1
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Unksov IN, Anttu N, Verardo D, Höök F, Prinz CN, Linke H. Fluorescence excitation enhancement by waveguiding nanowires. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1760-1766. [PMID: 36926575 PMCID: PMC10012842 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of vertical semiconductor nanowires can allow an enhancement of fluorescence from surface-bound fluorophores, a feature proven useful in biosensing. One of the contributing factors to the fluorescence enhancement is thought to be the local increase of the incident excitation light intensity in the vicinity of the nanowire surface, where fluorophores are located. However, this effect has not been experimentally studied in detail to date. Here, we quantify the excitation enhancement of fluorophores bound to a semiconductor nanowire surface by combining modelling with measurements of fluorescence photobleaching rate, indicative of the excitation light intensity, using epitaxially grown GaP nanowires. We study the excitation enhancement for nanowires with a diameter of 50-250 nm and show that excitation enhancement reaches a maximum for certain diameters, depending on the excitation wavelength. Furthermore, we find that the excitation enhancement decreases rapidly within tens of nanometers from the nanowire sidewall. The results can be used to design nanowire-based optical systems with exceptional sensitivities for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Unksov
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village Scheeletorget 1 223 63 Lund Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
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2
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Valderas-Gutiérrez J, Davtyan R, Sivakumar S, Anttu N, Li Y, Flatt P, Shin JY, Prinz CN, Höök F, Fioretos T, Magnusson MH, Linke H. Enhanced Optical Biosensing by Aerotaxy Ga(As)P Nanowire Platforms Suitable for Scalable Production. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:9063-9071. [PMID: 35909504 PMCID: PMC9315950 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of low-abundance biomolecules is central for diagnostic applications. Semiconductor nanowires can be designed to enhance the fluorescence signal from surface-bound molecules, prospectively improving the limit of optical detection. However, to achieve the desired control of physical dimensions and material properties, one currently uses relatively expensive substrates and slow epitaxy techniques. An alternative approach is aerotaxy, a high-throughput and substrate-free production technique for high-quality semiconductor nanowires. Here, we compare the optical sensing performance of custom-grown aerotaxy-produced Ga(As)P nanowires vertically aligned on a polymer substrate to GaP nanowires batch-produced by epitaxy on GaP substrates. We find that signal enhancement by individual aerotaxy nanowires is comparable to that from epitaxy nanowires and present evidence of single-molecule detection. Platforms based on both types of nanowires show substantially higher normalized-to-blank signal intensity than planar glass surfaces, with the epitaxy platforms performing somewhat better, owing to a higher density of nanowires. With further optimization, aerotaxy nanowires thus offer a pathway to scalable, low-cost production of highly sensitive nanowire-based platforms for optical biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Valderas-Gutiérrez
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rubina Davtyan
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henrikinkatu
2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Yuyu Li
- AlignedBio
AB, Medicon Village,
Scheeletorget 1, SE-22363, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Patrick Flatt
- AlignedBio
AB, Medicon Village,
Scheeletorget 1, SE-22363, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jae Yen Shin
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division
of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin H. Magnusson
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Unksov IN, Korosec CS, Surendiran P, Verardo D, Lyttleton R, Forde NR, Linke H. Through the Eyes of Creators: Observing Artificial Molecular Motors. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:140-159. [PMID: 35726277 PMCID: PMC9204826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Inspired by molecular
motors in biology, there has been significant
progress in building artificial molecular motors, using a number of
quite distinct approaches. As the constructs become more sophisticated,
there is also an increasing need to directly observe the motion of
artificial motors at the nanoscale and to characterize their performance.
Here, we review the most used methods that tackle those tasks. We
aim to help experimentalists with an overview of the available tools
used for different types of synthetic motors and to choose the method
most suited for the size of a motor and the desired measurements,
such as the generated force or distances in the moving system. Furthermore,
for many envisioned applications of synthetic motors, it will be a
requirement to guide and control directed motions. We therefore also
provide a perspective on how motors can be observed on structures
that allow for directional guidance, such as nanowires and microchannels.
Thus, this Review facilitates the future research on synthetic molecular
motors, where observations at a single-motor level and a detailed
characterization of motion will promote applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Unksov
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Damiano Verardo
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Lyttleton
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nancy R. Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heiner Linke
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Chiappini C, Chen Y, Aslanoglou S, Mariano A, Mollo V, Mu H, De Rosa E, He G, Tasciotti E, Xie X, Santoro F, Zhao W, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Tutorial: using nanoneedles for intracellular delivery. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4539-4563. [PMID: 34426708 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of advanced therapeutics, including biologicals and supramolecular agents, is complex because of the natural biological barriers that have evolved to protect the cell. Efficient delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and nanoparticles is crucial for clinical adoption of emerging technologies that can benefit disease treatment through gene and cell therapy. Nanoneedles are arrays of vertical high-aspect-ratio nanostructures that can precisely manipulate complex processes at the cell interface, enabling effective intracellular delivery. This emerging technology has already enabled the development of efficient and non-destructive routes for direct access to intracellular environments and delivery of cell-impermeant payloads. However, successful implementation of this technology requires knowledge of several scientific fields, making it complex to access and adopt by researchers who are not directly involved in developing nanoneedle platforms. This presents an obstacle to the widespread adoption of nanoneedle technologies for drug delivery. This tutorial aims to equip researchers with the knowledge required to develop a nanoinjection workflow. It discusses the selection of nanoneedle devices, approaches for cargo loading and strategies for interfacing to biological systems and summarises an array of bioassays that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella Aslanoglou
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Mariano
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Mollo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Huanwen Mu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrica De Rosa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana Hospital, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
- Sclavo Pharma, Siena, Italy
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Gu Y, Liu YS, Yang G, Xie F, Zhu C, Yu Y, Zhang X, Lu N, Wang Y, Chen G. 3D fluorescence confocal microscopy of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well nanorods from a light absorption perspective. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2649-2656. [PMID: 36134155 PMCID: PMC9417793 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A nanostructure of In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) nanorods (NRs) was fabricated using top-down etching with self-organized nickel (Ni) nanoparticles as masks on the wafer. The optical properties of In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN MQW NRs were discussed by experiment and theory from a light absorption perspective. Three-dimensional (3D) optical images of NRs were successfully obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for physical observation of the optical phenomenon of InGaN/GaN MQW NRs. Moreover, optical simulations were performed by COMSOL Multiphysics via the three-dimensional finite-element method to explore the influences of NR geometrical parameters on optical absorption. The simulated results demonstrate that the absorption of NRs is higher than that of the film due to the waveguide properties of NRs resulting from their higher refractive index than embedding medium and higher aspect ratio than bulk. In addition, an increase in the diameter results in a red-shift of the absorption peak position of In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN MQW NRs. The smaller pitch enhances the near-field coupling of the nanorods and broadens the absorption peak. These results clearly illustrate the optical properties of In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN MQW NRs from the perspective of 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy. This work is promising for the applications of III-V optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yu Shen Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology Changshu 215556 China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Feng Xie
- The 38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation Hefei 230000 China
| | - Chun Zhu
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yingzhou Yu
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Naiyan Lu
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yueke Wang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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6
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Verardo D, Liljedahl L, Richter C, Agnarsson B, Axelsson U, Prinz CN, Höök F, Borrebaeck CAK, Linke H. Fluorescence Signal Enhancement in Antibody Microarrays Using Lightguiding Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010227. [PMID: 33467141 PMCID: PMC7829981 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based detection assays play an essential role in the life sciences and medicine. To offer better detection sensitivity and lower limits of detection (LOD), there is a growing need for novel platforms with an improved readout capacity. In this context, substrates containing semiconductor nanowires may offer significant advantages, due to their proven light-emission enhancing, waveguiding properties, and increased surface area. To demonstrate and evaluate the potential of such nanowires in the context of diagnostic assays, we have in this work adopted a well-established single-chain fragment antibody-based assay, based on a protocol previously designed for biomarker detection using planar microarrays, to freestanding, SiO2-coated gallium phosphide nanowires. The assay was used for the detection of protein biomarkers in highly complex human serum at high dilution. The signal quality was quantified and compared with results obtained on conventional flat silicon and plastic substrates used in the established microarray applications. Our results show that using the nanowire-sensor platform in combination with conventional readout methods, improves the signal intensity, contrast, and signal-to-noise by more than one order of magnitude compared to flat surfaces. The results confirm the potential of lightguiding nanowires for signal enhancement and their capacity to improve the LOD of standard diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Leena Liljedahl
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Corinna Richter
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Björn Agnarsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ulrika Axelsson
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Carl A. K. Borrebaeck
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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7
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Olsson TB, Abariute L, Hrachowina L, Barrigón E, Volpati D, Limpert S, Otnes G, Borgström MT, Prinz CN. Photovoltaic nanowires affect human lung cell proliferation under illumination conditions. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14237-14244. [PMID: 32608415 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07678f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using light to interact with cells is a promising way to steer cell behavior with minimal perturbation. Besides optogenetics, photovoltaic nanostructures such as nanowires can be used to interact with cells using light as a switch. Photovoltaic nanowires have, for instance, been used to stimulate neurons. However, the effects of the photovoltaic activity on cells are still poorly understood and characterized. Here, we investigate the effects of the photovoltaic activity of p-i-n nanowire arrays on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. We have cultured A549 cells on top of vertical arrays of indium phosphide p-i-n nanowires (photovoltaic nanowires), with and without illumination to assess the effects of the nanowire photovoltaic activity on cells. We show that there is a higher proportion of dormant cells when the p-i-n nanowire arrays are illuminated. However, there is no difference in the proportion of dormant cells when the p-i-n nanowires are coated with oxide, which suggests that carrier injection in the cell medium (in this case, the release of electrons from the tip of the nanowires) is an important factor for modulating cell proliferation on photovoltaic nanowires. The results open up for interesting applications of photovoltaic nanowires in biomedicine, such as using them as a dormancy switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese B Olsson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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8
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Verardo D, Agnarsson B, Zhdanov VP, Höök F, Linke H. Single-Molecule Detection with Lightguiding Nanowires: Determination of Protein Concentration and Diffusivity in Supported Lipid Bilayers. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6182-6191. [PMID: 31369284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determining the surface concentration and diffusivity of cell-membrane-bound molecules is central to the understanding of numerous important biochemical processes taking place at cell membranes. Here we use the high aspect ratio and lightguiding properties of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) to detect the presence of single freely diffusing proteins bound to a lipid bilayer covering the NW surface. Simultaneous observation of light-emission dynamics of hundreds of individual NWs occurring on the time scale of only a few seconds is interpreted using analytical models and employed to determine both surface concentration and diffusivity of cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) bound to GM1 gangliosides in supported lipid bilayer (SLB) at surface concentrations down to below one CTxB per μm2. In particular, a decrease in diffusivity was observed with increasing GM1 content in the SLB, suggesting increasing multivalent binding of CTxB to GM1. The lightguiding capability of the NWs makes the method compatible with conventional epifluorescence microscopy, and it is shown to work well for both photostable and photosensitive dyes. These features make the concept an interesting complement to existing techniques for studying the diffusivity of low-abundance cell-membrane-bound molecules, expanding the rapidly growing use of semiconductor NWs in various bioanalytical sensor applications and live cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics , Lund University , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Björn Agnarsson
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics , Lund University , 22100 Lund , Sweden
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9
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Lard M, Linke H, Prinz CN. Biosensing using arrays of vertical semiconductor nanowires: mechanosensing and biomarker detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:214003. [PMID: 30699399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high aspect ratio and increased surface-to-foot-print area, arrays of vertical semiconductor nanowires are used in numerous biological applications, such as cell transfection and biosensing. Here we focus on two specific valuable biosensing approaches that, so far, have received relatively limited attention in terms of their potential capabilities: cellular mechanosensing and lightguiding-induced enhanced fluorescence detection. Although proposed a decade ago, these two applications for using vertical nanowire arrays have only very recently achieved significant breakthroughs, both in terms of understanding their fundamental phenomena, and in the ease of their implementation. We review the status of the field in these areas and describe significant findings and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
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10
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de Bettencourt-Dias A, Hahm JI. Women in Nanotechnology: Toward Better Materials through a Better Understanding of Low-Dimensional Systems. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7417-7420. [PMID: 30080391 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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11
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Verardo D, Lindberg FW, Anttu N, Niman CS, Lard M, Dabkowska AP, Nylander T, Månsson A, Prinz CN, Linke H. Nanowires for Biosensing: Lightguiding of Fluorescence as a Function of Diameter and Wavelength. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4796-4802. [PMID: 30001138 PMCID: PMC6377180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires can act as nanoscaled optical fibers, enabling them to guide and concentrate light emitted by surface-bound fluorophores, potentially enhancing the sensitivity of optical biosensing. While parameters such as the nanowire geometry and the fluorophore wavelength can be expected to strongly influence this lightguiding effect, no detailed description of their effect on in-coupling of fluorescent emission is available to date. Here, we use confocal imaging to quantify the lightguiding effect in GaP nanowires as a function of nanowire geometry and light wavelength. Using a combination of finite-difference time-domain simulations and analytical approaches, we identify the role of multiple waveguide modes for the observed lightguiding. The normalized frequency parameter, based on the step-index approximation, predicts the lightguiding ability of the nanowires as a function of diameter and fluorophore wavelength, providing a useful guide for the design of optical biosensors based on nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida W. Lindberg
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cassandra S. Niman
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mercy Lard
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra P. Dabkowska
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alf Månsson
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus
University, Norra vägen
49, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Kim W, Dubrovskii VG, Vukajlovic-Plestina J, Tütüncüoglu G, Francaviglia L, Güniat L, Potts H, Friedl M, Leran JB, Fontcuberta I Morral A. Bistability of Contact Angle and Its Role in Achieving Quantum-Thin Self-Assisted GaAs nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:49-57. [PMID: 29257895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Achieving quantum confinement by bottom-up growth of nanowires has so far been limited to the ability of obtaining stable metal droplets of radii around 10 nm or less. This is within reach for gold-assisted growth. Because of the necessity to maintain the group III droplets during growth, direct synthesis of quantum sized structures becomes much more challenging for self-assisted III-V nanowires. In this work, we elucidate and solve the challenges that involve the synthesis of gallium-assisted quantum-sized GaAs nanowires. We demonstrate the existence of two stable contact angles for the gallium droplet on top of GaAs nanowires. Contact angle around 130° fosters a continuous increase in the nanowire radius, while 90° allows for the stable growth of ultrathin tops. The experimental results are fully consistent with our model that explains the observed morphological evolution under the two different scenarios. We provide a generalized theory of self-assisted III-V nanowires that describes simultaneously the droplet shape relaxation and the NW radius evolution. Bistability of the contact angle described here should be the general phenomenon that pertains for any vapor-liquid-solid nanowires and significantly refines our picture of how nanowires grow. Overall, our results suggest a new path for obtaining ultrathin one-dimensional III-V nanostructures for studying lateral confinement of carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Kim
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jelena Vukajlovic-Plestina
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gözde Tütüncüoglu
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Francaviglia
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Güniat
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Potts
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Friedl
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Leran
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Frederiksen R, Tutuncuoglu G, Matteini F, Martinez KL, Fontcuberta i Morral A, Alarcon-Llado E. Visual Understanding of Light Absorption and Waveguiding in Standing Nanowires with 3D Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:2235-2241. [PMID: 28966933 PMCID: PMC5617333 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are promising building blocks for next-generation photonics. Indirect proofs of large absorption cross sections have been reported in nanostructures with subwavelength diameters, an effect that is even more prominent in vertically standing nanowires. In this work we provide a three-dimensional map of the light around vertical GaAs nanowires standing on a substrate by using fluorescence confocal microscopy, where the strong long-range disruption of the light path along the nanowire is illustrated. We find that the actual long-distance perturbation is much larger in size than calculated extinction cross sections. While the size of the perturbation remains similar, the intensity of the interaction changes dramatically over the visible spectrum. Numerical simulations allow us to distinguish the effects of scattering and absorption in the nanowire leading to these phenomena. This work provides a visual understanding of light absorption in semiconductor nanowire structures, which is of high interest for solar energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Frederiksen
- Bio-Nanotechnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gozde Tutuncuoglu
- Laboratory
of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of
Materials, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Matteini
- Laboratory
of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of
Materials, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen L. Martinez
- Bio-Nanotechnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Fontcuberta i Morral
- Laboratory
of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of
Materials, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- Laboratory
of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of
Materials, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
Nanoneedles are high aspect ratio nanostructures with a unique biointerface. Thanks to their peculiar yet poorly understood interaction with cells, they very effectively sense intracellular conditions, typically with lower toxicity and perturbation than traditionally available probes. Through long-term, reversible interfacing with cells, nanoneedles can monitor biological functions over the course of several days. Their nanoscale dimension and the assembly into large-scale, ordered, dense arrays enable monitoring the functions of large cell populations, to provide functional maps with submicron spatial resolution. Intracellularly, they sense electrical activity of complex excitable networks, as well as concentration, function, and interaction of biomolecules in situ, while extracellularly they can measure the forces exerted by cells with piconewton detection limits, or efficiently sort rare cells based on their membrane receptors. Nanoneedles can investigate the function of many biological systems, ranging from cells, to biological fluids, to tissues and living organisms. This review examines the devices, strategies, and workflows developed to use nanoneedles for sensing in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London , SE1 9RT, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Vutti S, Schoffelen S, Bolinsson J, Buch-Månson N, Bovet N, Nygård J, Martinez KL, Meldal M. Click Chemistry Mediated Functionalization of Vertical Nanowires for Biological Applications. Chemistry 2015; 22:496-500. [PMID: 26601641 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are gaining significant importance in various biological applications, such as biosensing and drug delivery. Efficient and controlled immobilization of biomolecules on the NW surface is crucial for many of these applications. Here, we present for the first time the use of the Cu(I) -catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition and its strain-promoted variant for the covalent functionalization of vertical NWs with peptides and proteins. The potential of the approach was demonstrated in two complementary applications of measuring enzyme activity and protein binding, which is of general interest for biological studies. The attachment of a peptide substrate provided NW arrays for the detection of protease activity. In addition, green fluorescent protein was immobilized in a site-specific manner and recognized by antibody binding to demonstrate the proof-of-concept for the use of covalently modified NWs for diagnostic purposes using minute amounts of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Vutti
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark).
| | - Jessica Bolinsson
- Nano-science Center and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Nina Buch-Månson
- Bionanotechnology and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Nicolas Bovet
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Nano-science Center and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Karen L Martinez
- Bionanotechnology and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark).
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