1
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Fan L. Mechanical Mechanism of Ion and Water Molecular Transport through Angstrom-Scale Graphene Derivatives Channels: From Atomic Model to Solid-Liquid Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10001. [PMID: 37373149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion and water transport at the Angstrom/Nano scale has always been one of the focuses of experimental and theoretical research. In particular, the surface properties of the angstrom channel and the solid-liquid interface interaction will play a decisive role in ion and water transport when the channel size is small to molecular or angstrom level. In this paper, the chemical structure and theoretical model of graphene oxide (GO) are reviewed. Moreover, the mechanical mechanism of water molecules and ions transport through the angstrom channel of GO are discussed, including the mechanism of intermolecular force at a solid/liquid/ion interface, the charge asymmetry effect and the dehydration effect. Angstrom channels, which are precisely constructed by two-dimensional (2D) materials such as GO, provide a new platform and idea for angstrom-scale transport. It provides an important reference for the understanding and cognition of fluid transport mechanism at angstrom-scale and its application in filtration, screening, seawater desalination, gas separation and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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2
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Ji G, Tian J, Xing F, Feng Y. Optical Biosensor Based on Graphene and Its Derivatives for Detecting Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10838. [PMID: 36142748 PMCID: PMC9500660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives show great potential for biosensing due to their extraordinary optical, electrical and physical properties. In particular, graphene and its derivatives have excellent optical properties such as broadband and tunable absorption, fluorescence bursts, and strong polarization-related effects. Optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives make nondestructive detection of biomolecules possible. The focus of this paper is to review the preparation of graphene and its derivatives, as well as recent advances in optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives. The working principle of face plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and colorimetric sensors are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of graphene and its derivatives applicable to various types of sensors are analyzed, and the methods of surface functionalization of graphene and its derivatives are introduced; these optical biosensors can be used for the detection of a range of biomolecules such as single cells, cellular secretions, proteins, nucleic acids, and antigen-antibodies; these new high-performance optical sensors are capable of detecting changes in surface structure and biomolecular interactions with the advantages of ultra-fast detection, high sensitivity, label-free, specific recognition, and the ability to respond in real-time. Problems in the current stage of application are discussed, as well as future prospects for graphene and its biosensors. Achieving the applicability, reusability and low cost of novel optical biosensors for a variety of complex environments and achieving scale-up production, which still faces serious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Ji
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jingkun Tian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Fei Xing
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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3
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Holt BD, Arnold AM, Sydlik SA. The Blanket Effect: How Turning the World Upside Down Reveals the Nature of Graphene Oxide Cytocompatibility. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001761. [PMID: 33645004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive cytocompatibility testing of 2D nanocarbon materials including graphene oxide (GO) has been performed, but results remain contradictory. Literature has yet to account for settling-although sedimentation is visible to the eye and physics suggests that even individual graphenic flakes will settle. To investigate settling, a series of functional graphenic materials (FGMs) with differing oxidation levels, functionalities, and physical dimensions are synthesized. Though zeta potential indicates colloidal stability, significant gravitational settling of the FGMs is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. By creating a setup to culture cells in traditional and inverted orientations in the same well, a "blanket effect" is demonstrated in which FGMs settle out of solution and cover cells at the bottom of the well, ultimately reducing viability. Inverted cells protected from the blanket effect are unaffected. Therefore, these results demonstrate that settling is a crucial factor that must be considered for FGM cytocompatibility experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Holt
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Anne M. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- National Security Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Stefanie A. Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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4
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Chen S, Yang K, Leng X, Chen M, Novoselov KS, Andreeva DV. Perspectives in the design and application of composites based on graphene derivatives and bio‐based polymers. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Kou Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Xuanye Leng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Musen Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute Liangjiang New Area Chongqing China
| | - Daria V Andreeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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5
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Huang Y, Ma D, Turner P, Donnelly GE, Katzen JM, Hendren WR, Gregg JM, Bowman RM, Zhang L, Zhang G, Huang F. Customizing the reduction of individual graphene oxide flakes for precise work function tuning with meV precision. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2738-2744. [PMID: 36132381 PMCID: PMC9419187 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00321b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Being able to precisely control the reduction of two-dimensional graphene oxide films will open exciting opportunities for tailor-making the functionality of nanodevices with on-demand properties. Here we report the meticulously controlled reduction of individual graphene oxide flakes ranging from single to seven layers through controlled laser irradiation. It is found that the reduction can be customized in such a precise way that the film thickness can be accurately thinned with sub-nanometer resolution, facilitated by extraordinary temperature gradients >102 K nm-1 across the interlayers of graphene oxide films. Such precisely controlled reduction provides important pathways towards precision nanotechnology with custom-designed electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties. We demonstrate that this can be exploited to fine tune the work function of graphene oxide films with unprecedented precision of only a few milli electronvolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Dengke Ma
- NNU-SULI Thermal Energy Research Center (NSTER), Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science (CQTES), School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Patrick Turner
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Gavin E Donnelly
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Joel M Katzen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - William R Hendren
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - J Marty Gregg
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Robert M Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Lifa Zhang
- NNU-SULI Thermal Energy Research Center (NSTER), Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science (CQTES), School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Fumin Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
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6
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Xiao Y, Su Y, Liu X, Xu W. Defect-Driven Heterogeneous Electron Transfer between an Individual Graphene Sheet and Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5402-5407. [PMID: 31460765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the heterogeneous electron-transfer (ET) kinetics on graphene is essential for its extensive applications. Here, on the basis of the redox-induced fluorescence variation of monolayer graphene itself, the heterogeneous ET kinetics at the interface between the electrode and the monolayer graphene was studied label-freely at the single-sheet level. By tuning the defect density on graphene, an optimal heterogeneous ET rate was observed at a moderate defect density, indicating defect-driven ET kinetics. The heterogeneities of both the intrasheet and intersheet ET kinetics were revealed at the single-sheet level. With the optimal defective graphene sheets as a sensing material for oxygen gas, a cost-effective electrochemical oxygen sensor was obtained with high sensitivity, fast response/recovery, and remarkable durability. The results obtained here deepen our understanding of the electrochemical properties of graphene and imply that rational defect control can enhance the ET process between the electrode and graphene and then improve the performance of graphene-based functional materials or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
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7
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Tahriri M, Del Monico M, Moghanian A, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Torres R, Yadegari A, Tayebi L. Graphene and its derivatives: Opportunities and challenges in dentistry. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:171-185. [PMID: 31146988 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The emerging science of graphene-based engineered nanomaterials as either nanomedicines or dental materials in dentistry is growing. Apart from its exceptional mechanical characteristics, electrical conductivity and thermal stability, graphene and its derivatives can be functionalized with several bioactive molecules, allowing them to be incorporated into and improve different scaffolds used in regenerative dentistry. This review presents state of the art graphene-based engineered nanomaterial applications to cells in the dental field, with a particular focus on the control of stem cells of dental origin. The interactions between graphene-based nanomaterials and cells of the immune system, along with the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials are discussed. In the last section, we offer our perspectives on the various applications of graphene and its derivatives in association with titanium dental implants, membranes for bone regeneration, resins, cements and adhesives, as well as tooth-whitening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tahriri
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
| | - M Del Monico
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - A Moghanian
- Department of Materials Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34149-16818, Iran
| | - M Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - R Torres
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - A Yadegari
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - L Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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8
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Zhang X, Kumari G, Heo J, Jain PK. In situ formation of catalytically active graphene in ethylene photo-epoxidation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3056. [PMID: 30076295 PMCID: PMC6076287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene epoxidation is used to produce 2 × 107 ton per year of ethylene oxide, a major feedstock for commodity chemicals and plastics. While high pressures and temperatures are required for the reaction, plasmonic photoexcitation of the Ag catalyst enables epoxidation at near-ambient conditions. Here, we use surface-enhanced Raman scattering to monitor the plasmon excitation-assisted reaction on individual sites of a Ag nanoparticle catalyst. We uncover an unconventional mechanism, wherein the primary step is the photosynthesis of graphene on the Ag surface. Epoxidation of ethylene is then promoted by this photogenerated graphene. Density functional theory simulations point to edge defects on the graphene as the sites for epoxidation. Guided by this insight, we synthesize a composite graphene/Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst, which accomplishes ethylene photo-epoxidation under ambient conditions at which the conventional Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst shows negligible activity. Our finding of in situ photogeneration of catalytically active graphene may apply to other photocatalytic hydrocarbon transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gayatri Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prashant K Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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9
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Qiao Z, Qin C, He W, Gong Y, Zhang G, Chen R, Gao Y, Xiao L, Jia S. Versatile and scalable micropatterns on graphene oxide films based on laser induced fluorescence quenching effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31025-31035. [PMID: 29245781 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the preparation of quasi-homogeneous fluorescence emission from graphene oxide (GO) film by modifying the local optical properties through the laser-induced fluorescence quenching effect, and the fabrication of single and multilayer micropatterns on quasi-homogeneous GO films. The modification is stemming from the photoreduction of GO, where the reduction degree and fluorescence intensity can be precisely tuned by changing the laser power and irradiation duration. This versatile approach with a mask-free feature can be readily used to fabricate various complex microstructures on quasi-homogeneous GO film from single layer to multilayer in vertical scale, as well as micrometers to centimeters in lateral scale. The micropatterns with varied optical properties are promising for applications in information storage, display technology, and optoelectronic devices.
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10
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Jang MH, Yang H, Chang YH, Park HC, Park H, Cho HH, Kim BJ, Kim YH, Cho YH. Selective engineering of oxygen-containing functional groups using the alkyl ligand oleylamine for revealing the luminescence mechanism of graphene oxide quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18635-18643. [PMID: 29027558 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04150k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing functional groups such as epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxylic, and carboxyl groups have a great influence on the luminescence properties of graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs). Understanding their roles is essential for the design and optimization of GOQD performance. Herein, we investigate the effect of epoxide functional groups in GOQDs on the luminescence mechanism through passivation of the epoxide functional groups using the alkyl ligand oleylamine. Luminescence in the as-synthesized GOQDs has two separate origins: intrinsic states derived from localized sp2 carbon subdomains and extrinsic states formed by oxygen-functional groups. When the oleylamine ligand is conjugated on the GOQDs, intrinsic PL emission from the localized sp2 carbon subdomains decreases. This is discussed in detail, based on optical characterization and first-principles density functional theory calculations, which reveal that the role of the epoxide functional groups is to form localized sp2 carbon subdomains emitting intrinsic PL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the role of epoxide functional groups on the luminescence mechanism in GOQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Jang
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Optical Band Gap Alteration of Graphene Oxide via Ozone Treatment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6411. [PMID: 28743864 PMCID: PMC5527010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative that emits fluorescence, which makes GO an attractive material for optoelectronics and biotechnology. In this work, we utilize ozone treatment to controllably tune the band gap of GO, which can significantly enhance its applications. Ozone treatment in aqueous GO suspensions yields the addition/rearrangement of oxygen-containing functional groups suggested by the increase in vibrational transitions of C-O and C=O moieties. Concomitantly it leads to an initial increase in GO fluorescence intensity and significant (100 nm) blue shifts in emission maxima. Based on the model of GO fluorescence originating from sp2 graphitic islands confined by oxygenated addends, we propose that ozone-induced functionalization decreases the size of graphitic islands affecting the GO band gap and emission energies. TEM analyses of GO flakes confirm the size decrease of ordered sp2 domains with ozone treatment, whereas semi-empirical PM3 calculations on model addend-confined graphitic clusters predict the inverse dependence of the band gap energies on sp2 cluster size. This model explains ozone-induced increase in emission energies yielding fluorescence blue shifts and helps develop an understanding of the origins of GO fluorescence emission. Furthermore, ozone treatment provides a versatile approach to controllably alter GO band gap for optoelectronics and bio-sensing applications.
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12
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Kepić D, Sandoval S, Pino ÁPD, György E, Cabana L, Ballesteros B, Tobias G. Nanosecond Laser-Assisted Nitrogen Doping of Graphene Oxide Dispersions. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:935-941. [PMID: 28181723 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Kepić
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; P.O. Box 522 11001 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Stefania Sandoval
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Ángel Pérez del Pino
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Enikö György
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- National Institute for Lasers; Plasma and Radiation Physics; P. O. Box MG 36 77125 Bucharest Romania
| | - Laura Cabana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Belén Ballesteros
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2); CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Campus UAB; Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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13
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Ruth A, Hayashi M, Zapol P, Si J, McDonald MP, Morozov YV, Kuno M, Jankó B. Fluorescence intermittency originates from reclustering in two-dimensional organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14521. [PMID: 28223699 PMCID: PMC5322502 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence intermittency or blinking is observed in nearly all nanoscale fluorophores. It is characterized by universal power-law distributions in on- and off-times as well as 1/f behaviour in corresponding emission power spectral densities. Blinking, previously seen in confined zero- and one-dimensional systems has recently been documented in two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide. Here we show that unexpected blinking during graphene oxide-to-reduced graphene oxide photoreduction is attributed, in large part, to the redistribution of carbon sp2 domains. This reclustering generates fluctuations in the number/size of emissive graphenic nanoclusters wherein multiscale modelling captures essential experimental aspects of reduced graphene oxide's absorption/emission trajectories, while simultaneously connecting them to the underlying photochemistry responsible for graphene oxide's reduction. These simulations thus establish causality between currently unexplained, long timescale emission intermittency in a quantum mechanical fluorophore and identifiable chemical reactions that ultimately lead to switching between on and off states. Fluorescence blinking has been recently observed in two-dimensional graphene oxide systems, yet its origin has so far remained elusive. Here, the authors unveil the nature of such long timescale emission intermittency and link it to the distribution of sp2 carbon domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ruth
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- National Taiwan University, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University,, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Peter Zapol
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jixin Si
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | | | - Yurii V Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Boldizsár Jankó
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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14
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Chen T, Zhang Y, Xu W. Observing the Heterogeneous Electro-redox of Individual Single-Layer Graphene Sheets. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8434-8442. [PMID: 27552441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electro-redox-induced heterogeneous fluorescence of an individual single-layer graphene sheet was observed in real time by a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of an individual sheet can be tuned reversibly by applying periodic voltages to control the redox degree of graphene sheets. Accordingly, the oxidation and reduction kinetics of an individual single-layer graphene sheet was studied at different voltages. The electro-redox-induced reversible variation of fluorescence intensity of individual sheets indicates a reversible band gap tuning strategy. Furthermore, correlation analysis of redox rate constants on individual graphene sheets revealed a redox-induced spatiotemporal heterogeneity or dynamics of graphene sheets. The observed controllable redox kinetics can rationally guide the precise band gap tuning of individual graphene sheets and then help their extensive applications in optoelectronics and devices for renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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15
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Lee H, Son N, Jeong HY, Kim TG, Bang GS, Kim JY, Shim GW, Goddeti KC, Kim JH, Kim N, Shin HJ, Kim W, Kim S, Choi SY, Park JY. Friction and conductance imaging of sp(2)- and sp(3)-hybridized subdomains on single-layer graphene oxide. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4063-4069. [PMID: 26819189 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the subdomain structures of single-layer graphene oxide (GO) by characterizing local friction and conductance using conductive atomic force microscopy. Friction and conductance mapping showed that a single-layer GO flake has subdomains several tens to a few hundreds of nanometers in lateral size. The GO subdomains exhibited low friction (high conductance) in the sp(2)-rich phase and high friction (low conductance) in the sp(3)-rich phase. Current-voltage spectroscopy revealed that the local current flow in single-layer GO depends on the quantity of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, and epoxy bridges within the 2-dimensional carbon layer. The presence of subdomains with different sp(2)/sp(3) carbon ratios on a GO flake was also confirmed by chemical mapping using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. These results suggest that spatial mapping of the friction and conductance can be used to rapidly identify the composition of heterogeneous single-layer GO at nanometer scale, which is essential for understanding charge transport in nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Lee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea. and Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Narae Son
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), UNIST, 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kim
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 206 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyeong Sook Bang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jong Yun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Gi Woong Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kalyan C Goddeti
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea. and Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea. and Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Namdong Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | | | - Wondong Kim
- Center for Nanometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sehun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular-Level Interface Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea. and Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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16
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Si J, Volkán-Kacsó S, Eltom A, Morozov Y, McDonald MP, Kuno M, Jankó B. Heterogeneous Fluorescence Intermittency in Single Layer Reduced Graphene Oxide. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4317-4321. [PMID: 26057349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We provide, for the first time, direct experimental evidence for heterogeneous blinking in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) during photolysis. The spatially resolved intermittency originates from regions within individual rGO sheets and shows 1/f-like power spectral density. We describe the evolution of rGO blinking using the multiple recombination center (MRC) model that captures common features of nanoscale blinking. Our results illustrate the universal nature of blinking and suggest a common microscopic origin for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Si
- †Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Sándor Volkán-Kacsó
- §Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ahmed Eltom
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yurii Morozov
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Matthew P McDonald
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Masaru Kuno
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Boldizsár Jankó
- †Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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17
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Yalcin SE, Galande C, Kappera R, Yamaguchi H, Martinez U, Velizhanin KA, Doorn SK, Dattelbaum AM, Chhowalla M, Ajayan PM, Gupta G, Mohite AD. Direct imaging of charge transport in progressively reduced graphene oxide using electrostatic force microscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2981-2988. [PMID: 25668323 DOI: 10.1021/nn507150q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a multifunctional material that can be synthesized in bulk quantities and can be solution processed to form large-area atomic layered photoactive, flexible thin films for optoelectronic devices. This is largely due to the potential ability to tune electrical and optical properties of GO using functional groups. For the successful application of GO, it is key to understand the evolution of its optoelectronic properties as the GO undergoes a phase transition from its insulating and optically active state to the electrically conducting state with progressive reduction. In this paper, we use a combination of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and optical spectroscopy to monitor the emergence of the optoelectronic properties of GO with progressive reduction. EFM measurements enable, for the first time, direct visualization of charge propagation along the conducting pathways that emerge on progressively reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and demonstrate that with the increasing degree of reduction, injected charges can rapidly migrate over a distance of several micrometers, irrespective of their polarities. Direct imaging reveals the presence of an insurmountable potential barrier between reduced GO (rGO) and GO, which plays the decisive role in the charge transport. We complement charge imaging with theoretical modeling using quantum chemistry calculations that further demonstrate that the role of barrier in regulating the charge transport. Furthermore, by correlating the EFM measurements with photoluminescence imaging and electrical conductivity studies, we identify a bifunctional state in GO, where the optical properties are preserved along with good electrical conductivity, providing design principles for the development of GO-based, low-cost, thin-film optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ebru Yalcin
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | | | - Hisato Yamaguchi
- ⊥MPA-11 Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ulises Martinez
- ⊥MPA-11 Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kirill A Velizhanin
- ∥T-1 Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- †Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew M Dattelbaum
- ⊥MPA-11 Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | | | - Gautam Gupta
- ⊥MPA-11 Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- ⊥MPA-11 Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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18
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Felts JR, Oyer AJ, Hernández SC, Whitener Jr KE, Robinson JT, Walton SG, Sheehan PE. Direct mechanochemical cleavage of functional groups from graphene. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6467. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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19
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Optical spectrum of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons: towards efficient atom-thick excitonic solar cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6579. [PMID: 25301001 PMCID: PMC4192635 DOI: 10.1038/srep06579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, atomically well-defined cove-shaped graphene nanoribbons have been obtained using bottom-up synthesis. These nanoribbons have an optical gap in the visible range of the spectrum which make them candidates for donor materials in photovoltaic devices. From the atomistic point of view, their electronic and optical properties are not clearly understood. Therefore, in this work we carry out ab-initio density functional theory calculations combine with many-body perturbation formalism to study their electronic and optical properties. Through the comparison with experimental measurements, we show that an accurate description of the nanoribbon's optical properties requires the inclusion of electron-hole correlation effects. The energy, binding energy and the corresponding excitonic transitions involved are analyzed. We found that in contrast to zigzag graphene nanoribbons, the excitonic peaks in the absorption spectrum are a consequence of a group of transitions involving the first and second conduction and valence bands. Finally, we estimate some relevant optical properties that strengthen the potential of these nanoribbons for acting as a donor materials in photovoltaic.
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