1
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Kageyama H, Asaka K, Kishida H, Koyama T. Hole Doping in Polythiophenes Encapsulated in Semiconducting and Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Impact of the Electronic Structure. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kageyama
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Koji Asaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hideo Kishida
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Koyama
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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2
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Kuang Z, Berger FJ, Lustres JLP, Wollscheid N, Li H, Lüttgens J, Leinen MB, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J, Buckup T. Charge Transfer from Photoexcited Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Wide-Bandgap Wrapping Polymer. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:8125-8136. [PMID: 34055124 PMCID: PMC8154833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As narrow optical bandgap materials, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are rarely regarded as charge donors in photoinduced charge-transfer (PCT) reactions. However, the unique band structure and unusual exciton dynamics of SWCNTs add more possibilities to the classical PCT mechanism. In this work, we demonstrate PCT from photoexcited semiconducting (6,5) SWCNTs to a wide-bandgap wrapping poly-[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(6,6')-(2,2'-bipyridine)] (PFO-BPy) via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. By monitoring the spectral dynamics of the SWCNT polaron, we show that charge transfer from photoexcited SWCNTs to PFO-BPy can be driven not only by the energetically favorable E33 transition but also by the energetically unfavorable E22 excitation under high pump fluence. This unusual PCT from narrow-bandgap SWCNTs toward a wide-bandgap polymer originates from the up-converted high-energy excitonic state (E33 or higher) that is promoted by the Auger recombination of excitons and charge carriers in SWCNTs. These insights provide new pathways for charge separation in SWCNT-based photodetectors and photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Kuang
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Pérez Lustres
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Wollscheid
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Merve Balcı Leinen
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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3
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Mischok A, Lüttgens J, Berger F, Hillebrandt S, Tenopala-Carmona F, Kwon S, Murawski C, Siegmund B, Zaumseil J, Gather MC. Spectroscopic near-infrared photodetectors enabled by strong light-matter coupling in (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:201104. [PMID: 33261478 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling leads to the formation of mixed exciton-polariton states, allowing for a rigorous manipulation of the absorption and emission of excitonic materials. Here, we demonstrate the realization of this promising concept in organic photodetectors. By hybridizing the E11 exciton of semiconducting (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with near-infrared cavity photons, we create spectrally tunable polariton states within a photodiode. In turn, we are able to red-shift the detection peak that coincides with the lower polariton band. Our photodiodes comprise a metal cavity to mediate strong coupling between light and SWNTs and utilize P3HT and PC70BM as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively. The diodes are formed either via mixing of SWNTs, P3HT, and PC70BM to create a bulk heterojunction or by sequential processing of layers to form flat heterojunctions. The resulting near-infrared sensors show tunable, efficient exciton harvesting in an application-relevant wavelength range between 1000 nm and 1300 nm, with optical simulations showing a possible extension beyond 1500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mischok
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Hillebrandt
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Seonil Kwon
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Murawski
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte C Gather
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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4
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Sartorio C, Giuliano G, Scopelliti M, Vetri V, Leone M, Pignataro B. Synergies and compromises between charge and energy transfers in three-component organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8344-8352. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a three-component OSC, proper interface design is crucial to reaching the right balance between charge and energy transfer when both processes occur. Highly transparent devices can be built by thinning the active layer without affecting the PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Sartorio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Palermo
- Italy
| | - Giuliana Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Palermo
- Italy
| | | | - Valeria Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Palermo
- Italy
| | - Maurizio Leone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Palermo
- Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Palermo
- Italy
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5
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Zhao L, Ji J, Shen Y, Wu K, Zhao T, Yang H, Lv Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Exfoliation and Sensitization of 2D Carbon Nitride for Photoelectrochemical Biosensing under Red Light. Chemistry 2019; 25:15680-15686. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and DeviceJiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical ResearchSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMedical SchoolSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
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6
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Bai L, Li Y, Zhao J, Bao Y, Ji L, Dai J, Shi H, Yang F, Zhang X. Highly Efficient Utilization of Precious Metals for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction with Photo‐Assisted Electro‐Deposited Urchin‐Like Te Nanostructure as a Template. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yunkai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Lifei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Jianying Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Huilan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Fengchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry and Material Science National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
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7
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Xiong W, Du L, Lo KC, Shi H, Takaya T, Iwata K, Chan WK, Phillips DL. Control of Electron Flow Direction in Photoexcited Cycloplatinated Complex Containing Conjugated Polymer-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3819-3824. [PMID: 29940729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers incorporated with cycloplatinated complexes (P1-Pt and P2-Pt) were used as dispersants for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Significant changes in the UV-vis absorption spectra were observed after the formation of the polymer/SWCNT hybrids. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the presence of a strong interaction between the cycloplatinated complex moieties and the SWCNT surface. The photoinduced electron transfer processes in these hybrids were strongly dependent on the type of the comonomer unit. Upon photoexcitation, the excited P1-Pt donates electrons to the SWCNT, while P2-Pt accepts electrons from the photoexcited SWCNT. These observations were supported by results from Raman and femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy experiments. The strong electronic interaction between the Pt complexes and the SWCNT gives rise to a new hybrid system that has a controllable photoinduced electron transfer flow, which are important in regulating the charge transport processes in SWCNT-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kin Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Haiting Shi
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro , Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588 , Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro , Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588 , Japan
| | - Wai Kin Chan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
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8
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Garcia-Basabe Y, Ceolin D, Zarbin AJG, Roman LS, Rocco MLM. Ultrafast interface charge transfer dynamics on P3HT/MWCNT nanocomposites probed by resonant Auger spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26416-26422. [PMID: 35541958 PMCID: PMC9083119 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic coupling between P3HT polymer and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was elucidated using NEXAFS and core hole clock approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Garcia-Basabe
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- Instituto Latino Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza
| | - Denis Ceolin
- Synchrotron Soleil
- L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin
- BP 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
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9
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Kahmann S, Salazar Rios JM, Zink M, Allard S, Scherf U, dos Santos MC, Brabec CJ, Loi MA. Excited-State Interaction of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Their Wrapping Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5666-5672. [PMID: 29099192 PMCID: PMC5694966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We employ photoluminescence and pump-probe spectroscopy on films of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different chirality wrapped with either a wide band gap polyfluorene derivative (PF12) or a polythiophene with narrower gap (P3DDT) to elucidate the excited states' interplay between the two materials. Excitation above the polymer band gap gives way to an ultrafast electron transfer from both polymers toward the CNTs. By monitoring the hole polaron on the polymer via its mid infrared signature, we show that also illumination below the polymer band gap leads to the formation of this fingerprint and infer that holes are also transferred toward the polymer. As this contradicts the standard way of discussing the involved energy levels, we propose that polymer-wrapped CNTs should be considered as a single hybrid system, exhibiting states shared between the two components. This proposition is validated through quantum chemical calculations that show hybridization of the first excited states, especially for the thiophene-CNT sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kahmann
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Materials in Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jorge M. Salazar Rios
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Zink
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maria C. dos Santos
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute
for Materials in Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE-Bayern), Immerwahrstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria A. Loi
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Long R, Prezhdo OV, Fang W. Nonadiabatic charge dynamics in novel solar cell materials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing P.R. China
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Weihai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing P.R. China
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11
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Quantum dot-like excitonic behavior in individual single walled-carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37167. [PMID: 27849046 PMCID: PMC5111057 DOI: 10.1038/srep37167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional materials with great prospects for applications such as optoelectronic and quantum information devices. Yet, their optical performance is hindered by low fluorescent yield. Highly mobile excitons interacting with quenching sites are attributed to be one of the main non-radiative decay mechanisms that shortens the exciton lifetime. In this paper we report on time-integrated photoluminescence measurements on individual polymer wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes. An ultra narrow linewidth we observed demonstrates intrinsic exciton dynamics. Furthermore, we identify a state filling effect in individual carbon nanotubes at cryogenic temperatures as previously observed in quantum dots. We propose that each of the CNTs is segmented into a chain of zero-dimensional states confined by a varying local potential along the CNT, determined by local environmental factors such as the amount of polymer wrapping. Spectral diffusion is also observed, which is consistent with the tunneling of excitons between these confined states.
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12
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Barbero DR, Stranks SD. Functional Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoengineered Networks for Organic- and Perovskite-Solar-Cell Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9668-9685. [PMID: 27633954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have a variety of remarkable electronic and mechanical properties that, in principle, lend them to promising optoelectronic applications. However, the field has been plagued by heterogeneity in the distributions of synthesized tubes and uncontrolled bundling, both of which have prevented nanotubes from reaching their full potential. Here, a variety of recently demonstrated solution-processing avenues is presented, which may combat these challenges through manipulation of nanoscale structures. Recent advances in polymer-wrapping of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are shown, along with how the resulting nanostructures can selectively disperse tubes while also exploiting the favorable properties of the polymer, such as light-harvesting ability. New methods to controllably form nanoengineered SWNT networks with controlled nanotube placement are discussed. These nanoengineered networks decrease bundling, lower the percolation threshold, and enable a strong enhancement in charge conductivity compared to random networks, making them potentially attractive for optoelectronic applications. Finally, SWNT applications, to date, in organic and perovskite photovoltaics are reviewed, and insights as to how the aforementioned recent advancements can lead to improved device performance provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Barbero
- Nano-Engineered Materials and Organic Electronics Laboratory, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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13
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Dörling B, Ryan JD, Craddock JD, Sorrentino A, El Basaty A, Gomez A, Garriga M, Pereiro E, Anthony JE, Weisenberger MC, Goñi AR, Müller C, Campoy-Quiles M. Photoinduced p- to n-type Switching in Thermoelectric Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2782-9. [PMID: 26853701 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-induced switching from p- to n-type character is demonstrated during deposition of carbon-nanotube-conjugated polymer composites. This opens the possibility to photopattern n-type regions within an otherwise p-type film, which has a potential for complementary circuitry or, as shown here, thermoelectric generators made from a single solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Dörling
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Jason D Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - John D Craddock
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | | | - Ahmed El Basaty
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Industrial Education, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrés Gomez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Miquel Garriga
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - John E Anthony
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | | | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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14
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Sfuncia G, Tuccitto N, Marletta G. Preparation and enhanced conducting properties of open networks of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/carbon nanotube hybrids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of new high conductivity nanohybrid open networks of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (P3HT/SWNTs) by spin coating deposition is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Sfuncia
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN)
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania and CSGI
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN)
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania and CSGI
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN)
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania and CSGI
- Catania
- Italy
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15
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Fujigaya T, Nakashima N. Non-covalent polymer wrapping of carbon nanotubes and the role of wrapped polymers as functional dispersants. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:024802. [PMID: 27877763 PMCID: PMC5036478 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognized as a promising material in a wide range of applications from biotechnology to energy-related devices. However, the poor solubility in aqueous and organic solvents hindered the applications of CNTs. As studies have progressed, the methodology for CNT dispersion was established. In this methodology, the key issue is to covalently or non-covalently functionalize the surfaces of the CNTs with a dispersant. Among the various types of dispersions, polymer wrapping through non-covalent interactions is attractive in terms of the stability and homogeneity of the functionalization. Recently, by taking advantage of their stability, the wrapped-polymers have been utilized to support and/or reinforce the unique functionality of the CNTs, leading to the development of high-performance devices. In this review, various polymer wrapping approaches, together with the applications of the polymer-wrapped CNTs, are summarized.
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16
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Wang L, Long R, Prezhdo OV. Time-Domain Ab Initio Modeling of Photoinduced Dynamics at Nanoscale Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2015; 66:549-79. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Run Long
- School of Physics and Complex & Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482;
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17
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Bunes BR, Xu M, Zhang Y, Gross DE, Saha A, Jacobs DL, Yang X, Moore JS, Zang L. Photodoping and enhanced visible light absorption in single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a wide band gap oligomer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:162-167. [PMID: 25367178 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes feature excellent electronic properties but narrow absorption bands limit their utility in certain optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells. Here, the addition of a wide-bandgap gap oligomer enhances light absorption in the visible spectrum. Furthermore, the oligomer interacts with the carbon nanotube through a peculiar charge transfer, which provides insight into Type II heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Bunes
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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18
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Sharkey JJ, Stranks SD, Huang J, Alexander-Webber JA, Nicholas RJ. Engineering nanostructures by binding single molecules to single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12748-12754. [PMID: 25437329 DOI: 10.1021/nn505860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic and hybrid organic-inorganic systems are promising candidates for low cost photovoltaics. Recently, perovskite-based systems have been attracting a large amount of research attention, where the highest performing devices employ a small molecule (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene) (Spiro-OMeTAD) hole transporter. Here, we demonstrate the production of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/single molecule nanostructures using a simple solution processing technique for effective and strong binding of Spiro-OMeTAD to individual polymer-wrapped SWNTs. These small molecules bind very strongly, which causes both large mechanical strain of the nanotubes and also improves the separation of individual SWNTs, thus improving the nanotube photoluminescence quantum efficiency by 1 order of magnitude compared to simple polymer-nanotube nanohybrids. Using absorption and photoluminescence measurements, we show that there is a dramatic variation in the electronic properties of the polymer-NT nanocomposites due to the band alignment formed with Spiro-OMeTAD. These self-assembled nanocomposites offer the potential for integration into high performance optoelectronic such as photovoltaic cells and light emission devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Joseph Sharkey
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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19
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Boulanger N, Yu J, Barbero DR. SWNT nano-engineered networks strongly increase charge transport in P3HT. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11633-11636. [PMID: 24931449 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of arrays of 3D nanosized networks of interconnected single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with well defined dimensions in a poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) thin film. These novel nanotube nano-networks produce efficient ohmic charge transport, even at very low nanotube loadings and low voltages. An increase in conductivity between one and two orders of magnitude is observed compared to a random network. The formation of these nano-engineered networks is compatible with large area imprinting and roll to roll processes, which makes it highly desirable for opto-electronic and energy conversion applications using carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boulanger
- Umeå Universitet, Institutionen för Fysik, Linnaeus väg 24, Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Vempati S, Uyar T. Fluorescence from graphene oxide and the influence of ionic, π-π interactions and heterointerfaces: electron or energy transfer dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21183-203. [PMID: 25197977 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D crystals such as graphene and its oxide counterpart have sought good research attention for their application as well as fundamental interest. Especially graphene oxide (GO) is quite interesting because of its versatility and diverse application potential. However the mechanism of fluorescence from GO is under severe discussion. To explain the emission in general two interpretations were suggested, viz localization of sp(2) clusters and involvement of oxygeneous functional groups. Despite this disagreement, it should be acknowledged that the heterogeneous atomic structure, synthesis dependent and uncontrollable implantation of oxygen functional groups on the basal plane make such explanations more difficult. Nevertheless, a suitable explanation enhances the applicability of the material which also enables the design of novel materials. At this juncture we believe that given the complexity in understanding the emission mechanism it would be very useful to review the literature. In this perspective we juxtapose various results related to fluorescence and influencing factors so that a conclusive interpretation may be unveiled. Apparently, the existing interpretations have largely ignored the factors such as self-rolling, byproduct formation etc. Vis-a-vis previous reviews did not discuss the interfacial charge transfer across heterostructures and the implication on the optical properties of GO or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Such analysis would be very insightful to determine the energetic location of sub band gap states. Moreover, ionic and π-π type interactions are also considered for their influence on emission properties. Apart from these, quantum dots, covalent modifications and nonlinear optical properties of GO and rGO were discussed for completeness. Finally we made concluding remarks with outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Vempati
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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21
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Long R, Prezhdo OV. Asymmetry in the electron and hole transfer at a polymer-carbon nanotube heterojunction. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3335-3341. [PMID: 24841921 DOI: 10.1021/nl500792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a high photon-to-charge conversion efficiency, the electron-hole pair generated by photon absorption in organic photovoltaic systems must overcome the Coulomb attraction, which often results in voltage loss. Bearing this in mind, we performed ab initio time-domain simulations of the charge separation and energy relaxation across an interface formed by poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). The dynamics of the positive and negative charges showed strong asymmetry. Photoexcitation of the polymer leads to a 100 fs electron transfer, in agreement with the experiment, followed by a loss of 0.6 eV of energy within 0.5 ps. Photoexcitation of the CNT leads to hole transfer, which requires nearly 2 ps, but loses only 0.3 eV of energy. The strong disparity arises due to the differences in the localization of the photoexcited donor states, the number densities of the acceptor states, and the phonon modes involved. Used as a chromophore, P3HT produces faster charge separation but leads to larger energy losses and cannot harvest light in the red region of the solar spectrum. In contrast, CNT absorbs a broader range of photons and reduces energy losses but gives a less efficient charge separation. The complementary properties of the two chromophores can be utilized to improve the performance of solar cells by optimizing simultaneously light harvesting, charge separation, and energy relaxation, which affect the photovoltaic yield, current, and voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Long
- School of Physics, Complex & Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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22
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Barbero DR, Boulanger N, Ramstedt M, Yu J. Nano-engineering of SWNT networks for enhanced charge transport at ultralow nanotube loading. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3111-3117. [PMID: 24633866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and controllable method to form periodic arrays of highly conductive nano-engineered single wall carbon nanotube networks from solution. These networks increase the conductivity of a polymer composite by as much as eight orders of magnitude compared to a traditional random network. These nano-engineered networks are demonstrated in both polystyrene and polythiophene polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Barbero
- Department of Physics, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
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23
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Wang H, Koleilat GI, Liu P, Jiménez-Osés G, Lai YC, Vosgueritchian M, Fang Y, Park S, Houk KN, Bao Z. High-yield sorting of small-diameter carbon nanotubes for solar cells and transistors. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2609-17. [PMID: 24484388 DOI: 10.1021/nn406256y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a high-yield method to selectively disperse semiconducting CoMoCAT (CO disproportionation on Co-Mo catalysts) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) polymers. We observed that the dispersion yield was directly related to the length of the polymer's alkyl side chains. Molecular dynamics simulations in explicit toluene (real toluene molecules) indicate that polythiophenes with longer alkyl side chains bind strongly to SWNTs, due to the increased overall surface contact area with the nanotube. Furthermore, the sorting process selectively enriches smaller-diameter CoMoCAT SWNTs with larger bandgaps, which is ideal for solar cell applications. Compared to the larger diameter sorted HiPco (High-Pressure CO) SWNTs, solar cells fabricated using our sorted CoMoCAT SWNTs demonstrated higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) and infrared external quantum efficiency (EQE). The Voc achieved is the highest reported for solar cells based on SWNT absorbers under simulated AM1.5 solar illumination. Additionally, we employed the sorted CoMoCAT SWNTs to fabricate thin film transistors with excellent uniformity and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Hosseini T, Kouklin NA. Synthesis and spectroscopic and photoconduction characteristics of coaxial poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)−1,4-phenylene vinylene] single-walled carbon nanotube films with ohmic-like transport attributes. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseini
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201
| | - Nikolai A. Kouklin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201
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25
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Long R, Guo M, Ziletti A. Charge separation across P3HT/carbon nanotube interface: First-principles calculations of electronic structures. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Stranks SD, Habisreutinger SN, Dirks B, Nicholas RJ. Novel carbon nanotube-conjugated polymer nanohybrids produced by multiple polymer processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4365-4371. [PMID: 24137628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe two methods in which we manipulate the binding of multiple conjugated polymers to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to produce new and novel nanostructures. One method fi rst utilizes the selective binding of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) to a narrow distribution of semiconducting SWNTs and then uses a polymer exchange to transfer this purity to other nanotube-polymer combinations, using technologically useful polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluoreneco -benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) as fi rst examples. The other method involves controlling the competitive binding of P3HT and F8BT to SWNTs to produce coaxial nanostructures consisting of both polymers simultaneously bound in ordered layers. We show that these two simple solution-processing techniques can be carried out sequentially to afford new dual-polymer nanostructures comprised of a semiconducting SWNT of a single chirality. This allows the favorable properties of both polymers and purified semiconducting SWNTs to be implemented into potentially highly efficient organic photovoltaic devices.
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27
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Stranks SD, Baker AMR, Alexander-Webber JA, Dirks B, Nicholas RJ. Production of high-purity single-chirality carbon nanotube hybrids by selective polymer exchange. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2245-2249. [PMID: 23436691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A scalable method to coat monochiral (7,5) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with a monolayer coating of a range of technologically useful polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) is presented. Optical spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements show that the semiconducting tube purity (>99%) obtained from the selective wrapping of nanotubes by polymers such as poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) can be transferred to these other nanotube-polymer combinations by polymer exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stranks
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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28
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Kolesnikova LI, Rusin LY, Sevryuk MB. Dynamics of a heavy ionic pair in a cavity with an elastic or inelastic boundary, crosspieces, and fixed charges of opposite sign. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793113040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Lan F, Li G. Direct observation of hole transfer from semiconducting polymer to carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2086-2091. [PMID: 23574570 DOI: 10.1021/nl400395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have been proven to play significant roles in polymer-based solar cells. However, there is intensive debate on whether carbon nanotube behaves as a donor or acceptor in the semiconducting polymer:carbon nanotube composite. In this paper, we report a direct observation via Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) that single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) behave as hole transporting channels in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/SWNT heterojunctions. By comparing the surface potential (SP) change of SWNT in dark and under illumination, we observed that electrons are blocked from SWNT while holes are transferred to SWNT. This observation can be well-explained by our proposed band alignment model of P3HT/SWNT heterojunction. The finding is further verified by hole mobility measurement using the space charge limited current (SCLC) method. SCLC results indicate that the existence of small amount of SWNT (wt 0.5%) promotes device hole mobility to around 15-fold, indicating SWNT act as hole transfer channel. Our finding of hole transporting behavior of SWNT in P3HT/SWNT blend will provide a useful guidance for enhancing the performance of polymer solar cells by carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1140 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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30
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Yameen B, Zydziak N, Weidner SM, Bruns M, Barner-Kowollik C. Conducting Polymer/SWCNTs Modular Hybrid Materials via Diels–Alder Ligation. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yameen
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Zydziak
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Polymer Engineering, Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT), Josef-von-Fraunhoferstrasse
7, 76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bruns
- Institute for Applied Materials
(IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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32
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Dabera GDMR, Jayawardena KDGI, Prabhath MRR, Yahya I, Tan YY, Nismy NA, Shiozawa H, Sauer M, Ruiz-Soria G, Ayala P, Stolojan V, Adikaari AADT, Jarowski PD, Pichler T, Silva SRP. Hybrid carbon nanotube networks as efficient hole extraction layers for organic photovoltaics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:556-565. [PMID: 23234537 DOI: 10.1021/nn304705t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transparent, highly percolated networks of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT)-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) are deposited, and the charge transfer processes of these nanohybrids are studied using spectroscopic and electrical measurements. The data disclose hole doping of s-SWNTs by the polymer, challenging the prevalent electron-doping hypothesis. Through controlled fabrication, high- to low-density nanohybrid networks are achieved, with low-density hybrid carbon nanotube networks tested as hole transport layers (HTLs) for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV). OPVs incorporating these rr-P3HT/s-SWNT networks as the HTL demonstrate the best large area (70 mm(2)) carbon nanotube incorporated organic solar cells to date with a power conversion efficiency of 7.6%. This signifies the strong capability of nanohybrids as an efficient hole extraction layer, and we believe that dense nanohybrid networks have the potential to replace expensive and material scarce inorganic transparent electrodes in large area electronics toward the realization of low-cost flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinesha M R Dabera
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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33
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Arnold MS, Blackburn JL, Crochet JJ, Doorn SK, Duque JG, Mohite A, Telg H. Recent developments in the photophysics of single-walled carbon nanotubes for their use as active and passive material elements in thin film photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14896-918. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Yameen B, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Ahmed I, Preuss CM, Dürr CJ, Zydziak N, Trouillet V, Fruk L, Barner-Kowollik C. A facile one-pot route to poly(carboxybetaine acrylamide) functionalized SWCNTs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6734-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Gavrel G, Jousselme B, Filoramo A, Campidelli S. Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes. MAKING AND EXPLOITING FULLERENES, GRAPHENE, AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2013; 348:95-126. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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Zydziak N, Yameen B, Barner-Kowollik C. Diels–Alder reactions for carbon material synthesis and surface functionalization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Mayo ML, Hogle D, Yilmaz B, Köse ME, Kilina S. Morphology and dispersion of polycarbazole wrapped carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Yong CK, Noori K, Gao Q, Joyce HJ, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Giustino F, Johnston MB, Herz LM. Strong carrier lifetime enhancement in GaAs nanowires coated with semiconducting polymer. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:6293-6301. [PMID: 23171081 DOI: 10.1021/nl3034027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in GaAs/conjugated polymer type II heterojunctions are investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K. By probing the photoluminescence at the band edge of GaAs, we observe strong carrier lifetime enhancement for nanowires blended with semiconducting polymers. The enhancement is found to depend crucially on the ionization potential of the polymers with respect to the Fermi energy level at the surface of the GaAs nanowires. We attribute these effects to electron doping by the polymer which reduces the unsaturated surface-state density in GaAs. We find that when the surface of nanowires is terminated by native oxide, the electron injection across the interface is greatly reduced and such surface doping is absent. Our results suggest that surface engineering via π-conjugated polymers can substantially improve the carrier lifetime in nanowire hybrid heterojunctions with applications in photovoltaics and nanoscale photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaw Keong Yong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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39
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Lu R, Christianson C, Kirkeminde A, Ren S, Wu J. Extraordinary photocurrent harvesting at type-II heterojunction interfaces: toward high detectivity carbon nanotube infrared detectors. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:6244-6249. [PMID: 23130570 DOI: 10.1021/nl303302p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potentials and the efforts put in the development of uncooled carbon nanotube infrared detectors during the past two decades, their figure-of-merit detectivity remains orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional semiconductor counterparts due to the lack of efficient exciton dissociation schemes. In this paper, we report an extraordinary photocurrent harvesting configuration at a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNT)/polymer type-II heterojunction interface, which provides highly efficient exciton dissociation through the intrinsic energy offset by designing the s-SWCNT/polymer interface band alignment. This results in significantly enhanced near-infrared detectivity of 2.3 × 10(8) cm·Hz(1/2)/W, comparable to that of the many conventional uncooled infrared detectors. With further optimization, the s-SWCNT/polymer nanohybrid uncooled infrared detectors could be highly competitive for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.
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40
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Wang S, Nai CT, Jiang XF, Pan Y, Tan CH, Nesladek M, Xu QH, Loh KP. Graphene Oxide-Polythiophene Hybrid with Broad-Band Absorption and Photocatalytic Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2332-2336. [PMID: 26292111 DOI: 10.1021/jz300930u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid graphene oxide (GO)/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) sheets are assembled via π-π interaction and carefully isolated from the nonreacted precursors. The mutual influence of the two phases can be sharply manifested in this layer-to-layer configuration because it is undiluted by excess of one phase. To investigate the optical properties of the hybrid and possible synergistic interactions, we applied photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) and pump-probe techniques. For the first time, the photocatalytic performance of these hybrids was investigated to correlate with their optical properties. The GO-P3HT hybrid demonstrates broad-band absorption and ultrafast charge transfer (1.4 ps) and acts as an excellent photocatalyst for the Mannich reaction (93% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Chang Tai Nai
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- ‡NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Yuanhang Pan
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Milos Nesladek
- ⊥IMEC-IMOMEC, Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- †Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- ∥Interdisciplinary School of Green Energy, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Unist-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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41
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Scarselli M, Castrucci P, De Crescenzi M. Electronic and optoelectronic nano-devices based on carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:313202. [PMID: 22782032 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/31/313202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and understanding of nanoscale phenomena and the assembly of nanostructures into different devices are among the most promising fields of material science research. In this scenario, carbon nanostructures have a special role since, in having only one chemical element, they allow physical properties to be calculated with high precision for comparison with experiment. Carbon nanostructures, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in particular, have such remarkable electronic and structural properties that they are used as active building blocks for a large variety of nanoscale devices. We review here the latest advances in research involving carbon nanotubes as active components in electronic and optoelectronic nano-devices. Opportunities for future research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scarselli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
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42
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Stranks SD, Yong CK, Alexander-Webber JA, Weisspfennig C, Johnston MB, Herz LM, Nicholas RJ. Nanoengineering coaxial carbon nanotube-dual-polymer heterostructures. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6058-6066. [PMID: 22690755 DOI: 10.1021/nn301133v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe studies of new nanostructured materials consisting of carbon nanotubes wrapped in sequential coatings of two different semiconducting polymers, namely, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). Using absorption spectroscopy and steady-state and ultrafast photoluminescence measurements, we demonstrate the role of the different layer structures in controlling energy levels and charge transfer in both solution and film samples. By varying the simple solution processing steps, we can control the ordering and proportions of the wrapping polymers in the solid state. The resulting novel coaxial structures open up a variety of new applications for nanotube blends and are particularly promising for implementation into organic photovoltaic devices. The carbon nanotube template can also be used to optimize both the electronic properties and morphology of polymer composites in a much more controlled fashion than achieved previously, offering a route to producing a new generation of polymer nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stranks
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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43
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Ren S, Bernardi M, Lunt RR, Bulovic V, Grossman JC, Gradečak S. Toward efficient carbon nanotube/P3HT solar cells: active layer morphology, electrical, and optical properties. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:5316-21. [PMID: 22023484 DOI: 10.1021/nl202796u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/P3HT polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with an AM1.5 efficiency of 0.72%, significantly higher than previously reported (0.05%). A key step in achieving high efficiency is the utilization of semiconducting SWCNTs coated with an ordered P3HT layer to enhance the charge separation and transport in the device active layer. Electrical characteristics of devices with SWCNT concentrations up to 40 wt % were measured and are shown to be strongly dependent on the SWCNT loading. A maximum open circuit voltage was measured for SWCNT concentration of 3 wt % with a value of 1.04 V, higher than expected based on the interface band alignment. Modeling of the open-circuit voltage suggests that despite the large carrier mobility in SWCNTs device power conversion efficiency is governed by carrier recombination. Optical characterization shows that only SWCNT with diameter of 1.3-1.4 nm can contribute to the photocurrent with internal quantum efficiency up to 26%. Our results advance the fundamental understanding and improve the design of efficient polymer/SWCNTs solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Baxter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Glenn W. Guglietta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
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45
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Stranks SD, Sprafke JK, Anderson HL, Nicholas RJ. Electronic and mechanical modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by binding to porphyrin oligomers. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2307-2315. [PMID: 21355592 DOI: 10.1021/nn103588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the noncovalent binding of conjugated porphyrin oligomers to small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and highlight two remarkable observations. First, the binding of the oligomers to SWNTs is so strong that it induces mechanical strain on the nanotubes in solution. The magnitudes of the strains are comparable to those found in solid-state studies. Comparable strains are not observed in any other SWNT-supramolecular complexes. Second, large decreases in polymer band gap with increasing length of the oligomer lead to the formation of a type-II heterojunction between long chain oligomers and small-diameter nanotubes. This is demonstrated by the observation of enhanced red-shifts for the nanotube interband transitions. These complexes offer considerable promise for photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stranks
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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46
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Umeyama T, Mihara J, Hayashi H, Kadota N, Chukharev V, Tkachenko NV, Lemmtyinen H, Yoshida K, Isoda S, Imahori H. Effects of fullerene encapsulation on structure and photophysical properties of porphyrin-linked single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11781-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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