, van Wees BJ, van der Zant H, Occhipinti L, Di Matteo A, Kinloch IA, Seyller T, Quesnel E, Feng X, Teo K, Rupesinghe N, Hakonen P, Neil SRT, Tannock Q, Löfwander T, Kinaret J. Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4598-810. [PMID: 25707682 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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20
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Zhu W, Yogeesh MN, Yang S, Aldave SH, Kim JS, Sonde S, Tao L, Lu N, Akinwande D. Flexible black phosphorus ambipolar transistors, circuits and AM demodulator. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1883-1890. [PMID: 25715122 DOI: 10.1021/nl5047329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are desirable for high-performance mechanically flexible nanoelectronics. In this work, we report the first flexible black phosphorus (BP) field-effect transistors (FETs) with electron and hole mobilities superior to what has been previously achieved with other more studied flexible layered semiconducting transistors such as MoS2 and WSe2. Encapsulated bottom-gated BP ambipolar FETs on flexible polyimide afforded maximum carrier mobility of about 310 cm(2)/V·s with field-effect current modulation exceeding 3 orders of magnitude. The device ambipolar functionality and high-mobility were employed to realize essential circuits of electronic systems for flexible technology including ambipolar digital inverter, frequency doubler, and analog amplifiers featuring voltage gain higher than other reported layered semiconductor flexible amplifiers. In addition, we demonstrate the first flexible BP amplitude-modulated (AM) demodulator, an active stage useful for radio receivers, based on a single ambipolar BP transistor, which results in audible signals when connected to a loudspeaker or earphone. Moreover, the BP transistors feature mechanical robustness up to 2% uniaxial tensile strain and up to 5000 bending cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhu
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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21
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Sagade AA, Neumaier D, Schall D, Otto M, Pesquera A, Centeno A, Elorza AZ, Kurz H. Highly air stable passivation of graphene based field effect devices. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3558-64. [PMID: 25631337 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of graphene based devices to surface adsorbates and charge traps at the graphene/dielectric interface requires proper device passivation in order to operate them reproducibly under ambient conditions. Here we report on the use of atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide as passivation layer on graphene field effect devices (GFETs). We show that successful passivation produce hysteresis free DC characteristics, low doping level GFETs stable over weeks though operated and stored in ambient atmosphere. This is achieved by selecting proper seed layer prior to deposition of encapsulation layer. The passivated devices are also demonstrated to be robust towards the exposure to chemicals and heat treatments, typically used during device fabrication. Additionally, the passivation of high stability and reproducible characteristics is also shown for functional devices like integrated graphene based inverters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay A Sagade
- Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), AMO GmbH, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 25, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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22
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Lee S, Zhong Z. Nanoelectronic circuits based on two-dimensional atomic layer crystals. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13283-13300. [PMID: 25268929 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03670k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene and related forms of two-dimensional (2D) atomic layer crystals, numerous studies have reported on the fundamental material aspects, such as the synthesis, the physical properties, and the electrical properties on the transistor level. With the advancement in large-area synthesis methods, system level integration to exploit the unique applications of these materials is close at hand. The main purpose of this review is to focus on the current progress and the prospect of circuits and systems based on 2D material that go beyond the single-transistor level studies. Both analog and digital circuits based on graphene and related 2D atomic layer crystals will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- Center for Integrated Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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23
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Cai X, Ma R, Ozawa TC, Sakai N, Funatsu A, Sasaki T. Superlattice assembly of graphene oxide (GO) and titania nanosheets: fabrication, in situ photocatalytic reduction of GO and highly improved carrier transport. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14419-14427. [PMID: 25340970 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two different kinds of two-dimensional (2D) materials, graphene oxide (GO) and titanium oxide nanosheets (Ti₀.₈₇O2(0.52-)), were self-assembled layer-by-layer using a polycation as a linker into a superlattice film. Successful construction of an alternate molecular assembly was confirmed by atomic force microscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. Exposure of the resulting film to UV light effectively promoted photocatalytic reduction of GO as well as decomposition of the polycation, which are due to their intimate molecular-level contact. The reduction completed within 3 hours, bringing about a decrease of the sheet resistance by ∼10(6). This process provides a clean and mild route to reduced graphene oxide (rGO), showing advantages over other chemical and thermal reduction processes. A field-effect-transistor device was fabricated using the resulting superlattice assembly of rGO/Ti₀.₈₇O₂(0.52-) as a channel material. The rGO in the film was found to work as a unipolar n-type conductor, which is in contrast to ambipolar or unipolar p-type behavior mostly reported for rGO films. This unique property may be associated with the electron doping effect from Ti₀.₈₇O₂(0.52-) nanosheets. A significant improvement in the conductance and electron carrier mobility by more than one order of magnitude was revealed, which may be accounted for by the heteroassembly with Ti₀.₈₇(0.52-) nanosheets with a high dielectric constant as well as the better 2D structure of rGO produced via the soft photocatalytic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingke Cai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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24
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Zhan B, Li C, Yang J, Jenkins G, Huang W, Dong X. Graphene field-effect transistor and its application for electronic sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4042-65. [PMID: 25044546 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical properties, sparked great interest to develop and extend its applications. Particularly, graphene based field-effect transistors (GFETs) present exciting and bright prospects for sensing applications due to their greatly higher sensitivity and stronger selectivity. This Review highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to GFETs and their application in electronic sensors. This article begins with a description of the fabrications and characterizations of GFETs, and then introduces the new developments in physical, chemical, and biological electronic detection using GFETs. Finally, several perspective and current challenges of GFETs development are presented, and some proposals are suggested for further development and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210046, China
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25
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Lin YF, Li W, Li SL, Xu Y, Aparecido-Ferreira A, Komatsu K, Sun H, Nakaharai S, Tsukagoshi K. Barrier inhomogeneities at vertically stacked graphene-based heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:795-799. [PMID: 24257682 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The integration of graphene and other atomically flat, two-dimensional materials has attracted much interest and been materialized very recently. An in-depth understanding of transport mechanisms in such heterostructures is essential. In this study, vertically stacked graphene-based heterostructure transistors were manufactured to elucidate the mechanism of electron injection at the interface. The temperature dependence of the electrical characteristics was investigated from 300 to 90 K. In a careful analysis of current-voltage characteristics, an unusual decrease in the effective Schottky barrier height and increase in the ideality factor were observed with decreasing temperature. A model of thermionic emission with a Gaussian distribution of barriers was able to precisely interpret the conduction mechanism. Furthermore, mapping of the effective Schottky barrier height is unmasked as a function of temperature and gate voltage. The results offer significant insight for the development of future layer-integration technology based on graphene-based heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Lin
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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26
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Lee SK, Kabir SMH, Sharma BK, Kim BJ, Cho JH, Ahn JH. Photo-patternable ion gel-gated graphene transistors and inverters on plastic. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014002. [PMID: 24334373 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate photo-patternable ion gel-gated graphene transistors and inverters on plastic substrates. The photo-patternable ion gel can be used as a negative photoresist for the patterning of underlying graphene as well as gate dielectrics. As a result, an extra graphene-patterning step is not required, which simplifies the device fabrication and avoids a side effect arising from the photoresist residue. The high capacitance of ion gel gate dielectrics yielded a low voltage operation (~2 V) of the graphene transistor and inverter. The graphene transistors on plastic showed an on/off-current ratio of ~11.5, along with hole and electron mobilities of 852 ± 124 and 452 ± 98 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), respectively. In addition, the flexible graphene inverter was successfully fabricated on plastic through the potential superposition effect from the drain bias. These devices show excellent mechanical flexibility and fatigue stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ki Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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27
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Chan MY, Komatsu K, Li SL, Xu Y, Darmawan P, Kuramochi H, Nakaharai S, Aparecido-Ferreira A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tsukagoshi K. Suppression of thermally activated carrier transport in atomically thin MoS2 on crystalline hexagonal boron nitride substrates. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9572-9576. [PMID: 23986323 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the temperature-dependent carrier mobility of atomically thin MoS2 field-effect transistors on crystalline hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and SiO2 substrates. Our results reveal distinct weak temperature dependence of the MoS2 devices on h-BN substrates. The room temperature mobility enhancement and reduced interface trap density of the single and bilayer MoS2 devices on h-BN substrates further indicate that reducing substrate traps is crucial for enhancing the mobility in atomically thin MoS2 devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yin Chan
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Material Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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28
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Kim W, Riikonen J, Li C, Chen Y, Lipsanen H. Highly tunable local gate controlled complementary graphene device performing as inverter and voltage controlled resistor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:395202. [PMID: 24013367 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/39/395202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using single-layer CVD graphene, a complementary field effect transistor (FET) device is fabricated on the top of separated back-gates. The local back-gate control of the transistors, which operate with low bias at room temperature, enables highly tunable device characteristics due to separate control over electrostatic doping of the channels. Local back-gating allows control of the doping level independently of the supply voltage, which enables device operation with very low VDD. Controllable characteristics also allow the compensation of variation in the unintentional doping typically observed in CVD graphene. Moreover, both p-n and n-p configurations of FETs can be achieved by electrostatic doping using the local back-gate. Therefore, the device operation can also be switched from inverter to voltage controlled resistor, opening new possibilities in using graphene in logic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Kim
- Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
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Guerriero E, Polloni L, Bianchi M, Behnam A, Carrion E, Rizzi LG, Pop E, Sordan R. Gigahertz integrated graphene ring oscillators. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5588-5594. [PMID: 23713626 DOI: 10.1021/nn401933v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ring oscillators (ROs) are the most important class of circuits used to evaluate the performance limits of any digital technology. However, ROs based on low-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., 1-D nanotubes, nanowires, 2-D MoS2) have so far exhibited limited performance due to low current drive or large parasitics. Here we demonstrate integrated ROs fabricated from wafer-scale graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The highest oscillation frequency was 1.28 GHz, while the largest output voltage swing was 0.57 V. Both values remain limited by parasitic capacitances in the circuit rather than intrinsic properties of the graphene transistor components, suggesting further improvements are possible. The fabricated ROs are the fastest realized in any low-dimensional nanomaterial to date and also the least sensitive to fluctuations in the supply voltage. They represent the first integrated graphene oscillators of any kind and can also be used in a wide range of applications in analog electronics. As a demonstration, we also realized the first stand-alone graphene mixers that do not require external oscillators for frequency conversion. The first gigahertz multitransistor graphene integrated circuits demonstrated here pave the way for application of graphene in high-speed digital and analog circuits in which high operating speed could be traded off against power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Guerriero
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100 Como, Italy
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Wang X, Xu H, Min J, Peng LM, Xu JB. Carrier sheet density constrained anomalous current saturation of graphene field effect transistors: kinks and negative differential resistances. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2811-2817. [PMID: 23440092 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33940h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There has recently been a great deal of interest and excitement in applying graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) in digital and radio frequency (RF) circuits and systems. Peculiar output characteristics such as kinks and negative differential resistance (NDR) in a strong field are the unique transport properties of GFETs. Here we demonstrate that these unusual features are attributed to a carrier sheet density constrained transport framework. Simulation results based on a simple analytic model which includes the linear DOS structure are in very good agreement with experimental data. The kernel mechanism of NDR is ascribed to the fact that the total current increase of a channel with a high average carrier density is constrained by its minimum sheet density. Utilizing in situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), the principle which naturally distinguishes NDR from kinks is further verified by studying the spatially resolved surface potential distribution along the channel. The influence and potential application of GFETs' unique output characteristics in the digital and RF fields are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Materials Science and Technology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P R China
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Kim BJ, Lee SK, Kang MS, Ahn JH, Cho JH. Coplanar-gate transparent graphene transistors and inverters on plastic. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8646-8651. [PMID: 22954200 DOI: 10.1021/nn3020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transparent flexible graphene transistors and inverters in a coplanar-gate configuration were presented for the first time using only two materials: graphene and an ion gel gate dielectric. The novel device configuration simplifies device fabrication such that only two printing steps were required to fabricate transistors and inverters. The devices exhibited excellent device performances including low-voltage operation with a high transistor-on-current and mobility, excellent mechanical flexibility, environmental stability, and a reasonable inverting behavior upon connecting the two transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Joon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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32
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Lee S, Lee K, Liu CH, Kulkarni GS, Zhong Z. Flexible and transparent all-graphene circuits for quaternary digital modulations. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1018. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Rizzi LG, Bianchi M, Behnam A, Carrion E, Guerriero E, Polloni L, Pop E, Sordan R. Cascading wafer-scale integrated graphene complementary inverters under ambient conditions. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3948-3953. [PMID: 22793169 DOI: 10.1021/nl301079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental building blocks of digital electronics are logic gates which must be capable of cascading such that more complex logic functions can be realized. Here we demonstrate integrated graphene complementary inverters which operate with the same input and output voltage logic levels, thus allowing cascading. We obtain signal matching under ambient conditions with inverters fabricated from wafer-scale graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Monolayer graphene was incorporated in self-aligned field-effect transistors in which the top gate overlaps with the source and drain contacts. This results in full-channel gating and leads to the highest low-frequency voltage gain reported so far in top-gated CVD graphene devices operating in air ambient, A(v) ∼ -5. Such gain enabled logic inverters with the same voltage swing of 0.56 V at their input and output. Graphene inverters could find their way in realistic applications where high-speed operation is desired but power dissipation is not a concern, similar to emitter-coupled logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giorgia Rizzi
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100 Como, Italy
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Song SM, Park JK, Sul OJ, Cho BJ. Determination of work function of graphene under a metal electrode and its role in contact resistance. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3887-92. [PMID: 22775270 DOI: 10.1021/nl300266p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the work function of graphene under a given metal electrode is critical information for the realization of high-performance graphene-based electronic devices, relatively little relevant research has been carried out to date. In this work, the work function values of graphene under various metals are accurately measured for the first time through a detailed analysis of the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of a metal-graphene-oxide-semiconductor (MGOS) capacitor structure. In contrast to the high work function of exposed graphene of 4.89-5.16 eV, the work function of graphene under a metal electrode varies depending on the metal species. With a Cr/Au or Ni contact, the work function of graphene is pinned to that of the contacted metal, whereas with a Pd or Au contact the work function assumes a value of ∼4.62 eV regardless of the work function of the contact metal. A study of the gate voltage dependence on the contact resistance shows that the latter case provides lower contact resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea, 305-701
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Lee SK, Jang HY, Jang S, Choi E, Hong BH, Lee J, Park S, Ahn JH. All graphene-based thin film transistors on flexible plastic substrates. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3472-3476. [PMID: 22686138 DOI: 10.1021/nl300948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-performance, flexible all graphene-based thin film transistor (TFT) was fabricated on plastic substrates using a graphene active layer, graphene oxide (GO) dielectrics, and graphene electrodes. The GO dielectrics exhibit a dielectric constant (3.1 at 77 K), low leakage current (17 mA/cm(2)), breakdown bias (1.5 × 10(6) V/cm), and good mechanical flexibility. Graphene-based TFTs showed a hole and electron mobility of 300 and 250 cm(2)/(V·s), respectively, at a drain bias of -0.1 V. Moreover, graphene TFTs on the plastic substrates exhibited remarkably good mechanical flexibility and optical transmittance. This method explores a significant step for the application of graphene toward flexible and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ki Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Lu CC, Lin YC, Yeh CH, Huang JC, Chiu PW. High mobility flexible graphene field-effect transistors with self-healing gate dielectrics. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4469-4474. [PMID: 22501029 DOI: 10.1021/nn301199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A high-mobility low-voltage graphene field-effect transistor (FET) array was fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate using high-capacitance natural aluminum oxide as a gate dielectric in a self-aligned device configuration. The high capacitance of the native aluminum oxide and the self-alignment, which minimizes access resistance, yield a high current on/off ratio and an operation voltage below 3 V, along with high electron and hole mobility of 230 and 300 cm(2)/V·s, respectively. Moreover, the native aluminum oxide is resistant to mechanical bending and exhibits self-healing upon electrical breakdown. These results indicate that self-aligned graphene FETs can provide remarkably improved device performance and stability for a range of applications in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Science and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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37
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Badmaev A, Che Y, Li Z, Wang C, Zhou C. Self-aligned fabrication of graphene RF transistors with T-shaped gate. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3371-3376. [PMID: 22404336 DOI: 10.1021/nn300393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional electronic properties of graphene make it a promising candidate as a material for next generation electronics; however, self-aligned fabrication of graphene transistors has not been fully explored. In this paper, we present a scalable method for fabrication of self-aligned graphene transistors by defining a T-shaped gate on top of graphene, followed by self-aligned source and drain formation by depositing Pd with the T-gate as a shadow mask. This transistor design provides significant advantages such as elimination of misalignment, reduction of access resistance by minimizing ungated graphene, and reduced gate charging resistance. To achieve high-yield scalable fabrication, we have combined the use of large-area graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition, wafer-scale transfer, and e-beam lithography to deposit T-shaped top gates. The fabricated transistors with channel lengths in the range of 110-170 nm exhibited excellent performance with peak current density of 1.3 mA/μm and peak transconductance of 0.5 mS/μm, which is one of the highest transconductance values reported. In addition, the T-gate design enabled us to achieve graphene transistors with extrinsic current-gain cutoff frequency of 23 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency of 10 GHz. These results represent important steps toward self-aligned design of graphene transistors for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Badmaev
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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38
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Origin of the relatively low transport mobility of graphene grown through chemical vapor deposition. Sci Rep 2012; 2:337. [PMID: 22468224 PMCID: PMC3313616 DOI: 10.1038/srep00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the relatively low transport mobility of graphene grown through chemical vapor deposition (CVD-G), which include point defect, surface contamination, and line defect, were analyzed in the current study. A series of control experiments demonstrated that the determinant factor for the low transport mobility of CVD-G did not arise from point defects or surface contaminations, but stemmed from line defects induced by grain boundaries. Electron microscopies characterized the presence of grain boundaries and indicated the polycrystalline nature of the CVD-G. Field-effect transistors based on CVD-G without the grain boundary obtained a transport mobility comparative to that of Kish graphene, which directly indicated the detrimental effect of grain boundaries. The effect of grain boundary on transport mobility was qualitatively explained using a potential barrier model. Furthermore, the conduction mechanism of CVD-G was also investigated using the temperature dependence measurements. This study can help understand the intrinsic transport features of CVD-G.
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Biró LP, Nemes-Incze P, Lambin P. Graphene: nanoscale processing and recent applications. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1824-1839. [PMID: 22080243 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the most interesting features of graphene is the rich physics set up by the various nanostructures it may adopt. The planar structure of graphene makes this material ideal for patterning at the nanoscale. The breathtakingly fast evolution of research on graphene growth and preparation methods has made possible the preparation of samples with arbitrary sizes. Available sample production techniques, combined with the right patterning tools, can be used to tailor the graphene sheet into functional nanostructures, even whole electronic circuits. This paper is a review of the existing graphene patterning techniques and potential applications of related lithographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- László P Biró
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 49, Hungary.
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Radisavljevic B, Whitwick MB, Kis A. Integrated circuits and logic operations based on single-layer MoS2. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9934-8. [PMID: 22073905 DOI: 10.1021/nn203715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Logic circuits and the ability to amplify electrical signals form the functional backbone of electronics along with the possibility to integrate multiple elements on the same chip. The miniaturization of electronic circuits is expected to reach fundamental limits in the near future. Two-dimensional materials such as single-layer MoS(2) represent the ultimate limit of miniaturization in the vertical dimension, are interesting as building blocks of low-power nanoelectronic devices, and are suitable for integration due to their planar geometry. Because they are less than 1 nm thin, 2D materials in transistors could also lead to reduced short channel effects and result in fabrication of smaller and more power-efficient transistors. Here, we report on the first integrated circuit based on a two-dimensional semiconductor MoS(2). Our integrated circuits are capable of operating as inverters, converting logical "1" into logical "0", with room-temperature voltage gain higher than 1, making them suitable for incorporation into digital circuits. We also show that electrical circuits composed of single-layer MoS(2) transistors are capable of performing the NOR logic operation, the basis from which all logical operations and full digital functionality can be deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branimir Radisavljevic
- Electrical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li SL, Miyazaki H, Lee MV, Liu C, Kanda A, Tsukagoshi K. Complementary-like graphene logic gates controlled by electrostatic doping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1552-1556. [PMID: 21538873 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Li
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Li H, Zhang Q, Liu C, Xu S, Gao P. Ambipolar to unipolar conversion in graphene field-effect transistors. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3198-3203. [PMID: 21413732 DOI: 10.1021/nn200327q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Typical graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) show ambipolar conduction that is unfavorable for some electronic applications. In this work, we report on the development of unipolar GFETs. We found that the titanium oxide situated on the graphene surface induced significant hole doping. The threshold voltage of the unipolar p-type GFET was tunable by varying the density of the attached titanium oxide through an etching process. An annealing process followed by silicon nitride passivation was found to convert the p-type GFETs to unipolar n-type GFETs. An air-stable complementary inverter integrated from the p- and n-GFETs was also successfully demonstrated. The simple fabrication processes are compatible with the conventional CMOS manufacturing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Microelectronics Centre, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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Yan K, Peng H, Zhou Y, Li H, Liu Z. Formation of bilayer bernal graphene: layer-by-layer epitaxy via chemical vapor deposition. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1106-1110. [PMID: 21322597 DOI: 10.1021/nl104000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the epitaxial formation of bilayer Bernal graphene on copper foil via chemical vapor deposition. The self-limit effect of graphene growth on copper is broken through the introduction of a second growth process. The coverage of bilayer regions with Bernal stacking can be as high as 67% before further optimization. Facilitated with the transfer process to silicon/silicon oxide substrates, dual-gated graphene transistors of the as-grown bilayer Bernal graphene were fabricated, showing typical tunable transfer characteristics under varying gate voltages. The high-yield layer-by-layer epitaxy scheme will not only make this material easily accessible but reveal the fundamental mechanism of graphene growth on copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yan
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Li SL, Miyazaki H, Hiura H, Liu C, Tsukagoshi K. Enhanced logic performance with semiconducting bilayer graphene channels. ACS NANO 2011; 5:500-506. [PMID: 21158484 DOI: 10.1021/nn102346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Realization of logic circuits in graphene with an energy gap (EG) remains one of the main challenges for graphene electronics. We found that large transport EGs (>100 meV) can be fulfilled in dual-gated bilayer graphene underneath a simple alumina passivation top gate stack, which directly contacts the graphene channels without an inserted buffer layer. With the presence of EGs, the electrical properties of the graphene transistors are significantly enhanced, as manifested by enhanced on/off current ratio, subthreshold slope, and current saturation. For the first time, complementary-like semiconducting logic graphene inverters are demonstrated that show a large improvement over their metallic counterparts. This result may open the way for logic applications of gap-engineered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Li
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Ago H, Ito Y, Mizuta N, Yoshida K, Hu B, Orofeo CM, Tsuji M, Ikeda KI, Mizuno S. Epitaxial chemical vapor deposition growth of single-layer graphene over cobalt film crystallized on sapphire. ACS NANO 2010; 4:7407-7414. [PMID: 21105741 DOI: 10.1021/nn102519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of uniform single-layer graphene is demonstrated over Co film crystallized on c-plane sapphire. The single crystalline Co film is realized on the sapphire substrate by optimized high-temperature sputtering and successive H(2) annealing. This crystalline Co film enables the formation of uniform single-layer graphene, while a polycrystalline Co film deposited on a SiO(2)/Si substrate gives a number of graphene flakes with various thicknesses. Moreover, an epitaxial relationship between the as-grown graphene and Co lattice is observed when synthesis occurs at 1000 °C; the direction of the hexagonal lattice of the single-layer graphene completely matches with that of the underneath Co/sapphire substrate. The orientation of graphene depends on the growth temperature and, at 900 °C, the graphene lattice is rotated at 22 ± 8° with respect to the Co lattice direction. Our work expands a possibility of synthesizing single-layer graphene over various metal catalysts. Moreover, our CVD growth gives a graphene film with predefined orientation, and thus can be applied to graphene engineering, such as cutting along a specific crystallographic direction, for future electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ago
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
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