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Luo X, Li J, Huang G, Xie F, He Z, Zeng X, Tian H, Liu Y, Fu W, Yang X. Metal-Graphene Hybrid Terahertz Metasurfaces for Circulating Tumor DNA Detection Based on Dual Signal Amplification. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2122-2133. [PMID: 38602840 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy has impressive capability for label-free biosensing, but its utility in clinical laboratories is rarely reported due to often unsatisfactory detection performances. Here, we fabricated metal-graphene hybrid THz metasurfaces (MSs) for the sensitive and enzyme-free detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in pancreatic cancer plasma samples. The feasibility and mechanism of the enhanced effects of a graphene bridge across the MS and amplified by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The AuNPs serve to boost charge injection in the graphene film and result in producing a remarkable change in the graded transmissivity index to THz radiation of the MS resonators. Assay design utilizes this feature and a cascade hybridization chain reaction initiated on magnetic beads in the presence of target ctDNA to achieve dual signal amplification (chemical and optical). In addition to demonstrating subfemtomolar detection sensitivity and single-nucleotide mismatch selectivity, the proposed method showed remarkable capability to discriminate between pancreatic cancer patients and healthy individuals by recognizing and quantifying targeted ctDNAs. The introduction of graphene to the metasurface produces an improved sensitivity of 2 orders of magnitude for ctDNA detection. This is the first study to report the combined application of graphene and AuNPs in biosensing by THz spectroscopic resonators and provides a combined identification scheme to detect and discriminate different biological analytes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jining Li
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guorong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fengxin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huiyan Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Deng Y, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Zhang P, Liang W, Ning T, Shi Y, Zhang C. Dual-Band and Multi-State Polarization Conversion Using aTerahertz Symmetry-Breaking Metadevice. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2844. [PMID: 37947692 PMCID: PMC10649173 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally demonstrate a terahertz metadevice consisting of split-ring resonators (SRRs) present within square metallic rings. This device can function as a dual-band polarization converter by breaking the symmetry of SRRs. Under x-polarized incidence, the metastructure is able to convert linearly polarized (LP) light into a left-hand circular-polarized (LCP) wave. Intriguingly, under y-polarized incidence, frequency-dependent conversion from LP to LCP and right-hand circular-polarized (RCP) states can be achieved at different frequencies. Furthermore, reconfigurable LCP-to-LP and RCP-to-LP switching can be simulated by integrating the device with patterned graphene and changing its Fermi energy. This dual-band and multi-state polarization control provides an alternative solution to developing compact and multifunctional components in the terahertz regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qingli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xuteng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Pujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wanlin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Tingyin Ning
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China;
| | - Yulei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cunlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.D.); (X.Z.); (P.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (C.Z.)
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Khoruzhenko O, Dudko V, Rosenfeldt S, Breu J. Fabricating defogging metasurfaces via a water-based colloidal route. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3749-3760. [PMID: 37404036 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials possess exotic properties that do not occur in nature and have attracted significant attention in research and engineering. Two decades ago, the field of metamaterials emerged from linear electromagnetism, and today it encompasses a wide range of aspects related to solid matter, including electromagnetic and optical, mechanical and acoustic, as well as unusual thermal or mass transport phenomena. Combining different material properties can lead to emergent synergistic functions applicable in everyday life. Nevertheless, making such metamaterials in a robust, facile, and scalable manner is still challenging. This paper presents an effective protocol allowing for metasurfaces offering a synergy between optical and thermal properties. It utilizes liquid crystalline suspensions of nanosheets comprising two transparent silicate monolayers in a double stack, where gold nanoparticles are sandwiched between the two silicate monolayers. The colloidally stable suspension of nanosheets was applied in nanometre-thick coatings onto various substrates. The transparent coatings serve as absorbers in the infrared spectrum allowing for the efficient conversion of sunlight into heat. The peculiar metasurface couples plasmon-enhanced adsorption with anisotropic heat conduction in the plane of the coating, both at the nanoscale. Processing of the coating is based on scalable and affordable wet colloidal processing instead of having to apply physical deposition in high vacuum or lithographic techniques. Upon solar irradiation, the colloidal metasurface is quickly (60% of the time taken for the non-coated glass) heated to the level where complete defogging is assured without sacrificing transparency in the visible range. The protocol is generally applicable allowing for intercalation of any nanoparticles covering a range of physical properties that are then inherited to colloidal nanosheets. Because of their large aspect ratio, the nanosheets will inevitably orient parallel to any surface. This will allow for a toolbox capable of mimicking metamaterial properties while assuring facile processing via dip coating or spray coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Khoruzhenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Volodymyr Dudko
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Wang H, Linghu J, Wang X, Zhao Q, Shen H. Angular-Dependent THz Modulator with Hybrid Metal-Graphene Metastructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1914. [PMID: 37446430 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The coupling effects of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) from metamaterials induce variation in both the frequency and intensity of plasmonic modes. Here, we report an angular-dependent THz modulator with hybrid metal-graphene metastructures. The metastructures composed of the period gold split-rod arrays on top of a monolayer graphene, which show redshift modulation in the THz region with an increasing incident angle due to the strong out-of-plane magnetic flux introduced by the clockwise circular current at the oblique incidence. By utilizing graphene-based actively tunable conductor with ion-gel electrical gating, the THz transmission can be significantly modified. The modulation depth of the hybrid metal-graphene metastructure modulator can reach ~37.6% at 0.62 THz with a gate voltage of -3 V. The theoretical modeling of transmitted dependency on frequency and incident angle is demonstrated at different Fermi energies, which fits well with the experimental results. This hybrid device can offer a useful method for THz applications (such as angle sensors or angular-resolved spectroscopy), where angle-dependent modulation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiajun Linghu
- School of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- School of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Kim M, Kim SH, Kang C, Kim S, Kee CS. Highly efficient graphene terahertz modulator with tunable electromagnetically induced transparency-like transmission. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6680. [PMID: 37095302 PMCID: PMC10126146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based optical modulators have been extensively studied owing to the high mobility and tunable permittivity of graphene. However, weak graphene-light interactions make it difficult to achieve a high modulation depth with low energy consumption. Here, we propose a high-performance graphene-based optical modulator consisting of a photonic crystal structure and a waveguide with graphene that exhibits an electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like (EIT-like) transmission spectrum at terahertz frequency. The high quality-factor guiding mode to generate the EIT-like transmission enhances light-graphene interaction, and the designed modulator achieves a high modulation depth of 98% with a significantly small Fermi level shift of 0.05 eV. The proposed scheme can be utilized in active optical devices that require low power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghwan Kim
- Division of Applied Photonics System Research, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
- Optical Packaging Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Gwangju, 61012, South Korea
| | - Seong-Han Kim
- Division of Applied Photonics System Research, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Chul Kang
- Division of Applied Photonics System Research, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- Division of Applied Photonics System Research, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
| | - Chul-Sik Kee
- Division of Applied Photonics System Research, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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Xu W, Wang Q, Zhou R, Hameed S, Ma Y, Lijuan Xie, Ying Y. Defect-rich graphene-coated metamaterial device for pesticide sensing in rice. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28678-28684. [PMID: 36320498 PMCID: PMC9540250 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing sensitive and selective detection in a mixture is challenging for terahertz (THz) sensors. In light of this, many methods have been developed to detect molecules in complex samples using THz technology. Here we demonstrate a defect-rich monolayer graphene-coated metamaterial operating in the THz regime for pesticide sensing in a mixture through strong local interactions between graphene and external molecules. The monolayer graphene induces a 50% change in the resonant peak excited by the metamaterial absorber that could be easily distinguished by THz imaging. We experimentally show that the Fermi level of the graphene can be tuned by the addition of molecules, which agrees well with our simulation results. Taking chlorpyrifos methyl in the lixivium of rice as a sample, we further show the molecular sensing potential of this device, regardless of whether the target is in a mixture or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
| | - Ruiyun Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
| | - Saima Hameed
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
| | - Yungui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University866 Yuhangtang Rd.310058 HangzhouP.R. China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceP.R. China,Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsP.R. China
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Cao P, Li Y, Deng Y, Wu Y. Constant frequency reconfigurable terahertz metasurface based on tunable electromagnetically induced transparency-like approach. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:405206. [PMID: 35772294 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7d60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A terahertz constant frequency reconfigurable metasurface based on tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like property was designed, whose transparency window frequency did not vary with Fermi energy. This structure was composed of two single-layer graphene resonators, namely, left double big rings and right double small rings. An evident transparency window (EIT-like phenomenon) was caused by the near-field coupling between bright modes of the two resonators in the transmission spectrum, in which amplitude over 80% was acquired at 1.98 THz. By individually reconfiguring the Fermi energy of each resonator, the EIT-like effects, transparency window amplitude, modulation speed and group delay could be actively controlled while the frequency of EIT-like window remained constant. Significantly, the transparency window was fully modulated without changing the frequency, and the maximum modulation depth reached 78%. Furthermore, the modulation speed also increased because the total graphene areaAwas effectively reduced in the proposed structure. Compared with other metasurface structures, the modulation properties of the proposed structure showed higher performance while the EIT-like window frequency remained static. This research provides an alternative method for developing constant frequency reconfigurable modulation terahertz devices (such as optical switches and modulators), as well as a potential approach for miniaturization of terahertz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Deng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, An N, He X, Zhang X, Zhu A, Yao B, Zhang Y. Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122097. [PMID: 35745433 PMCID: PMC9228136 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, terahertz waves have attracted significant attention for their promising applications. Due to a broadband optical response, an ultra-fast relaxation time, a high nonlinear coefficient of graphene, and the flexible and controllable physical characteristics of its meta-structure, graphene metamaterial has been widely explored in interdisciplinary frontier research, especially in the technologically important terahertz (THz) frequency range. Here, graphene’s linear and nonlinear properties and typical applications of graphene metamaterial are reviewed. Specifically, the discussion focuses on applications in optically and electrically actuated terahertz amplitude, phase, and harmonic generation. The review concludes with a brief examination of potential prospects and trends in graphene metamaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China;
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Xusheng He
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ao Zhu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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Graphene-Modulated Terahertz Metasurfaces for Selective and Active Control of Dual-Band Electromagnetic Induced Reflection (EIR) Windows. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092420. [PMID: 34578736 PMCID: PMC8467089 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, metasurfaces (MSs) integrating with different active materials have been widely explored to actively manipulate the resonance intensity of multi-band electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) windows. Unfortunately, these hybrid MSs can only realize the global control of multi-EIT windows rather than selective control. Here, a graphene-functionalized complementary terahertz MS, composed of a dipole slot and two graphene-integrated quadrupole slots with different sizes, is proposed to execute selective and active control of dual-band electromagnetic induced reflection (EIR) windows. In this structure, dual-band EIR windows arise from the destructive interference caused by the near field coupling between the bright dipole slot and dark quadrupole slot. By embedding graphene ribbons beneath two quadrupole slots, the resonance intensity of two windows can be selectively and actively modulated by adjusting Fermi energy of the corresponding graphene ribbons via electrostatic doping. The theoretical model and field distributions demonstrate that the active tuning behavior can be ascribed to the change in the damper factor of the corresponding dark mode. In addition, the active control of the group delay is further investigated to develop compact slow light devices. Therefore, the selective and active control scheme introduced here can offer new opportunities and platforms for designing multifunctional terahertz devices.
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Vacuum-field-induced THz transport gap in a carbon nanotube quantum dot. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5490. [PMID: 34531384 PMCID: PMC8446012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of light-matter interaction at the most elementary level has become an important resource for quantum technologies. Implementing such interfaces in the THz range remains an outstanding problem. Here, we couple a single electron trapped in a carbon nanotube quantum dot to a THz resonator. The resulting light-matter interaction reaches the deep strong coupling regime that induces a THz energy gap in the carbon nanotube solely by the vacuum fluctuations of the THz resonator. This is directly confirmed by transport measurements. Such a phenomenon which is the exact counterpart of inhibition of spontaneous emission in atomic physics opens the path to the readout of non-classical states of light using electrical current. This would be a particularly useful resource and perspective for THz quantum optics. Strong light-matter coupling has been realized at the level of single atoms and photons throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum, except for the THz range. Here, the authors report a THz-scale transport gap, induced by vacuum fluctuations in carbon nanotube quantum dot through the deep strong coupling of a single electron to a THz resonator.
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Li C, Jiang L, Ma Q, Teng Y, Bian B, Yu M, Hua M, Liu X, He J, Su R, Jiang C. Electrically tunable terahertz switch based on superconducting subwavelength hole arrays. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:7530-7535. [PMID: 34613218 DOI: 10.1364/ao.435569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an electrically tunable superconducting device capable of switching the extraordinary terahertz (THz) transmission. The planar device consists of subwavelength hole arrays with real-time control capability. The maximum transmission coefficient at 0.33 THz is 0.98 and decreases to 0.17 when the applied voltage only increases to 1.3 V. A relative intensity modulation of 82.7% is observed, making this device an efficient THz switch. Additionally, this device exhibits good narrow-bandpass characteristics within 2 THz, which can be used as a frequency-selective component. This study offers an ideal tuning method and delivers a promising approach for designing active and miniaturized devices in THz cryogenic systems.
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Wang W, Du L, Li J, Hu M, Sun C, Zhong Y, Zhao G, Li Z, Zhu LG, Yao J, Ling F. Active control of terahertz waves based on p-Si hybrid PIT metasurface device under avalanche breakdown. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12712-12722. [PMID: 33985022 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active control of terahertz waves is a critical application for terahertz devices. Silicon is widely used in large-scale integrated circuit and optoelectronic devices, and also shows great potential in the terahertz field. In this paper, a p-Si hybrid metasurface device is proposed and its terahertz characteristics under avalanche breakdown effect is investigated. In the study, a plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect caused by the near-field coupling of the bright mode and the dark mode is observed in the transmission spectrum. Due to avalanche breakdown effect, the resonance of the PIT metamaterial disappears as the current increased. Carriers existed in the interface between the metasurface and substrate result to a dipole resonance suppression. When the current continues increasing, the maximal modulation depth can reach up to 99.9%, caused by the avalanche effect of p-Si. Experimental results demonstrate that the avalanche breakdown p-Si can achieve a performance modulation depth, bringing much more possibilities for terahertz devices.
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Hou C, Ma T, Gao J, Liu H, Wang F. Mid-infrared electro-optic modulator based on a graphene-embedded plasmonic rib waveguide with ultrahigh electro-optic wavelength tuning. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2795-2802. [PMID: 33798154 DOI: 10.1364/ao.419388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A graphene-embedded plasmonic rib waveguide (GEPRW) is designed for the mid-infrared electro-optic modulator. The mode characteristics and electro-optic (EO) modulation performances are simulated and optimized by using the finite element method. The results show that propagation length of 103mm and figure of merit of 106 are obtained by adjusting the bias voltage applied to the GEPRW. The EO wavelength tunings are -66.69 and -78.87nm/V for peak L and peak R in the loss spectra when w=3µm and h1=2µm. For a 100 µm long GEPRW, the modulation depths of ∼96.4,∼97.1,∼93.7, and ∼94.9%, and FWHMs of ∼30,∼74,∼34, and ∼59nm can be achieved when λ=1.55, 1.87. 1.89, and 2.23 µm. The EO modulator based on the GEPRW has a wide wavelength tuning range from 1.05 to 2.23 µm. It has high modulation depth, low insertion loss, and broad bandwidth, which can be used as EO tunable devices such as optical interconnects and optical switches.
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Guo X, Xue L, Yang Z, Xu M, Zhu Y, Shao D, Fu Z, Tan Z, Wang C, Cao J, Zhang C. Strong Terahertz Absorption of Monolayer Graphene Embedded into a Microcavity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020421. [PMID: 33562303 PMCID: PMC7915544 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz reflection behaviors of metallic-grating-dielectric-metal (MGDM) microcavity with a monolayer graphene embedded into the dielectric layer are theoretically investigated. A tunable wideband reflection dip at about the Fabry–Pérot resonant frequency of the structure is found. The reflectance at the dip frequency can be electrically tuned in the range of 96.5% and 8.8%. Because of the subwavelength distance between the metallic grating and the monolayer graphene, both of the evanescent grating slit waveguide modes and the evanescent Rayleigh modes play key roles in the strong absorption by the graphene layer. The dependence of reflection behaviors on the carrier scattering rate of graphene is analyzed. A prototype MGDM-graphene structure is fabricated to verify the theoretical analysis. Our investigations are helpful for the developments of electrically controlled terahertz modulators, switches, and reconfigurable antennas based on the MGDM-graphene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Guo
- Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lejie Xue
- Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.X.)
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.X.)
| | - Mengjian Xu
- Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.X.)
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Dixiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid−State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.S.); (Z.F.); (Z.T.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhanglong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid−State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.S.); (Z.F.); (Z.T.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhiyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid−State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.S.); (Z.F.); (Z.T.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid−State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.S.); (Z.F.); (Z.T.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Juncheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid−State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.S.); (Z.F.); (Z.T.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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15
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Lee S, Baek S, Kim TT, Cho H, Lee S, Kang JH, Min B. Metamaterials for Enhanced Optical Responses and their Application to Active Control of Terahertz Waves. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000250. [PMID: 32187763 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, artificially constructed structures that mimic lattices in natural materials, have made numerous contributions to the development of unconventional optical devices. With an increasing demand for more diverse functionalities, terahertz (THz) metamaterials are also expanding their domain, from the realm of mere passive devices to the broader area where functionalized active THz devices are particularly required. A brief review on THz metamaterials is given with a focus on research conducted in the authors' group. The first part is centered on enhanced THz optical responses from tightly coupled meta-atom structures, such as high refractive index, enhanced optical activity, anomalous wavelength scaling, large phase retardation, and nondispersive polarization rotation. Next, electrically gated graphene metamaterials are reviewed with an emphasis on the functionalization of enhanced THz optical responses. Finally, the linear frequency conversion of THz waves in a rapidly time-variant THz metamaterial is briefly discussed in the more general context of spatiotemporal control of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojeong Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Teun-Teun Kim
- Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Optical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumki Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu Y, Xu X, Yang D, Zhang X, Ren M, Gong N, Cai W, Hassan F, Zhu Z, Drevenšek-Olenik I, Rupp RA, Xu J. Multifunctional and tunable trigate graphene metamaterial with "Lakes of Wada" topology. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24772-24788. [PMID: 32907010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) metamaterials previously reported had limited functions. Their tunabilities were realized by complex discrete structures, which greatly increased the difficulty and cost of device fabrication and adversely affected their resonance characteristics. It is an open question to adjust the Fermi levels of many graphene patterns with only a few in-plane electrodes. We propose and numerically study a novel electrically tunable and multifunctional trigate graphene metamaterial (TGGM) based on the concept of "Lakes of Wada". Benefiting from the trigate regulation, our proposed TGGM turns out to exhibit excellent characteristics, that can not only be used for terahertz band-stop filter, terahertz refractive index sensor, near-field optical switch, slow-light device, but also for double PIT window metamaterial with broad transparency windows and large tunable frequency range.
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17
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Characterisation and Manipulation of Polarisation Response in Plasmonic and Magneto-Plasmonic Nanostructures and Metamaterials. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical properties of metal nanostructures, governed by the so-called localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, have invoked intensive investigations in recent times owing to their fundamental nature and potential applications. LSPR scattering from metal nanostructures is expected to show the symmetry of the oscillation mode and the particle shape. Therefore, information on the polarisation properties of the LSPR scattering is crucial for identifying different oscillation modes within one particle and to distinguish differently shaped particles within one sample. On the contrary, the polarisation state of light itself can be arbitrarily manipulated by the inverse designed sample, known as metamaterials. Apart from polarisation state, external stimulus, e.g., magnetic field also controls the LSPR scattering from plasmonic nanostructures, giving rise to a new field of magneto-plasmonics. In this review, we pay special attention to polarisation and its effect in three contrasting aspects. First, tailoring between LSPR scattering and symmetry of plasmonic nanostructures, secondly, manipulating polarisation state through metamaterials and lastly, polarisation modulation in magneto-plasmonics. Finally, we will review recent progress in applications of plasmonic and magneto-plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials in various fields.
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18
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Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Qiu CW, Bao Q. Artificial Metaphotonics Born Naturally in Two Dimensions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6197-6246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia−San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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19
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Mustonen P, Mackenzie DMA, Lipsanen H. Review of fabrication methods of large-area transparent graphene electrodes for industry. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:91-113. [PMID: 36641556 PMCID: PMC7362318 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material showing excellent properties for utilization in transparent electrodes; it has low sheet resistance, high optical transmission and is flexible. Whereas the most common transparent electrode material, tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO) is brittle, less transparent and expensive, which limit its compatibility in flexible electronics as well as in low-cost devices. Here we review two large-area fabrication methods for graphene based transparent electrodes for industry: liquid exfoliation and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discuss the basic methodologies behind the technologies with an emphasis on optical and electrical properties of recent results. State-of-the-art methods for liquid exfoliation have as a figure of merit an electrical and optical conductivity ratio of 43.5, slightly over the minimum required for industry of 35, while CVD reaches as high as 419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mustonen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland.
| | - David M A Mackenzie
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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20
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Xiao B, Tong S, Fyffe A, Shi Z. Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency based on graphene metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4048-4057. [PMID: 32122064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a graphene-based metasurface structure that can exhibit tunable electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like (EIT) spectral response at mid-infrared frequencies. The metasurface structure is composed of two subwavelength mono-layer graphene nano-disks coupled with a mono-layer graphene nano-strip. We show that the coupling of the nano-disks' dipole resonance with the quadrupole resonance of the nano-strip can create two split resonances with a transparency window in between at any desired center frequency within a wide frequency range. We show that such an EIT-like response can also be dynamically shifted in frequency by adjusting the Fermi-level of the graphene through external voltage control, which provides convenient post-fabrication tunability. In addition, the performance of such a metastructure for sensing the refractive index of the surrounding medium is analyzed. The simulation results show that its sensitivity can reach 3016.7 nm/(RIU) with a FOM exceeding 12.0. Lastly, we present an analysis of the slow light characteristics of the proposed device, where the group index can reach as large as 200. Our design provides a new miniaturized sensing platform that can facilitate the development of biochemical molecules testing, etc.
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21
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Sarkar S, Behunin RO, Gibbs JG. Shape-Dependent, Chiro-optical Response of UV-Active, Nanohelix Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8089-8096. [PMID: 31557443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We harness a synergy between morphology and the electromagnetic response of semiconducting material to engineer the chiro-optical properties of metamaterials that are active at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. Chiral metamaterials have recently ushered in new research directions in fundamental light-matter interactions, while simultaneously opening a range of promising photonics-based applications from polarization control to improved biosensing methods. Despite these recent advances, to date, very little attention has been focused upon engineered large UV-chiro-optical activity, where naturally occurring molecular optical activity bands are most typically encountered. Here, we systematically alter the morphology of titanium dioxide nanohelices, which make up the elements of the chiral metamaterials, to investigate how the nanoparticle shape affects chiro-optical activity across the UV spectrum. When the nanoscale critical dimensions fall within a particular size range, giant chiro-optical activity is observed, which is on the order of the strongest demonstrated in the UV to date and can be tuned by slight alterations of the nanohelices' morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant Sarkar
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , Arizona 86011 , United States
| | - Ryan O Behunin
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , Arizona 86011 , United States
- Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , Arizona 86011 , United States
| | - John G Gibbs
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , Arizona 86011 , United States
- Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , Arizona 86011 , United States
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22
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Tran TQ, Lee S, Kim S. A graphene-assisted all-pass filter for a tunable terahertz transmissive modulator with near-perfect absorption. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12558. [PMID: 31467385 PMCID: PMC6715740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We proposed an all-pass filter based perfect absorber scheme which also can function as a highly efficient transmissive modulator. We theoretically analyzed the proposed scheme using the temporal coupled mode theory and showed that near-perfect absorption could be achieved with practically modest deviation from the critical coupling condition. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed scheme in a grating-based all-pass filter device with a variable loss implemented by two separate graphene layers, achieving an absorption of ~99.8% and a transmission modulation depth of ~70 dB in a terahertz frequency range. We also numerically investigated the tunability of the designed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Q Tran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sangjun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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23
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Zhukova MO, Hogan BT, Oparin EN, Shaban PS, Grachev YV, Kovalska E, Walsh KK, Craciun MF, Baldycheva A, Tcypkin AN. Transmission Properties of FeCl 3-Intercalated Graphene and WS 2 Thin Films for Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:225. [PMID: 31289955 PMCID: PMC6616562 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy has become a common method both for fundamental and applied studies focused on improving the quality of human life. However, the issue of finding materials applicable in these systems is still relevant. One of the appropriate solution is 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate the transmission properties of unique graphene-based structures with iron trichloride FeCl3 dopant on glass, sapphire and Kapton polyimide film substrates that previously were not investigated in the framework of the above-described problems in near infrared and THz ranges. We also show properties of a thin tungsten disulfide WS2 film fabricated from liquid crystal solutions transferred to a polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate substrates. The introduction of impurities, the selection of structural dimensions and the use of an appropriate substrate for modified 2D layered materials allow to control the transmission of samples for both the terahertz and infrared ranges, which can be used for creation of effective modulators and components for THz spectroscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O. Zhukova
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Benjamin T. Hogan
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Egor N. Oparin
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S. Shaban
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V. Grachev
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Kovalska
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kieran K. Walsh
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anna Baldycheva
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anton N. Tcypkin
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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24
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Chen T, Liang H, Hao X, Hou X, Kou W, Zhao Y, Zhou T, Liang S, Yang Z. A Review of THz Modulators with Dynamic Tunable Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070965. [PMID: 31266235 PMCID: PMC6669754 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation has received much attention during the past few decades for its potential applications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, imaging, and wireless communications. To use terahertz waves for data transmission in different application systems, the efficient and rapid modulation of terahertz waves is required and has become an in-depth research topic. Since the turn of the century, research on metasurfaces has rapidly developed, and the scope of novel functions and operating frequency ranges has been substantially expanded, especially in the terahertz range. The combination of metasurfaces and semiconductors has facilitated both new opportunities for the development of dynamic THz functional devices and significant achievements in THz modulators. This paper provides an overview of THz modulators based on different kinds of dynamic tunable metasurfaces combined with semiconductors, two-dimensional electron gas heterostructures, superconductors, phase-transition materials, graphene, and other 2D material. Based on the overview, a brief discussion with perspectives will be presented. We hope that this review will help more researchers learn about the recent developments and challenges of THz modulators and contribute to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Huajie Liang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xiaolin Hao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Wei Kou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yuncheng Zhao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Tianchi Zhou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
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25
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Fabrication of Graphene-Metal Transparent Conductive Nanocomposite Layers for Photoluminescence Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061037. [PMID: 31212676 PMCID: PMC6630505 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis and characterization ofgraphene-metal nanocomposite, a transparent conductive layer, is examined. This transparent conductive layer is named graphene-Ag-graphene (GAG), which makes full use of the high electron mobility and high conductivity characteristics of graphene, while electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is induced by Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The nanocomposite preparation technique delivers three key parts including the transfer of the first layer graphene, spin coating of Ag NPs and transfer of the second layer of graphene. The GAG transparent conductive nanocomposite layer possess a sheet resistance of 16.3 ohm/sq and electron mobility of 14,729 cm2/(v s), which are superior to single-layer graphene or other transparent conductive layers. Moreover, the significant enhancement of photoluminescence can be ascribed to the coupling of the light emitters in multiple quantum wells with the surface plasmon Ag NPs and the EIT effect.
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26
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Zhang ZY, Li DM, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhu YH, Zhang S, Zhang XP, Yi JM. Coexistence of two graphene-induced modulation effects on surface plasmons in hybrid graphene plasmonic nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:13503-13515. [PMID: 31052871 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrating gate-tunable graphene with plasmonic nanostructures or metamaterials offers a great potential in achieving dynamic control of plasmonic response. While remarkable progress has been made in realizing efficient graphene-induced modulations of plasmon resonances, a full picture of graphene-plasmon interactions and the consequent deep understanding on graphene-enabled tuning mechanism remain largely unexplored. Here, we theoretically identify, for the first time, two distinct modulation effects that can coexist in graphene-based plasmonic nanostructure: graphene can influence the plasmon resonances by either acting as equivalent nanocircuit elements or effectively altering their excitation environment, leading to totally different tuning behaviors. A general dependency of tuning features on the graphene-induced impedance, irrespective of structure geometries, is established when graphene serves as nanocircuit elements. We demonstrate that these two modulation effects can be dynamically controlled by appropriately integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures, which provide an active window for efficient modulation of surface plasmons. Our findings may pave the way towards realizing dynamic control of plasmonic response, which holds great potential applications in graphene-based active nanoplasmonic devices.
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27
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Li S, Nugraha PS, Su X, Chen X, Yang Q, Unferdorben M, Kovács F, Kunsági-Máté S, Liu M, Zhang X, Ouyang C, Li Y, Fülöp JA, Han J, Zhang W. Terahertz electric field modulated mode coupling in graphene-metal hybrid metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2317-2326. [PMID: 30732270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the tunable conductivity of graphene under high terahertz (THz) electric field, a graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial consisting of an array of three adjoined orthogonally oriented split-ring resonators (SRRs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to show a maximum modulation depth of 23% in transmission when the THz peak field reaches 305 kV/cm. The transmission of the sample is dominated by the antisymmetric and symmetric resonant modes originating from the strong magneto-inductive and conductive coupling among the three SRRs, respectively. Numerical simulations and model calculations based on a coupled oscillator theory were performed to explain the modulation process. It is found that the graphene coating impairs the resonances by increasing the damping of the modes and decreasing the coupling between the SRRs whereas the strong THz field restores the resonances by decreasing the conductivity of graphene.
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He X, Lin F, Liu F, Shi W. Tunable high Q-factor terahertz complementary graphene metamaterial. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:485205. [PMID: 30207547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae0d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Based on the complementary graphene asymmetric double bars patterns, the tunable Fano resonances with large Q-factors have been investigated in the terahertz regime, including the effects of Fermi levels, structural parameters and operation frequency. The results reveal that compared with existed graphene tunable devices, the Fano resonant curve is very narrow and indicates a large Q-factor of about 60. The strong Fano resonant curves can be convenient tailored. As Fermi level increases, the amplitude of the Fano dip decreases, and the resonant peak position shifts to high frequency. The amplitude modulation depth (MD) of the Fano curve is more, about 90%, if the Fermi level changes in the scope of 0.2-1.0 eV. With the increase of the sample refractive index, the resonant Fano dip shifts low frequency, and the dip amplitude MD can reach more than 40%. The results are very helpful to understand the tunable mechanisms of graphene based Fano systems and to design high sensitivity functional devices, e.g. sensors, modulators, and antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong He
- Department of Physics, Mathematics & Science College, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China
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29
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Wang Y, Tao M, Pei Z, Yu X, Wang B, Jiang J, He X. Tunable bandwidth of double electromagnetic induced transparency windows in terahertz graphene metamaterial. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37057-37063. [PMID: 35557777 PMCID: PMC9088969 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06008h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By patterning graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate, in this paper, we design and numerically investigate double electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) windows in a terahertz metamaterial based on a π-like graphene structure. The surface current distributions reveal that the double EIT windows arise from the destructive interferences caused by different asymmetric coupling modes. Moreover, the bandwidth of two transparency windows can be actively controlled by changing the asymmetric coupling strength. By shifting the Fermi energy of graphene, more interestingly, the bandwidth and frequency modulation depths of the two transparency windows is 38.4% and 36% respectively, and the associated group delay and delay bandwidth product (DBP) can also be actively tuned. Therefore, such EIT-like graphene metamaterials are promising candidates for designing slow-light devices and wide-band filters. By patterning graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate, in this paper, we design and numerically investigate double electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) windows in a terahertz metamaterial based on a π-like graphene structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Mengning Tao
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Pei
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Xuzheng Yu
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Benhua Wang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Jiuxing Jiang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
| | - Xunjun He
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology No. 52 Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 P. R. China
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30
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Wu B, Hu Y, Zhao YT, Lu WB, Zhang W. Large angle beam steering THz antenna using active frequency selective surface based on hybrid graphene-gold structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15353-15361. [PMID: 30114784 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been made to design pattern reconfigurable THz antennas to achieve optimum performance for particular environmental conditions. However, it is still a challenge to achieve large angle beam steering for reconfigurable antenna in terahertz band. Here we propose a 360-degree beam steering THz antenna using active frequency selective surface (AFSS) based on hybrid graphene-gold structure. The proposed antenna consists of a THz omnidirectional monopole antenna coated with a hexagonal AFSS screen. By adjusting the chemical potential of graphene from 0 to 0.5eV, the AFSS unit cell can be switched from ON state (high transmission) to OFF state (total reflection) in terahertz, which can steer the beam direction as the monopole antenna is surrounded with six parts of AFSS screen with different ON/OFF states. In this way, the antenna can achieve beam scanning covering 360 degrees. Moreover, unlike the conventional AFSS with only two states, the reflection and transmission coefficient of the proposed AFSS are continuously variable due to the tunable chemical potential, which allows the radiation gain of antenna to be enlarged or suppressed. This antenna may serve the reconfigurable THz wireless system with flexible beam direction and gain level.
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31
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Gao X, Yang W, Cao W, Chen M, Jiang Y, Yu X, Li H. Bandwidth broadening of a graphene-based circular polarization converter by phase compensation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:23945-23954. [PMID: 29041344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.023945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a broadband tunable circular polarization converter composed of a single graphene sheet patterned with butterfly-shaped holes, a dielectric spacer, and a 7-layer graphene ground plane. It can convert a linearly polarized wave into a circularly polarized wave in reflection mode. The polarization converter can be dynamically tuned by varying the Fermi energy of the single graphene sheet. Furthermore, the 7-layer graphene acting as a ground plane can modulate the phase of its reflected wave by controlling the Femi energy, which provides constructive interference condition at the surface of the single graphene sheet in a broad bandwidth and therefore significantly broadens the tunable bandwidth of the proposed polarization converter.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jiang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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33
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Hashemi MR, Cakmakyapan S, Jarrahi M. Reconfigurable metamaterials for terahertz wave manipulation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:094501. [PMID: 28590254 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa77cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metamaterials have emerged as promising platforms for manipulating the spectral and spatial properties of terahertz waves without being limited by the characteristics of naturally existing materials. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of various types of reconfigurable metamaterials that are utilized to manipulate the intensity, phase, polarization, and propagation direction of terahertz waves. We discuss various reconfiguration mechanisms based on optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli while using semiconductors, superconductors, phase-change materials, graphene, and electromechanical structures. The advantages and disadvantages of different reconfigurable metamaterial designs in terms of modulation efficiency, modulation bandwidth, modulation speed, and system complexity are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Hashemi
- University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles CA, 90095, United States of America
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34
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Kim TT, Oh SS, Kim HD, Park HS, Hess O, Min B, Zhang S. Electrical access to critical coupling of circularly polarized waves in graphene chiral metamaterials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701377. [PMID: 28975151 PMCID: PMC5621972 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Active control of polarization states of electromagnetic waves is highly desirable because of its diverse applications in information processing, telecommunications, and spectroscopy. However, despite the recent advances using artificial materials, most active polarization control schemes require optical stimuli necessitating complex optical setups. We experimentally demonstrate an alternative-direct electrical tuning of the polarization state of terahertz waves. Combining a chiral metamaterial with a gated single-layer sheet of graphene, we show that transmission of a terahertz wave with one circular polarization can be electrically controlled without affecting that of the other circular polarization, leading to large-intensity modulation depths (>99%) with a low gate voltage. This effective control of polarization is made possible by the full accessibility of three coupling regimes, that is, underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped regimes by electrical control of the graphene properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun-Teun Kim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soon Oh
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyeon-Don Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ortwin Hess
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bumki Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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35
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Yan J, Ma C, Liu P, Wang C, Yang G. Electrically Controlled Scattering in a Hybrid Dielectric-Plasmonic Nanoantenna. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4793-4800. [PMID: 28686459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable devices in nanophotonics offer an exciting opportunity to combine electrical and optical functions, opening up their applications in active photonic devices. Silicon as a kind of high refractive index dielectric material has shown comparable performances with plasmonic nanostructures in tailoring and modulating the electromagnetic waves. However, there are few studies on electrically tunable silicon nanoantennas. Here, for the first time we realize the spectral tailoring of an individual silicon nanoparticle in the visible range through changing the applied voltage. We observe that the plasmon-dielectric hybrid resonant peaks experience blue shift and obvious intensity attenuation with increasing the bias voltages from 0 to 1.5 V. A physical model has been established to explain how the applied voltage influences the carrier concentration and how carrier concentration modifies the permittivity of silicon and then the final scattering spectra. Our findings pave a new approach to build excellent tunable nanoantennas or other nanophotonics devices where the optical responses can be purposely controlled by electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Churong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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36
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Zhou G, Dai P, Wu J, Jin B, Wen Q, Zhu G, Shen Z, Zhang C, Kang L, Xu W, Chen J, Wu P. Broadband and high modulation-depth THz modulator using low bias controlled VO 2-integrated metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17322-17328. [PMID: 28789224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An active vanadium dioxide integrated metasurface offering broadband transmitted terahertz wave modulation with large modulation-depth under electrical control is demonstrated. The device consists of metal bias-lines arranged with grid-structure patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) film on sapphire substrate. Amplitude transmission is continuously tuned from more than 78% to 28% or lower in the frequency range from 0.3 THz to 1.0 THz, by means of electrical bias at temperature of 68 °C. The physical mechanism underlying the device's electrical tunability is investigated and found to be attributed to the ohmic heating. The developed device possessing over 87% modulation depth with 0.7 THz frequency band is expected to have many potential applications in THz regime such as tunable THz attenuator.
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37
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Ghahri MR, Faez R. Minimum length modulator design with a graphene-based plasmonic waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:4926-4933. [PMID: 29047637 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.004926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we simulated and analyzed a plasmonic waveguide modulator based on a single layer of graphene. It includes a graphene sheet, which sandwiches between two layers of silicon dioxide. Then, some gates are arranged on either side of the waveguide on a periodic structure. When an electric field is applied perpendicular to the waveguide plate, the Fermi level of graphene under the gates changes. Detailed analysis is performed by the method of lines based on Maxwell's equations along the propagation direction of the waveguide. Computation of the multi-gate device starts by examining the effect of the Fermi level. The transmission coefficient of the magnetic-field norms of the modulator is calculated by varying the parameters, such as Fermi level, length, gates number, and distance between the gates to achieve optimized design of the modulator device with very small dimensions. The results show that at higher Fermi levels, where the imaginary part of the effective index of the waveguide is close to zero, the reflection is dominant and absorption is low. Therefore, the modulator length becomes so long that it is more than one hundred nanometers. At lower Fermi levels, where the amount of the imaginary part of the effective index is significant, the absorption is dominant. At this range, a one-gate device is sufficient for modulation. Consequently, the designed minimum device length becomes equal to six nanometers for the ten-micrometer wavelength. Furthermore, the design is carried out in other wavelengths.
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38
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Microwave Study of Field-Effect Devices Based on Graphene/Aluminum Nitride/Graphene Structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44202. [PMID: 28276517 PMCID: PMC5343569 DOI: 10.1038/srep44202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic gate electrodes are often employed to control the conductivity of graphene based field effect devices. The lack of transparency of such electrodes in many optical applications is a key limiting factor. We demonstrate a working concept of a double layer graphene field effect device that utilizes a thin film of sputtered aluminum nitride as dielectric gate material. For this system, we show that the graphene resistance can be modified by a voltage between the two graphene layers. We study how a second gate voltage applied to the silicon back gate modifies the measured microwave transport data at around 8.7 GHz. As confirmed by numerical simulations based on the Boltzmann equation, this system resembles a parallel circuit of two graphene layers with different intrinsic doping levels. The obtained experimental results indicate that the graphene-aluminum nitride-graphene device concept presents a promising technology platform for terahertz- to- optical devices as well as radio-frequency acoustic devices where piezoelectricity in aluminum nitride can also be exploited.
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39
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He X, Huang Y, Yang X, Zhu L, Wu F, Jiang J. Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency based on terahertz graphene metamaterial. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The terahertz EIT graphene metamaterial, consisting of two coupled split ring resonators placed in orthogonally twisted fashion, was proposed by patterning graphene. An actively controlled EIT peak can be obtained by changing relaxation time or Fermi energy of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun He
- School of Applied Sciences
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin
- China
- Department of Physics
| | - Yiming Huang
- School of Applied Sciences
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xingyu Yang
- School of Applied Sciences
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Communication and Electronics Engineering Institute
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Fengmin Wu
- School of Applied Sciences
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jiuxing Jiang
- School of Applied Sciences
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin
- China
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40
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Liu J, Li Q, Chen M, Ren M, Zhang L, Xiao L, Jiang K, Fan S. Dielectric-Like Behavior of Graphene in Au Plasmon Resonator. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:541. [PMID: 27924624 PMCID: PMC5142172 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has proven to be a promising conductive layer in fabricating optical plasmon resonators on insulator substrate using electron beam lithography and has the potential to construct electrically controlled active plasmon resonators. In this study, we investigate the effect of graphene on plasmon resonance using graphene and Au plasmon resonator system as a model at visible and near-infrared wavelength. Our experiment data show that the presence of graphene does not weaken and annihilate the plasmon resonance peaks, instead it predominantly makes the peaks redshift, which is similar to the behavior of depositing SiO2 film on Au plasmon resonators. This fact indicates that graphene predominantly exhibits dielectric-like behavior at visible and near-infrared wavelength, which can be attributed to the low carrier density in graphene compared with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junku Liu
- Nanophotonics and Optoelectronics Research Center, Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Qunqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Mo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Nanophotonics and Optoelectronics Research Center, Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Kaili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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41
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Modulated phases of graphene quantum Hall polariton fluids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13355. [PMID: 27841346 PMCID: PMC5114533 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing experimental interest in coupling cavity photons to the cyclotron resonance excitations of electron liquids in high-mobility semiconductor quantum wells or graphene sheets. These media offer unique platforms to carry out fundamental studies of exciton-polariton condensation and cavity quantum electrodynamics in a regime, in which electron-electron interactions are expected to play a pivotal role. Here, focusing on graphene, we present a theoretical study of the impact of electron-electron interactions on a quantum Hall polariton fluid, that is a fluid of magneto-excitons resonantly coupled to cavity photons. We show that electron-electron interactions are responsible for an instability of graphene integer quantum Hall polariton fluids towards a modulated phase. We demonstrate that this phase can be detected by measuring the collective excitation spectra, which is often at a characteristic wave vector of the order of the inverse magnetic length.
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42
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Family of graphene-assisted resonant surface optical excitations for terahertz devices. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35467. [PMID: 27739504 PMCID: PMC5064388 DOI: 10.1038/srep35467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the proposed graphene-based THz devices consist of a metamaterial that can optically interact with graphene. This coupled graphene-metamaterial system gives rise to a family of resonant modes such as the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of graphene, the geometrically induced SPPs, also known as the spoof SPP modes, and the Fabry-Perot (FP) modes. In the literature, these modes are usually considered separately as if each could only exist in one structure. By contrast, in this paper, we show that even in a simple metamaterial structure such as a one-dimensional (1D) metallic slit grating, these modes all exist and can potentially interact with each other. A graphene SPP-based THz device is also fabricated and measured. Despite the high scattering rate, the effective SPP resonances can still be observed and show a consistent trend between the effective frequency and the grating period, as predicted by the theory. We also find that the excitation of the graphene SPP mode is most efficient in the terahertz spectral region due to the Drude conductivity of graphene in this spectral region.
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43
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Zhao X, Yuan C, Zhu L, Yao J. Graphene-based tunable terahertz plasmon-induced transparency metamaterial. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15273-15280. [PMID: 27500393 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel terahertz plasmon induced transparency (PIT) metamaterial structure consisting of single-layered graphene microstructures was proposed and numerically studied in this study. A pronounced transparency peak was obtained in the transmission spectrum, which resulted from the destructive interference between the graphene dipole and monopole antennas. Further investigations have shown that the spectral location and lineshape of the transparency peak can be dynamically controlled by tuning the Fermi level in graphene. Since the monopole antennas in our designed structure exist in a continuous form, a more convenient method for tunablity is available by applying a gate voltage compared to those structures with discrete graphene patterns. This work may open up new avenues for designing tunable terahertz functional devices and slow light devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Cai Yuan
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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44
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Nouman MT, Kim HW, Woo JM, Hwang JH, Kim D, Jang JH. Terahertz Modulator based on Metamaterials integrated with Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Varactors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26452. [PMID: 27194128 PMCID: PMC4872220 DOI: 10.1038/srep26452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) band of the electromagnetic spectrum, with frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to 3 THz, has attracted wide interest in recent years owing to its potential applications in numerous areas. Significant progress has been made toward the development of devices capable of actively controlling terahertz waves; nonetheless, further advances in device functionality are necessary for employment of these devices in practical terahertz systems. Here, we demonstrate a low voltage, sharp switching terahertz modulator device based on metamaterials integrated with metal semiconductor metal (MSM) varactors, fabricated on an AlGaAs/InGaAs based heterostructure. By varying the applied voltage to the MSM-varactor located at the center of split ring resonator (SRR), the resonance frequency of the SRR-based metamaterial is altered. Upon varying the bias voltage from 0 V to 3 V, the resonance frequency exhibits a transition from 0.52 THz to 0.56 THz, resulting in a modulation depth of 45 percent with an insertion loss of 4.3 dB at 0.58 THz. This work demonstrates a new approach for realizing active terahertz devices with improved functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab Nouman
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woong Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jeong Min Woo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Hwang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Dongju Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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45
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Xu WZ, Ren FF, Ye J, Lu H, Liang L, Huang X, Liu M, Shadrivov IV, Powell DA, Yu G, Jin B, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Electrically tunable terahertz metamaterials with embedded large-area transparent thin-film transistor arrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23486. [PMID: 27000419 PMCID: PMC4802223 DOI: 10.1038/srep23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering metamaterials with tunable resonances are of great importance for improving the functionality and flexibility of terahertz (THz) systems. An ongoing challenge in THz science and technology is to create large-area active metamaterials as building blocks to enable efficient and precise control of THz signals. Here, an active metamaterial device based on enhancement-mode transparent amorphous oxide thin-film transistor arrays for THz modulation is demonstrated. Analytical modelling based on full-wave techniques and multipole theory exhibits excellent consistent with the experimental observations and reveals that the intrinsic resonance mode at 0.75 THz is dominated by an electric response. The resonant behavior can be effectively tuned by controlling the channel conductivity through an external bias. Such metal/oxide thin-film transistor based controllable metamaterials are energy saving, low cost, large area and ready for mass-production, which are expected to be widely used in future THz imaging, sensing, communications and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zong Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fang-Fang Ren
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hai Lu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lanju Liang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ilya V Shadrivov
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Powell
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Guang Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Biaobing Jin
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Youdou Zheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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46
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Li X, Zhu J, Wei B. Hybrid nanostructures of metal/two-dimensional nanomaterials for plasmon-enhanced applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3145-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Li T, Chen Q, Zhang H, O'Hara JF, Abele E, Taylor AJ, Chen HT, Azad AK. Independently tunable dual-band perfect absorber based on graphene at mid-infrared frequencies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18463. [PMID: 26689917 PMCID: PMC4686877 DOI: 10.1038/srep18463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We design a dual-band absorber formed by combining two cross-shaped metallic resonators of different sizes within a super-unit-cell arranged in mirror symmetry. Simulations indicate that absorption efficiencies greater than 99% can be achieved at two different frequencies under normal incidence. We employ a design scheme with graphene integration, which allows independent tuning of individual absorption frequencies by electrostatically changing the Fermi energy of the graphene layer. High absorbance is maintained over a wide incident angle range up to 50 degrees for both TE and TM polarizations. It thus enables a promising way to design electrically tunable absorbers, which may contribute toward the realization of frequency selective detectors for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology, College of Electronic Communication and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266510, China.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Tongtong Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology, College of Electronic Communication and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266510, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology, College of Electronic Communication and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266510, China
| | - John F O'Hara
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ethan Abele
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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48
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Highly tunable hybrid metamaterials employing split-ring resonators strongly coupled to graphene surface plasmons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8969. [PMID: 26584781 PMCID: PMC4673875 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials and plasmonics are powerful tools for unconventional manipulation and harnessing of light. Metamaterials can be engineered to possess intriguing properties lacking in natural materials, such as negative refractive index. Plasmonics offers capabilities of confining light in subwavelength dimensions and enhancing light–matter interactions. Recently, the technological potential of graphene-based plasmonics has been recognized as the latter features large tunability, higher field-confinement and lower loss compared with metal-based plasmonics. Here, we introduce hybrid structures comprising graphene plasmonic resonators coupled to conventional split-ring resonators, thus demonstrating a type of highly tunable metamaterial, where the interaction between the two resonances reaches the strong-coupling regime. Such hybrid metamaterials are employed as high-speed THz modulators, exhibiting ∼60% transmission modulation and operating speed in excess of 40 MHz. This device concept also provides a platform for exploring cavity-enhanced light–matter interactions and optical processes in graphene plasmonic structures for applications including sensing, photo-detection and nonlinear frequency generation. Realizing tunable metamaterials across a broad spectral range is of great interest. Here, Liu et al. introduce hybrid structures comprising graphene plasmonic resonators strongly coupled to conventional split-ring resonators and reach 60% transmission modulation with an operating speed above 40 MHz.
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49
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Shen Y, Pei Z, Pang Y, Wang J, Zhang A, Qu S. An extremely wideband and lightweight metamaterial absorber. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2015; 117:224503. [PMID: 26130845 PMCID: PMC4464061 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a three-dimensional microwave metamaterial absorber based on the stand-up resistive film patch array. The absorber has wideband absorption, lightweight, and polarization-independent properties. Our design comes from the array of unidirectional stand-up resistive film patches backed by a metallic plane, which can excite multiple standing wave modes. By rolling the resistive film patches as a square enclosure, we obtain the polarization-independent property. Due to the multiple standing wave modes, the most incident energy is dissipated by the resistive film patches, and thus, the ultra-wideband absorption can be achieved by overlapping all the absorption modes at different frequencies. Both the simulated and experimental results show that the absorber possesses a fractional bandwidth of 148.2% with the absorption above 90% in the frequency range from 3.9 to 26.2 GHz. Moreover, the proposed absorber is extremely lightweight. The areal density of the fabricated sample is about 0.062 g/cm2, which is approximately equivalent to that of eight stacked standard A4 office papers. It is expected that our proposed absorber may find potential applications such as electromagnetic interference and stealth technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- College of Science, Air Force Engineering University , Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Zhibin Pei
- College of Science, Air Force Engineering University , Xi'an 710051, China
| | | | - Jiafu Wang
- College of Science, Air Force Engineering University , Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Anxue Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- College of Science, Air Force Engineering University , Xi'an 710051, China
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50
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Luo S, Wang Y, Tong X, Wang Z. Graphene-based optical modulators. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:199. [PMID: 26034412 PMCID: PMC4444650 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical modulators (OMs) are a key device in modern optical systems. Due to its unique optical properties, graphene has been recently utilized in the fabrication of optical modulators, which promise high performance such as broadband response, high modulation speed, and high modulation depth. In this paper, the latest experimental and theoretical demonstrations of graphene optical modulators (GOMs) with different structures and functions are reviewed. Particularly, the principles of electro-optical and all-optical modulators are illustrated. Additionally, the limitation of GOMs and possible methods to improve performance and practicability are discussed. At last, graphene terahertz modulators (GTMs) are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luo
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
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