1
|
Hossain MK. Detection of surface enhanced Raman scattering active hotspot using near field scanning optical microscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10559. [PMID: 38719923 PMCID: PMC11078942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hotspots are high-intensity electromagnetic zones that form, for example, at the interstitials of plasmonic nanoaggregates, resulting in a considerable rise in the enhancement factor. However, it is inevitable to achieve specific nanometric geometry as well as a suitable technique to capture the details of hotspots. We report near-field surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy of a well-defined gold nanoaggregate of a few nanoparticles adsorbed with a small number of target analytes. A spectrally and spatially resolved SERS measurement setup using an aperture near-field scanning optical microscope (a-NSOM) facilitated the direct observation of localized electromagnetic (EM) fields at the interstitials through SERS. Correlated optical image and corresponding nanometric geometry were captured through the home-built a-NSOM setup. Near-field SERS spectra were recorded at different sites of interest. It was evident that the interstitial positioned at the center of the tetramer provided the most intense Raman scattering, implying the possibility of a SERS-active hotspot therein. SERS bands of the spectrum of the Raman-active dye Rhodamine 6G recorded at the same hotspot coincided well with those reported so far. It was noteworthy that most of the SERS bands in such scenery got enhanced. Such direct observation with high spatial resolution is indispensable to understanding the origin of localized EM fields at "hotspots" and the EM enhancement factor in the SERS process. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis was carried out to validate the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamal Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- K.A.CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center at Dhahran, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Itoh T, Procházka M, Dong ZC, Ji W, Yamamoto YS, Zhang Y, Ozaki Y. Toward a New Era of SERS and TERS at the Nanometer Scale: From Fundamentals to Innovative Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1552-1634. [PMID: 36745738 PMCID: PMC9952515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) have opened a variety of exciting research fields. However, although a vast number of applications have been proposed since the two techniques were first reported, none has been applied to real practical use. This calls for an update in the recent fundamental and application studies of SERS and TERS. Thus, the goals and scope of this review are to report new directions and perspectives of SERS and TERS, mainly from the viewpoint of combining their mechanism and application studies. Regarding the recent progress in SERS and TERS, this review discusses four main topics: (1) nanometer to subnanometer plasmonic hotspots for SERS; (2) Ångström resolved TERS; (3) chemical mechanisms, i.e., charge-transfer mechanism of SERS and semiconductor-enhanced Raman scattering; and (4) the creation of a strong bridge between the mechanism studies and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamitake Itoh
- Health
and Medical Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, 761-0395Kagawa, Japan
| | - Marek Procházka
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zhen-Chao Dong
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Wei Ji
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin145040, China
| | - Yuko S. Yamamoto
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, 923-1292Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of
Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei
Gakuin University, 2-1,
Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1330Hyogo, Japan
- Toyota
Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, 480-1192Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng W, Xu Z, Jia X, Liao Q. A copper foam-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for glucose detection. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:7. [PMID: 36757627 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can quickly achieve non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative detection, and analysis the molecular structure of substances. Herein, a facile and low-cost method for preparation of highly sensitivity SERS substrates was implemented through the displacement reaction of copper foam immersed in AgNO3 ethanol solution. Due to the 3D structure of copper film and homogenous displacement, the Ag-Cu substrate showed high performance SERS enhancement (1.25 × 107), and the lowest detection concentration for R6G reached 10-10 Mol/L. For glucose detection, mixed decanethiol (DT)/mercaptohexanol (MH) interlayer was used to enable glucose attach to the substrate surface, and the limit of detection reached to 1 uM/L. SERS substrate makes the Ag-Cu SERS substrate promising for biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Peng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhihan Xu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangting Jia
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingxi Liao
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monaghan JW, O'Dell ZJ, Sridhar S, Paranzino B, Sundaresan V, Willets KA. Calcite-Assisted Localization and Kinetics (CLocK) Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10527-10533. [PMID: 36342334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Localization-based super-resolution imaging techniques have improved the spatial resolution of optical microscopy well below the diffraction limit, yet encoding additional information into super-resolved images, such as anisotropy and orientation, remains a challenge. Here we introduce calcite-assisted localization and kinetics (CLocK) microscopy, a multiparameter super-resolution imaging technique easily integrated into any existing optical microscope setup at low cost and with straightforward analysis. By placing a rotating calcite crystal in the infinity space of an optical microscope, CLocK microscopy provides immediate polarization and orientation information while maintaining the ability to localize an emitter/scatterer with <10 nm resolution. Further, kinetic information an order of magnitude shorter than the integration time of the camera is encoded in the unique point spread function of a CLocK image, allowing for new mechanistic insight into dynamic processes such as single-nanoparticle dissolution and single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Monaghan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Zachary J O'Dell
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Sanjay Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Bianca Paranzino
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi38677, United States
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shoup D, Scarpitti BT, Schultz ZD. A Wide-Field Imaging Approach for Simultaneous Super-Resolution Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Bioimaging and Spectroscopy. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:332-341. [PMID: 35996539 PMCID: PMC9389649 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution imaging and chemical-specific detection in living organisms is important in a wide range of fields from medicine to catalysis. In this work, we characterize a wide-field surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging approach capable of simultaneously capturing images and SERS spectra from nanoparticle SERS tags in cancer cells. By passing the image through a transmission diffraction grating before it reaches an array detector, we record the image and wavelength dispersed signal simultaneously on the camera sensor. Optimization of the experiment provides an approach with better spectral resolution and more rapid acquisition than liquid crystal tunable filters commonly used for wide-field SERS imaging. Intensity fluctuations inherent to SERS enabled localization algorithms to be applied to both the spatial and spectral domain, providing super-resolution SERS images that are correlated with improved peak positions identified in the spectrum of the SERS tag. The detected Raman signal is shown to be sensitive to the focal plane, providing three-dimensional (3D) sectioning abilities for the detected nanoparticles. Our work demonstrates spectrally resolved super-resolution SERS imaging that has the potential to be applied to complex physical and biological imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deben
N. Shoup
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Brian T. Scarpitti
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive
Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lemineur JF, Wang H, Wang W, Kanoufi F. Emerging Optical Microscopy Techniques for Electrochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:57-82. [PMID: 35216529 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-015943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An optical microscope is probably the most intuitive, simple, and commonly used instrument to observe objects and discuss behaviors through images. Although the idea of imaging electrochemical processes operando by optical microscopy was initiated 40 years ago, it was not until significant progress was made in the last two decades in advanced optical microscopy or plasmonics that it could become a mainstream electroanalytical strategy. This review illustrates the potential of different optical microscopies to visualize and quantify local electrochemical processes with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution (below the diffraction limit), up to the single object level with subnanoparticle or single-molecule sensitivity. Developed through optically and electrochemically active model systems, optical microscopy is now shifting to materials and configurations focused on real-world electrochemical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun G, Fu C, Dong M, Jin G, Song Q. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) guided preparation of Ag nanostructures on Ti substrate for sensitive SERS detection of small molecules. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120743. [PMID: 34942414 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has become a powerful analytical technique for highly sensitive detection of target molecules. Its performance, however, is heavily dependent on the substrates. Relatively low sensitivity for small molecules and poor reproducibility in quantitative analysis are often encountered in most of nanoparticle modified SERS substrate. The present work starts by theoretical investigation of the electromagnetic field enhancement by nanomaterials of coinage metals with different sizes. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation results revealed that the Ag NPs with the size around 100 nm exhibit the strongest SERS effect and the 'Ag-Ag' gaps have shown higher electromagnetic field enhancement than that of the 'Ag-Ti' gap. Subsequently, a multilayered Ag nanoparticles SERS substrate (or other coinage metals) was prepared by a two-step electroless deposition of Ag on Ti substrate. This was achieved by in situ reduction of Ag precursor to subsequently form a Ag nanoflake (Ag NF) layer and a Ag nanoparticle (Ag NPs) layer on the Ti base (Ti/AgNFs/AgNPs). The as-prepared SERS substrate showed a substantially enhanced SERS effect for small molecule detection and detection limit as low as 1.0 × 10-17 M for picric acid (PA), 1.0 × 10-14 M for p-nitrotoluene (PNT) and 1.0 × 10-6 M for uric acid (UA) were obtained respectively. The facile method developed in this work should be widely applicable for in-situ preparation of other SERs substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Sun
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Chen Fu
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Dong
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Guangxia Jin
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Qijun Song
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mazaheri L, Jelken J, Avilés MO, Legge S, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Investigating the Performances of Wide-Field Raman Microscopy with Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Post-Processing. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:340-351. [PMID: 35128956 PMCID: PMC8915227 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211056975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on localization algorithms has tremendously impacted the field of imaging by improving the spatial resolution of optical measurements with specific blinking fluorophores and concomitant reduction of acquisition time. In vibrational spectroscopy and imaging, various methods have been developed to surpass the diffraction limit including near-field scattering methods, such as in tip-enhanced Raman and infrared spectroscopies. Although these scanning-probe techniques can provide exquisite spatial resolution, they often require long acquisition times and tedious fabrication of nano-scale scanning probes. Herein, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) protocol is applied on Raman measurements acquired using a wide-field home-built microscopy setup. We explore how the fluctuations of the Raman signal acquired over a series of time-lapse images at specific spectral ranges can be exploited with STORM processing, possibly revealing details with improved spatial resolution, under lower irradiance and with faster acquisition speed that cannot be achieved in point scanning mode over the same field of view. Samples studied here include patterned silicon, polystyrene microspheres on a silicon wafer, and graphene on a silicon/silicon dioxide substrate. The outcome presents an effective way to collect Raman images at selected spectral ranges with spatial resolutions of ∼200 nm over a large field of view under 532 nm excitation together with an acquisition speed improved by two orders of magnitude and under a significantly reduced irradiance compared to confocal laser scanning acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- François Lagugné-Labarthet, Department of Chemistry, The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu L, Ding Q. Magnetic field induced high-density SERS active assembly of Fe 3O 4@Au nanostars in a glass capillary for food colorant detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5487-5492. [PMID: 34738609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Fe3O4@Au nanostars, whose anisotropic shape couples the plasmons focused on the magnetic core with the branches of the gold shell, hold promise for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications. Assembly of monodisperse Fe3O4@Au nanostars induced by a magnetic field could lead to highly ordered superstructures, providing distinctive SERS activity. In this study, a simplified fabrication technique was developed to assemble Fe3O4@Au nanostars on the inner walls of a glass capillary into a highly sensitive, reproducible and recyclable SERS active glass capillary under controlled magnetic alignment. The strong dipole-dipole interactions between the neighboring nanoparticles lead to a close-packed pattern as an energetically favorable configuration. The magnetic dipolar interaction between the particles can be further tuned by the controlled anisotropic shape of the gold shell. The interparticle plasmon couplings and lightning rod effects of the Fe3O4@Au nanostars contributed to Raman enhancement. Based on the capillary action, capillaries can act as a microreactor for the sampling tools. We further demonstrate SERS-based colorant detection in the capillary which the target molecule can easily detect by simple adsorption of the colorants by capillary action. The Fe3O4@Au nanostars in the capillary with a long shelf life, high sensitivity and low cost promote the application of SERS technology in widespread fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xu
- Department of Precision Manufacturing Engineering Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology, Suzhou 215104, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Ding
- Department of Precision Manufacturing Engineering Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology, Suzhou 215104, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bai X, Shen A, Hu J. A sensitive SERS-based sandwich immunoassay platform for simultaneous multiple detection of foodborne pathogens without interference. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4885-4891. [PMID: 32966366 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive sensing of multiple foodborne pathogens is critical for timely diagnosis and human health. To meet this need, herein, we designed a sandwich immunoassay platform, using functionalized SERS probes and magnetic beads, for the interference-free simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in food samples by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology. The signal of two SERS probes coded by triple bonds (C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C and C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N) located at 2105 and 2227 cm-1, respectively, could perfectly avoid the spectral overlap with coexisting materials in the Raman fingerprint region, which ensured the accuracy of the immunoassay platform. The application of functional magnetic beads, integrating enrichment and separation, greatly improved the sensitivity of the detection system. Under magnetic force, due to the mature interaction between the antigen and antibody, the sandwich immunoassay platform could be fabricated. Its limit of detection (LOD) for the simultaneous detection of E. coli and S. aureus was as low as 10 and 25 cfu mL-1, respectively, and the sandwich immunoassay platform was successfully applied for the detection of E. coli and S. aureus in bottled water and milk. As a sensitive and highly selective analytical technique for the simultaneous multiple detection of pathogens, this SERS-based method has great potential to be applied in the field of food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Bai
- Institute of Environment and Safety, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, P. R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, Li M, Jiang S, Gao J, Xi P. Plasmonics meets super-resolution microscopy in biology. Micron 2020; 137:102916. [PMID: 32688264 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy can reveal the subtle biological processes hidden behind the optical diffraction barrier. Plasmonics is a key nanophotonic that combines electronics and photonics through the interaction of light with the metallic nanostructure. In this review, we survey the recent progresses on plasmonic-assisted super-resolution microscopy. The strong electromagnetic field enhancement trapped near metallic nanostructures offers a unique opportunity to manipulate the illumination scheme for overcoming the diffraction limit. Plasmonic nanoprobes, exploited as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and plasmon-enhanced fluorescence nanoparticles, are a major category of contrast agent in super-resolution microscopy. The outstanding challenges, future developments, and potential biological applications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, BNRist, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Albuquerque CDL, Schultz ZD. Super-resolution Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging of Single Particles in Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9389-9398. [PMID: 32484329 PMCID: PMC7364441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to locate and identify molecular interactions in cells has significant importance for understanding protein function and molecular biology. Functionalized metallic nanoparticles have been used as probes for protein tracking and drug delivery because of their ability to carry therapeutic agents and readily functionalized surfaces. In this work, we present a super-resolution surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) approach for imaging and tracking membrane receptors interacting with peptide-functionalized gold nanostars (AuNS). The αvβ3 integrin receptors in colon cancer cells are successfully targeted and imaged using AuNS with the high-affinity amino acid sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-phenylalanine-cysteine (RGDFC) attached. The RGDFC peptide interaction with the integrin receptor provides a bright and fluctuating SERS signal that can be analyzed with localization microscopy algorithms. Additionally, the observed SERS spectrum is used to confirm protein-peptide interaction. Experiments with functionalized and bare AuNS illustrate specific and nonspecific binding events. Specific binding is monitored with a localization precision of ∼6 nm. The observed spatial resolution is associated with tight binding, which was confirmed by the slower diffusion coefficient measured from 4.4 × 10-11 cm2/s for the AuNS-RGDFC compared to 7.8 × 10-10 cm2/s for the bare AuNS. Super-resolution SERS images at different focal planes show evidence of internalized particles and suggest insights into protein orientation on the surface of cells. Our work demonstrates super-resolution SERS imaging to probe membrane receptor interactions in cells, providing chemical information and spatial resolution with potential for diverse applications in life science and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Winterauer DJ, Funes-Hernando D, Duvail JL, Moussaoui S, Batten T, Humbert B. Nanoscale Spatial Resolution in Far-Field Raman Imaging Using Hyperspectral Unmixing in Combination with Positivity Constrained Super-Resolution. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:780-790. [PMID: 32452210 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820920688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces hyper-resolution (HyRes), a numerical approach for spatial resolution enhancement that combines hyperspectral unmixing and super-resolution image restoration (SRIR). HyRes yields a substantial increase in spatial resolution of Raman spectroscopy while simultaneously preserving the undistorted spectral information. The resolving power of this technique is demonstrated on Raman spectroscopic data from a polymer nanowire sample. Here, we demonstrate an achieved resolution of better than 14 nm, a more than eightfold improvement on single-channel image-based SRIR and 25× better than regular far-field Raman spectroscopy, and comparable to near-field probing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J Winterauer
- Renishaw plc, Wotton-under-Edge, UK
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel Nantes (IMN), Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Duvail
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel Nantes (IMN), Nantes, France
| | - Saïd Moussaoui
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Nantes, France
| | | | - Bernard Humbert
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel Nantes (IMN), Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez-Jiménez AI, Lyu D, Lu Z, Liu G, Ren B. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: benefits, trade-offs and future developments. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4563-4577. [PMID: 34122914 PMCID: PMC8159237 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00809e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational spectroscopy technique with sensitivity down to the single molecule level that provides fine molecular fingerprints, allowing for direct identification of target analytes. Extensive theoretical and experimental research, together with continuous development of nanotechnology, has significantly broadened the scope of SERS and made it a hot research field in chemistry, physics, materials, biomedicine, and so on. However, SERS has not been developed into a routine analytical technique, and continuous efforts have been made to address the problems preventing its real-world application. The present minireview focuses on analyzing current and potential strategies to tackle problems and realize the SERS performance necessary for translation to practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Pérez-Jiménez
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Danya Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Guokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Q, Zeng X, Tian Y, Hou X, Wu L. Dynamic reaction regulated surface-enhanced Raman scattering for detection of trace formaldehyde. Talanta 2019; 202:274-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Pujals S, Feiner-Gracia N, Delcanale P, Voets I, Albertazzi L. Super-resolution microscopy as a powerful tool to study complex synthetic materials. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
17
|
Hussain A, Pu H, Sun DW. Measurements of lycopene contents in fruit: A review of recent developments in conventional and novel techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:758-769. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1518896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trujillo MJ, Strausser SL, Becca JC, DeJesus JF, Jensen L, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Using SERS To Understand the Binding of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes to Gold Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6779-6785. [PMID: 30350991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization is an essential component of most applications of noble-metal surfaces. Thiols and amines are traditionally employed to attach molecules to noble-metal surfaces, but they have limitations. A growing body of research, however, suggests that N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) can be readily employed for surface functionalization with superior chemical stability compared with thiols. We demonstrate the power of surface-enhanced Raman scattering combined with theory to present a comprehensive picture of NHC binding to gold surfaces. In particular, we synthesize a library of NHC isotopologues and use surface-enhanced Raman scattering to record the vibrational spectra of these NHCs while bound to gold surfaces. Our experimental data are compared with first-principles theory, yielding numerous new insights into the binding of NHCs to gold surfaces. In addition to these insights, we expect our approach to be a general method for probing the local surface properties of NHC-functionalized surfaces for their expanding use in sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Shelby L Strausser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C Becca
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , 104 Chemistry Building , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802-4615 , United States
| | - Joseph F DeJesus
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , 104 Chemistry Building , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802-4615 , United States
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang M, Chen M, Zhanghao K, Zhang X, Jing Z, Gao J, Zhang MQ, Jin D, Dai Z, Xi P, Dai Q. Polarization-based super-resolution imaging of surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles with orientational information. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19757-19765. [PMID: 30211422 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering provides key information of the biological environment through light-molecule interaction; yet, it is generally very weak to detect. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can boost the Raman signal by several orders-of-magnitude, and thus is highly attractive for biochemical sensing. However, conventional super-resolution imaging of SERS is challenging as the Raman signal is generated from the virtual state which cannot be easily modulated as fluorescence. Here, we demonstrate super-resolution microscopy with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal, with a resolution of approximately 50 nm. By modulating the polarization angle of the excitation laser, the SERS nanorods display a dramatic anisotropy effect, allowing nanoscale orientation determination of multiple dipoles with dense concentration. Furthermore, a well-established defocused analysis was performed to reconfirm the orientation accuracy of super-resolved SERS nanorods. Sub-diffraction resolution was achieved in the imaging of SERS nanorod labeled vesicles in fixed macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate dynamic SERS nanorod tracking in living macrophages, which provides not only the particle trajectory with high spatial resolution but also the rotational changes at the nanometer scale. This pioneering study paves a new way for subcellular super-resolution imaging with the SERS effect, shedding light on wider biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sprague-Klein EA, Negru B, Madison LR, Coste SC, Rugg BK, Felts AM, McAnally MO, Banik M, Apkarian VA, Wasielewski MR, Ratner MA, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Photoinduced Plasmon-Driven Chemistry in trans-1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene Gold Nanosphere Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10583-10592. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alanna M. Felts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Mayukh Banik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vartkess A. Apkarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ding Y, Zhang X, Yin H, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Liu L, Wu Z, Xu H. Quantitative and Sensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122962. [PMID: 29261161 PMCID: PMC5751667 DOI: 10.3390/s17122962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We used surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the quantitative and sensitive detection of chloramphenicol (CAP). Using 30 nm colloidal Au nanoparticles (NPs), a low detection limit for CAP of 10−8 M was obtained. The characteristic Raman peak of CAP centered at 1344 cm−1 was used for the rapid quantitative detection of CAP in three different types of CAP eye drops, and the accuracy of the measurement result was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental results reveal that the SERS technique based on colloidal Au NPs is accurate and sensitive, and can be used for the rapid detection of various antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongjun Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingyun Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhenglong Wu
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Haijun Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This review describes the growing partnership between super-resolution imaging and plasmonics, by describing the various ways in which the two topics mutually benefit one another to enhance our understanding of the nanoscale world. First, localization-based super-resolution imaging strategies, where molecules are modulated between emissive and nonemissive states and their emission localized, are applied to plasmonic nanoparticle substrates, revealing the hidden shape of the nanoparticles while also mapping local electromagnetic field enhancements and reactivity patterns on their surface. However, these results must be interpreted carefully due to localization errors induced by the interaction between metallic substrates and single fluorophores. Second, plasmonic nanoparticles are explored as image contrast agents for both superlocalization and super-resolution imaging, offering benefits such as high photostability, large signal-to-noise, and distance-dependent spectral features but presenting challenges for localizing individual nanoparticles within a diffraction-limited spot. Finally, the use of plasmon-tailored excitation fields to achieve subdiffraction-limited spatial resolution is discussed, using localized surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons to create confined excitation volumes or image magnification to enhance spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Padmanabh B Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Joshi PB, Anthony TP, Wilson AJ, Willets KA. Imaging out-of-plane polarized emission patterns on gap mode SERS substrates: from high molecular coverage to the single molecule regime. Faraday Discuss 2017; 205:245-259. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gap mode surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates are created when a single nanoparticle is deposited on a thin metal film, creating a region of significant electromagnetic field enhancement in the gap between the nanoparticle and the film due to excitation of a vertically-oriented, out-of-plane dipole plasmon mode, e.g. the gap plasmon. When molecules are located in the gap and couple to the gap plasmon mode, the resulting emission is polarized perpendicular to the thin film, generating SERS emission patterns that have a characteristic donut shape. We analyze these SERS emission patterns using a dipole emission model and extract out-of-plane and in-plane emission angles associated with the gap plasmon mode. Fluctuations in both of these angles reveal dynamic heterogeneity due to molecular motion within the hot spot that changes as a function of molecular coverage. We also reveal static heterogeneity associated with structural defects in the thin film component of the gap mode substrates, indicating that even nanometer-scale surface roughness can impact the quality of gap mode emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - T. P. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - A. J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - K. A. Willets
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pozzi EA, Goubert G, Chiang N, Jiang N, Chapman CT, McAnally MO, Henry AI, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Hersam MC, Duyne RPV. Ultrahigh-Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2016; 117:4961-4982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zrimsek AB, Chiang N, Mattei M, Zaleski S, McAnally MO, Chapman CT, Henry AI, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Single-Molecule Chemistry with Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2016; 117:7583-7613. [PMID: 28610424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule (SM) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) have emerged as analytical techniques for characterizing molecular systems in nanoscale environments. SERS and TERS use plasmonically enhanced Raman scattering to characterize the chemical information on single molecules. Additionally, TERS can image single molecules with subnanometer spatial resolution. In this review, we cover the development and history of SERS and TERS, including the concept of SERS hot spots and the plasmonic nanostructures necessary for SM detection, the past and current methodologies for verifying SMSERS, and investigations into understanding the signal heterogeneities observed with SMSERS. Moving on to TERS, we cover tip fabrication and the physical origins of the subnanometer spatial resolution. Then, we highlight recent advances of SMSERS and TERS in fields such as electrochemistry, catalysis, and SM electronics, which all benefit from the vibrational characterization of single molecules. SMSERS and TERS provide new insights on molecular behavior that would otherwise be obscured in an ensemble-averaged measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Zrimsek
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Naihao Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael Mattei
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephanie Zaleski
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael O McAnally
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Craig T Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anne-Isabelle Henry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard P Van Duyne
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Program, and §Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zaleski S, Wilson AJ, Mattei M, Chen X, Goubert G, Cardinal MF, Willets KA, Van Duyne RP. Investigating Nanoscale Electrochemistry with Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2023-30. [PMID: 27602428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemical sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methodologies allows for the investigation of heterogeneous chemical reactions with high sensitivity. Specifically, SERS methodologies are well-suited to study electron transfer (ET) reactions, which lie at the heart of numerous fundamental processes: electrocatalysis, solar energy conversion, energy storage in batteries, and biological events such as photosynthesis. Heterogeneous ET reactions are commonly monitored by electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry, observing billions of electrochemical events per second. Since the first proof of detecting single molecules by redox cycling, there has been growing interest in examining electrochemistry at the nanoscale and single-molecule levels. Doing so unravels details that would otherwise be obscured by an ensemble experiment. The use of optical spectroscopies, such as SERS, to elucidate nanoscale electrochemical behavior is an attractive alternative to traditional approaches such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). While techniques such as single-molecule fluorescence or electrogenerated chemiluminescence have been used to optically monitor electrochemical events, SERS methodologies, in particular, have shown great promise for exploring electrochemistry at the nanoscale. SERS is ideally suited to study nanoscale electrochemistry because the Raman-enhancing metallic, nanoscale substrate duly serves as the working electrode material. Moreover, SERS has the ability to directly probe single molecules without redox cycling and can achieve nanoscale spatial resolution in combination with super-resolution or scanning probe microscopies. This Account summarizes the latest progress from the Van Duyne and Willets groups toward understanding nanoelectrochemistry using Raman spectroscopic methodologies. The first half of this Account highlights three techniques that have been recently used to probe few- or single-molecule electrochemical events: single-molecule SERS (SMSERS), superlocalization SERS imaging, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). While all of the studies we discuss probe model redox dye systems, the experiments described herein push the study of nanoscale electrochemistry toward the fundamental limit, in terms of both chemical sensitivity and spatial resolution. The second half of this Account discusses current experimental strategies for studying nanoelectrochemistry with SERS techniques, which includes relevant electrochemically and optically active molecules, substrates, and substrate functionalization methods. In particular, we highlight the wide variety of SERS-active substrates and optically active molecules that can be implemented for EC-SERS, as well as the need to carefully characterize both the electrochemistry and resultant EC-SERS response of each new redox-active molecule studied. Finally, we conclude this Account with our perspective on the future directions of studying nanoscale electrochemistry with SERS/TERS, which includes the integration of SECM with TERS and the use of theoretical methods to further describe the fundamental intricacies of single-molecule, single-site electrochemistry at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zaleski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael Mattei
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xu Chen
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guillaume Goubert
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M. Fernanda Cardinal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
In this review, we survey recent advances in the field of molecular plasmonics beyond the traditional sensing modality. Molecular plasmonics is explored in the context of the complex interaction between plasmon resonances and molecules and the ability of molecules to support plasmons self-consistently. First, spectroscopic changes induced by the interaction between molecular and plasmonic resonances are discussed, followed by examples of how tuning molecular properties leads to active molecular plasmonic systems. Next, the role of the position and polarizability of a molecular adsorbate on surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals is examined experimentally and theoretically. Finally, we introduce recent research focused on using molecules as plasmonic materials. Each of these examples is intended to highlight the role of molecules as integral components in coupled molecule-plasmon systems, as well as to show the diversity of applications in molecular plasmonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122;
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiao L, Wang H, Schultz ZD. Selective Detection of RGD-Integrin Binding in Cancer Cells Using Tip Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6547-53. [PMID: 27189228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-receptor interactions play important roles in many biological processes. Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) containing peptides are known to mimic the binding domain of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and selectively bind to a subset of integrin receptors. Here we report the tip enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) detection of RGD-functionalized nanoparticles bound to integrins produces a Raman scattering signal specific to the bound protein. These results demonstrate that this method can detect and differentiate between two different integrins (α5β1 and αvβ3) bound to RGD-conjugated gold nanoparticles both on surfaces and in a cancer cell membrane. In situ measurements of RGD nanoparticles bound to purified α5β1 and αvβ3 receptors attached to a glass surface provide reference spectra for a multivariate regression model. The TERS spectra observed from nanoparticles bound to cell membranes are analyzed using this regression model and the identity of the receptor can be determined. The ability to distinguish between receptors in the cell membrane provides a new tool to chemically characterize ligand-receptor recognition at molecular level and provide chemical perspective on the molecular recognition of membrane receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gruenke NL, Cardinal MF, McAnally MO, Frontiera RR, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Ultrafast and nonlinear surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2263-90. [PMID: 26848784 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has the potential to study molecular dynamics near plasmonic surfaces to better understand plasmon-mediated chemical reactions such as plasmonically-enhanced photocatalytic or photovoltaic processes. This review discusses the combination of ultrafast Raman spectroscopic techniques with plasmonic substrates for high temporal resolution, high sensitivity, and high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy. First, we introduce background information relevant to ultrafast SERS: the mechanisms of surface enhancement in Raman scattering, the characterization of plasmonic materials with ultrafast techniques, and early complementary techniques to study molecule-plasmon interactions. We then discuss recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopies with ultrafast pulses with a focus on the study of molecule-plasmon coupling and molecular dynamics with high sensitivity. We also highlight the challenges faced by this field by the potential damage caused by concentrated, highly energetic pulsed fields in plasmonic hotspots, and finally the potential for future ultrafast SERS studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Gruenke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ray PC, Fan Z, Crouch RA, Sinha SS, Pramanik A. Nanoscopic optical rulers beyond the FRET distance limit: fundamentals and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:6370-404. [PMID: 24902784 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based spectroscopy rulers have served as a key tool for the understanding of chemical and biochemical processes, even at the single molecule level. Since the FRET process originates from dipole-dipole interactions, the length scale of a FRET ruler is limited to a maximum of 10 nm. Recently, scientists have reported a nanomaterial based long-range optical ruler, where one can overcome the FRET optical ruler distance dependence limit, and which can be very useful for monitoring biological processes that occur across a greater distance than the 10 nm scale. Advancement of nanoscopic long range optical rulers in the last ten years indicate that, in addition to their long-range capability, their brightness, long lifetime, lack of blinking, and chemical stability make nanoparticle based rulers a good choice for long range optical probes. The current review discusses the basic concepts and unique light-focusing properties of plasmonic nanoparticles which are useful in the development of long range one dimensional to three dimensional optical rulers. In addition, to provide the readers with an overview of the exciting opportunities within this field, this review discusses the applications of long range rulers for monitoring biological and chemical processes. At the end, we conclude by speculating on the role of long range optical rulers in future scientific research and discuss possible problems, outlooks and future needs in the use of optical rulers for technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Chandra Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng X, Zong C, Xu M, Wang X, Ren B. Raman Imaging from Microscopy to Nanoscopy, and to Macroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3395-3406. [PMID: 25873340 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can not only provide intrinsic fingerprint information about a sample, but also utilize the merits of the narrow bandwidth and low background of Raman spectra, offering itself as a promising multiplex analytical technique. Raman microscopy has become particularly attractive recently because it has demonstrated itself as an important imaging technique for various samples, from biological samples and chemical systems to industrially important silicon-based wafers. In this Concept article, some of the most recent advances in Raman imaging techniques are critically reviewed, and the advantages and problems associated with the current techniques are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on its future directions, from both the technical and application sides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mengxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Blythe KL, Titus EJ, Willets KA. Objective-Induced Point Spread Function Aberrations and Their Impact on Super-Resolution Microscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6419-24. [PMID: 26011175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how different microscope objectives can lead to asymmetric imaging aberrations in the point spread function of dipolar emitters, which can adversely affect the quality of fit in super-resolution imaging. Luminescence from gold nanorods was imaged with four different objectives to measure the diffraction-limited emission and characterize deviations from the expected dipolar emission patterns. Each luminescence image was fit to a three-dipole emission model to generate fit residuals that visually relay aberrations in the point spread function caused by the different microscope objectives. Output parameters from the fit model were compared to experimentally measured values, and we find that while some objectives provide high quality fits across all nanorods studied, others show significant aberrations and are inappropriate for super-resolution imaging. This work presents a simple and robust strategy for quickly assessing the quality of point spread functions produced by different microscope objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karole L Blythe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 102 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Eric J Titus
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 102 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 102 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nanoscale probing of image-dipole interactions in a metallic nanostructure. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6558. [PMID: 25790228 PMCID: PMC4383001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An emitter near a surface induces an image dipole that can modify the observed emission intensity and radiation pattern. These image-dipole effects are generally not taken into account in single-emitter tracking and super-resolved imaging applications. Here we show that the interference between an emitter and its image dipole induces a strong polarization anisotropy and a large spatial displacement of the observed emission pattern. We demonstrate these effects by tracking the emission of a single quantum dot along two orthogonal polarizations as it is deterministically positioned near a silver nanowire. The two orthogonally polarized diffraction spots can be displaced by up to 50 nm, which arises from a Young’s interference effect between the quantum dot and its induced image dipole. We show that the observed spatially varying interference fringe provides a useful measure for correcting image-dipole-induced distortions. These results provide a pathway towards probing and correcting image-dipole effects in near-field imaging applications. An emitter near a surface induces an image dipole that alters the emission pattern and creates errors in single-particle imaging applications. Here, Ropp et al. show that an image dipole can distort the polarization and measured position of an emitter, and that these distortions can be corrected.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sonntag MD, Klingsporn JM, Zrimsek AB, Sharma B, Ruvuna LK, Van Duyne RP. Molecular plasmonics for nanoscale spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1230-47. [PMID: 23982428 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface- and tip-enhanced Raman and LSPR spectroscopies have developed over the past 15 years as unique tools for uncovering the properties of single particles and single molecules that are unobservable in ensemble measurements. Measurements of individual events provide insight into the distribution of molecular properties that are averaged over in ensemble experiments. Raman and LSPR spectroscopy can provide detailed information on the identity of molecular species and changes in the local environment, respectively. In this review a detailed discussion is presented on single-molecule and single-particle Raman and LSPR spectroscopy focusing on the major developments in the fields and applications of the techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Sonntag
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Darby BL, Le Ru EC. Competition between Molecular Adsorption and Diffusion: Dramatic Consequences for SERS in Colloidal Solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10965-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Darby
- The MacDiarmid
Institute
for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Eric C. Le Ru
- The MacDiarmid
Institute
for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Label-free nanometer-resolution imaging of biological architectures through surface enhanced Raman scattering. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2624. [PMID: 24022059 PMCID: PMC3769681 DOI: 10.1038/srep02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Label free imaging of the chemical environment of biological specimens would readily bridge the supramolecular and the cellular scales, if a chemical fingerprint technique such as Raman scattering can be coupled with super resolution imaging. We demonstrate the possibility of label-free super-resolution Raman imaging, by applying stochastic reconstruction to temporal fluctuations of the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal which originate from biomolecular layers on large-area plasmonic surfaces with a high and uniform hot-spot density (>1011/cm2, 20 to 35 nm spacing). A resolution of 20 nm is demonstrated in reconstructed images of self-assembled peptide network and fibrilated lamellipodia of cardiomyocytes. Blink rate density is observed to be proportional to the excitation intensity and at high excitation densities (>10 kW/cm2) blinking is accompanied by molecular breakdown. However, at low powers, simultaneous Raman measurements show that SERS can provide sufficient blink rates required for image reconstruction without completely damaging the chemical structure.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wilson AJ, Willets KA. Visualizing site-specific redox potentials on the surface of plasmonic nanoparticle aggregates with superlocalization SERS microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:939-45. [PMID: 24460095 DOI: 10.1021/nl404347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate site-specific redox potentials for Nile Blue adsorbed to Ag nanoparticle electrodes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) superlocalization microscopy. Nile Blue is electrochemically modulated between its oxidized and reduced form, which can be optically read out through a corresponding gain or loss in SERS intensity. SERS emission centroids are calculated by fitting the diffraction-limited SERS emission to a two-dimensional Gaussian to determine the approximate location of the emitter with 5-10 nm precision. With molecular coverage above the single molecule level, the SERS centroid trajectories shift reversibly with applied potential over multiple reduction and oxidation cycles. A mechanism is proposed to explain the centroid trajectories based on site-specific redox potentials on the nanoparticle electrode surface, where the first molecule reduced is the last to be oxidized, consistent with reversible electrochemical behavior of redox probes adsorbed to electrode surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging defeats the diffraction-limit of light, allowing the spatial origin and intensity of SERS signals to be determined with <5 nm resolution.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang H, Schultz ZD. The chemical origin of enhanced signals from tip-enhanced Raman detection of functionalized nanoparticles. Analyst 2013; 138:3150-7. [PMID: 23423552 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36898j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we present results that investigate the origins of signals observed in tip-enhanced Raman (TERS) measurements of functionalized nanoparticles. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is known to give the largest enhancements in gap junctions. Similarly, gap-mode TERS also produces significant enhancements. The methodology developed here provides gap-mode like enhancements in TERS measurements without the need for a metal surface. Using a combination of aggregated nanoparticle SERS and TERS detection of functionalized nanoparticles, we assess the chemical origins of the observed peaks and show that molecules outside of gap junctions are also enhanced using our methodology. Our experiments use biotin and streptavidin as a model system for protein-ligand binding. Different size functionalized nanoparticles (20, 50, 80 nm) show changes in intensity in both SERS and TERS measurements. SERS measurements indicate that streptavidin has a larger Raman cross-section than biotin and is preferentially observed. The specific streptavidin peaks observed by TERS vary depending on whether streptavidin is attached to the nanoparticle and located in the gap or bound to the substrate surface. This methodology suggests a route to enhancing TERS signals associated with protein receptors in biological systems that cannot be isolated to a metallic surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Titus EJ, Willets KA. Superlocalization surface-enhanced Raman scattering microscopy: comparing point spread function models in the ensemble and single-molecule limits. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8284-8294. [PMID: 23985039 DOI: 10.1021/nn403891t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we compare the effectiveness of various dipole and Gaussian point spread function (PSF) models for fitting diffraction-limited surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) emission images from rhodamine 6G-labeled nanoparticle dimers at both the high-concentration and single-molecule limit. Of all models tested, a 3-axis dipole PSF gives the best approximation to the experimental PSF, although none of the models utilized in the study were without systematic error when fitting the experimental data. In the high-concentration regime, all models localize the SERS emission to a stationary centroid position, with the dipole models providing additional orientation parameters that closely match the geometry of the dimer, indicating that the molecules are coupled to all resonant plasmon modes of the nanostructure. In the single-molecule case, the different models show a mobile SERS centroid, consistent with single-molecule motion on the surface, but the behavior of the centroid is model-dependent. Despite the centroid mobility in the single-molecule regime, the dipole PSF models still give accurate orientation information on the underlying dimer structure, although with less precision than the ensemble-averaged samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Titus
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th Street STOP A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Titus EJ, Willets KA. Accuracy of superlocalization imaging using Gaussian and dipole emission point-spread functions for modeling gold nanorod luminescence. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6258-6267. [PMID: 23725587 DOI: 10.1021/nn4022845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a study comparing the accuracy of superlocalization imaging of plasmon-mediated emission from gold nanorods (AuNRs) using both Gaussian and dipole emission point-spread function (PSF) models. By fitting the emission PSF of single AuNR luminescence, we have shown that a 3-axis dipole PSF gives improved localization accuracy over the Gaussian PSF, especially for nonplanar AuNRs, while also allowing the AuNR three-dimensional orientation and emission wavelength to be determined. On the other hand, when a single-axis dipole PSF model is applied to the AuNR emission, the fit estimates converge to values that are inconsistent with their experimentally measured values, affecting both the localization accuracy and precision of the fitted centroid position. These results indicate that when applying superlocalization techniques to plasmonic nanostructures, care must be taken to understand the nature of the emission before a correct dipole PSF can be applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Titus
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street STOP A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Willets KA. New Tools for Investigating Electromagnetic Hot Spots in Single‐Molecule Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3186-95. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Willets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall 1.202,105 E 24th ST, A5300, Austin TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+1) 512‐471‐0985
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cortés E, Etchegoin PG, Le Ru EC, Fainstein A, Vela ME, Salvarezza RC. Strong Correlation between Molecular Configurations and Charge-Transfer Processes Probed at the Single-Molecule Level by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2809-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312236y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal
4 Casilla de Correo 16 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo G. Etchegoin
- The MacDiarmid Institute for
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Eric C. Le Ru
- The MacDiarmid Institute for
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alejandro Fainstein
- Centro Atómico Bariloche
and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, (8400)
San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María E. Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal
4 Casilla de Correo 16 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roberto C. Salvarezza
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal
4 Casilla de Correo 16 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wilson AJ, Willets KA. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging using noble metal nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:180-9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Blythe KL, Mayer KM, Weber ML, Willets KA. Ground state depletion microscopy for imaging interactions between gold nanowires and fluorophore-labeled ligands. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4136-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
46
|
Willets KA. Super-resolution imaging of interactions between molecules and plasmonic nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5345-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
47
|
Ma W, Sun M, Xu L, Wang L, Kuang H, Xu C. A SERS active gold nanostar dimer for mercury ion detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4989-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc39087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
48
|
Lee HM, Jin SM, Kim HM, Suh YD. Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a perspective on the current status. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5276-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|