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Han KH, Seok JY, Kim IH, Woo K, Kim JH, Yang GG, Choi HJ, Kwon S, Jung EI, Kim SO. A 2D Ultrathin Nanopatterned Interlayer to Suppress Lithium Dendrite Growth in High-Energy Lithium-Metal Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203992. [PMID: 35773228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for robust and ultrathin (<1 µm) multilayered protective structures to address uncontrolled Lithium (Li) dendrite growth at Li-metal battery anodes is reported. Synergetic interaction among Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, and self-assembled block-copolymer (BCP) layers enables effective suppression of dendritic Li growth. While Ag NP layer confines the growth of Li metal underneath the rGO layer, BCP layer facilitates the fast and uniformly distributed flux of Li-ion transport and mechanically supports the rGO layer. Notably, highly aligned nanochannels with ≈15 nm diameter and ≈600 nm length scale interpenetrating within the BCP layer offer reversible well-defined pathways for Li-ion transport. Dramatic stress relaxation with the multilayered structure is confirmed via structural simulation considering the mechanical stress induced by filamentary-growth of Li metal. Li-metal anodes modified with the protective layer well-maintain stable reaction interfaces with limited solid-electrolyte interphase formation, yielding outstanding cycling stability and enhanced rate capability, as demonstrated by the full-cells paired with high-loading of LiFePO4 cathodes. The idealized design of multilayer protective layer provides significant insight for advanced Li-metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seok
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoohee Woo
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Kwon
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ino Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Yang GG, Choi HJ, Han KH, Kim JH, Lee CW, Jung EI, Jin HM, Kim SO. Block Copolymer Nanopatterning for Nonsemiconductor Device Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12011-12037. [PMID: 35230079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterning has emerged as a versatile nanoscale fabrication tool for semiconductor devices and other applications, because of its ability to organize well-defined, periodic nanostructures with a critical dimension of 5-100 nm. While the most promising application field of BCP nanopatterning has been semiconductor devices, the versatility of BCPs has also led to enormous interest from a broad spectrum of other application areas. In particular, the intrinsically low cost and straightforward processing of BCP nanopatterning have been widely recognized for their large-area parallel formation of dense nanoscale features, which clearly contrasts that of sophisticated processing steps of the typical photolithographic process, including EUV lithography. In this Review, we highlight the recent progress in the field of BCP nanopatterning for various nonsemiconductor applications. Notable examples relying on BCP nanopatterning, including nanocatalysts, sensors, optics, energy devices, membranes, surface modifications and other emerging applications, are summarized. We further discuss the current limitations of BCP nanopatterning and suggest future research directions to open up new potential application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ino Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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High Performance Field-Effect Transistors Based on Partially Suspended 2D Materials via Block Copolymer Lithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040566. [PMID: 33672839 PMCID: PMC7918588 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise in next generation electronic devices, there are many challenges to overcome to be used in practical applications. One of them is the substrate effect, which directly affects the device performance. The large interfacial area and interaction between 2D materials and substrate significantly deteriorate the device performance. Several top-down approaches have been suggested to solve the problem. Unfortunately, however, they have some drawbacks such as a complicated fabrication process, a high production cost, or a poor mechanical property. Here, we suggest the partially suspended 2D materials-based field-effect transistors (FETs) by introducing block copolymer (BCP) lithography to fabricate the substrate effect-free 2D electronic devices. A wide range of nanometer size holes (diameter = 31~43 nm) is successfully realized with a BCP self-assembly nanopatterning process. With this approach, the interaction mechanism between active 2D materials and substrate is elucidated by precisely measuring the device performance at varied feature size. Our strategy can be widely applied to fabricate 2D materials-based high performance electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices using a versatile self-assembly nanopatterning process.
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Toth K, Osuji CO, Yager KG, Doerk GS. High-throughput morphology mapping of self-assembling ternary polymer blends. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42529-42541. [PMID: 35516747 PMCID: PMC9057993 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent blending is a convenient yet powerful approach to rationally control the material structure, morphology, and functional properties in solution-deposited films of block copolymers and other self-assembling nanomaterials. However, progress in understanding the structural and morphological dependencies on blend composition is hampered by the time and labor required to synthesize and characterize a large number of discrete samples. Here, we report a new method to systematically explore a wide composition space in ternary blends. Specifically, the blend composition space is divided into gradient segments deposited sequentially on a single wafer by a new gradient electrospray deposition tool, and characterized using high-throughput grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. This method is applied to the creation of a ternary morphology diagram for a cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer blended with PS and PMMA homopolymers. Using “wet brush” homopolymers of very low molecular weight (∼1 kg mol−1), we identify well-demarcated composition regions comprising highly ordered cylinder, lamellae, and sphere morphologies, as well as a disordered phase at high homopolymer mass fractions. The exquisite granularity afforded by this approach also helps to uncover systematic dependencies among self-assembled morphology, topological grain size, and domain period as functions of homopolymer mass fraction and PS : PMMA ratio. These results highlight the significant advantages afforded by blending low molecular weight homopolymers for block copolymer self-assembly. Meanwhile, the high-throughput, combinatorial approach to investigating nanomaterial blends introduced here dramatically reduces the time required to explore complex process parameter spaces and is a natural complement to recent advances in autonomous X-ray characterization. Compositionally graded electrospray deposition combined with grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering forms a high-throughput approach for mapping phase behavior in ternary mixtures as demonstrated here using block copolymer blends.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Toth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA
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Ferrarese Lupi F, Murataj I, Celegato F, Angelini A, Frascella F, Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Gianotti V, Tiberto P, Pirri CF, Boarino L, Laus M. Tailored and Guided Dewetting of Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ferrarese Lupi
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - I. Murataj
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Celegato
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Angelini
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Frascella
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - R. Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - D. Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - V. Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - P. Tiberto
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - C. F. Pirri
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - L. Boarino
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - M. Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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6
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Lee JW, Ha G, Park J, Song HG, Park JY, Lee J, Cho YH, Lee JL, Kim JK, Kim JK. AlGaN Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance by a High-Density Array of 40 nm Al Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36339-36346. [PMID: 32672925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a remarkable improvement in the efficiency of AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) enabled by the coupling of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) mediated by a high-density array of Al nanoparticles (NPs). The Al NPs with an average diameter of ∼40 nm were uniformly distributed near the Al0.43Ga0.57N/Al0.50Ga0.50N multiple quantum well active region for coupling 285 nm emission by block copolymer lithography. The internal quantum efficiency is enhanced by 57.7% because of the decreased radiative recombination lifetime by the LSPR. As a consequence, the AlGaN LEDs with an array of Al NPs show 33.3% enhanced electroluminescence with comparable electrical properties to those of reference LEDs without Al NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Gyeongwon Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Song
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong-Lam Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
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7
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Karnaushenko D, Kang T, Bandari VK, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. 3D Self-Assembled Microelectronic Devices: Concepts, Materials, Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902994. [PMID: 31512308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microelectronic systems and their components are essentially 3D devices that have become smaller and lighter in order to improve performance and reduce costs. To maintain this trend, novel materials and technologies are required that provide more structural freedom in 3D over conventional microelectronics, as well as easier parallel fabrication routes while maintaining compatability with existing manufacturing methods. Self-assembly of initially planar membranes into complex 3D architectures offers a wealth of opportunities to accommodate thin-film microelectronic functionalities in devices and systems possessing improved performance and higher integration density. Existing work in this field, with a focus on components constructed from 3D self-assembly, is reviewed, and an outlook on their application potential in tomorrow's microelectronics world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Tong Kang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth K Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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Subramanian A, Tiwale N, Doerk G, Kisslinger K, Nam CY. Enhanced Hybridization and Nanopatterning via Heated Liquid-Phase Infiltration into Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1444-1453. [PMID: 31786911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrids featuring tunable material properties can be readily generated by applying vapor- or liquid-phase infiltration (VPI or LPI) of inorganic materials into organic templates, with resulting properties controlled by type and quantity of infiltrated inorganics. While LPI offers more diverse choices of infiltratable elements, it tends to yield smaller infiltration amount than VPI, but the attempt to address the issue has been rarely reported. Here, we demonstrate a facile temperature-enhanced LPI method to control and drastically increase the quantity and kinetics of Pt infiltration into self-assembled polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) block copolymer (BCP) thin films. By applying LPI at mildly elevated temperatures (40-80 °C), we showcase controllable optical functionality of hybrid BCP films along with conductive three-dimensional (3D) inorganic nanostructures. Structural analysis reveals enhanced metal loading into the BCP matrix at higher LPI temperatures, suggesting multiple metal ion infiltration per monomer of P2VP. Combining temperature-enhanced LPI with hierarchical multilayer BCP self-assembly, we generate BCP-metal hybrid optical coatings featuring tunable antireflective properties as well as scalable conductive 3D Pt nanomesh structures. Enhanced material infiltration and control by temperature-enhanced LPI not only enables tunability of organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures and properties but also expands the application of BCPs for generating uniquely functional inorganic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwanth Subramanian
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 , United States
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Gregory Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 , United States
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9
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Doise J, Koh JH, Kim JY, Zhu Q, Kinoshita N, Suh HS, Delgadillo PR, Vandenberghe G, Willson CG, Ellison CJ. Strategies for Increasing the Rate of Defect Annihilation in the Directed Self-Assembly of High-χ Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48419-48427. [PMID: 31752485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of high-χ block copolymer thin films is a promising approach for nanofabrication of features with length scale below 10 nm. Recent work has highlighted that kinetics are of crucial importance in determining whether a block copolymer film can self-assemble into a defect-free ordered state. In this work, different strategies for improving the rate of defect annihilation in the DSA of a silicon-containing, high-χ block copolymer film were explored. Chemo-epitaxial DSA of poly(4-methoxystyrene-block-4-trimethylsilylstyrene) with 5× density multiplication was implemented on 300 mm wafers by using production level nanofabrication tools, and the influence of different processes and material parameters on dislocation defect density was studied. It was observed that only at sufficiently low χN can the block copolymer assemble into well-aligned patterns within a practical time frame. In addition, there is a clear correlation between the rate of the lamellar grain coarsening in unguided self-assembly and the rate of dislocation annihilation in DSA. For a fixed chemical pattern, the density of kinetically trapped dislocation defects can be predicted by measuring the correlation length of the unguided self-assembly under the same process conditions. This learning enables more efficient screening of block copolymers and annealing conditions by rapid analysis of block copolymer films that were allowed to self-assemble into unguided (commonly termed fingerprint) patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Doise
- imec , Kapeldreef 75 , 3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Jai Hyun Koh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Natsuko Kinoshita
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
- JSR Fine Electronic Materials Research Laboratories , Yokkaichi , Mie 510-8552 , Japan
| | | | | | | | - C Grant Willson
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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10
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Li D, Zhou C, Xiong S, Qu XP, Craig GSW, Nealey PF. Enhanced microphase separation of thin films of low molecular weight block copolymer by the addition of an ionic liquid. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9991-9996. [PMID: 31755518 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of a selective, non-volatile ionic liquid (IL) to enhance the self-assembly via solvent annealing of a low molecular weight block copolymer (BCP) of styrene and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) suitable for generating sub-10 nm features. Diblock and triblock copolymers of different molecular weights of styrene and 2VP are individually blended with the IL and then solvent annealed in acetone, a non-preferential solvent for the BCPs. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the IL selectively resides in the 2VP block of the BCP, resulting in a decrease of the block's Tg and an increase of the effective Flory-Huggins parameter (χeff) of the BCP. The influence of the IL on the non-preferential window of a random copolymer brush used to treat the substrate for self-assembly of the BCPs is also analyzed. Well-defined lamellar patterns form when the optimal weight ratio of IL (∼1%) is added to the BCPs. A detailed analysis of the orientational correlation length and pitch size of the BCPs quantitatively shows that the addition of the IL enhanced the microphase separation of the low molecular weight version of the BCP. Subsequent treatment of the self-assembled BCP with sequential infiltration synthesis yields sub-10 nm AlOx lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Li
- State Key Lab of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Kim YC, Shin TJ, Hur SM, Kwon SJ, Kim SY. Shear-solvo defect annihilation of diblock copolymer thin films over a large area. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3974. [PMID: 31214653 PMCID: PMC6570509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Achieving defect-free block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterns with a long-ranged orientation over a large area remains a persistent challenge, impeding the successful and widespread application of BCP self-assembly. Here, we demonstrate a new experimental strategy for defect annihilation while conserving structural order and enhancing uniformity of nanopatterns. Sequential shear alignment and solvent vapor annealing generate perfectly aligned nanopatterns with a low defect density over centimeter-scale areas, outperforming previous single or sequential combinations of annealing. The enhanced order quality and pattern uniformity were characterized in unprecedented detail via scattering analysis and incorporating new mathematical indices using elaborate image processing algorithms. In addition, using an advanced sampling method combined with a coarse-grained molecular simulation, we found that domain swelling is the driving force for enhanced defect annihilation. The superior quality of large-scale nanopatterns was further confirmed with diffraction and optical properties after metallized patterns, suggesting strong potential for application in optoelectrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities and School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Kwon
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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Doise J, Bezik C, Hori M, de Pablo JJ, Gronheid R. Influence of Homopolymer Addition in Templated Assembly of Cylindrical Block Copolymers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4073-4082. [PMID: 30869863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Templated assembly of cylindrical block copolymers provides a promising strategy for patterning holes at the nanoscale. However, remaining challenges include the ability to achieve defect-free patterns and to generate architectures useful for device patterning. The aim of this work is to gain insight into the influence of homopolymer addition on the assembly of a cylindrical block copolymer in confined space. To do so, a concerted examination that relies on experiments and simulations is carried out for different block copolymer/homopolymer blends. It is shown that by adding a majority block homopolymer with low molecular weight (compared to the blocks that make up the block copolymer), the pattern quality is significantly improved and a larger defect-free window is obtained in terms of template dimensions for two-hole features in elliptical confinements. The redistribution of the homopolymer chains effectively enables the assembly of two cylinders, despite the geometrical mismatch between the elliptical shape of the confinement and the natural hexagonal ordering of the unguided block copolymer. Monte Carlo simulations show that the homopolymer segregates to the spaces in the template that are entropically unfavorable for the block copolymer. This work serves to highlight the importance of optimizing block copolymer formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Doise
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) , KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
- imec , Kapeldreef 75 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Cody Bezik
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5747 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Masafumi Hori
- JSR Micro N.V. , Technologielaan 8 , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5747 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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13
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Hur SM, Thapar V, Ramírez-Hernández A, Nealey PF, de Pablo JJ. Defect Annihilation Pathways in Directed Assembly of Lamellar Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9974-9981. [PMID: 30226748 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Defects in highly ordered self-assembled block copolymers represent an important roadblock toward the adoption of these materials in a wide range of applications. This work examines the pathways for annihilation of defects in symmetric diblock copolymers in the context of directed assembly using patterned substrates. Past theoretical and computational studies of such systems have predicted minimum free energy pathways that are characteristic of an activated process. However, they have been limited to adjacent dislocations with opposite Burgers vectors. By relying on a combination of advanced sampling techniques and particle-based simulations, this work considers the long-range interaction between dislocation pairs, both on homogeneous and nanopatterned substrates. As illustrated here, these interactions are central to understanding the defect structures that are most commonly found in applications and in experimental studies of directed self-assembly. More specifically, it is shown that, for dislocation dipoles separated by several lamellae, multiple consecutive free energy barriers lead to effective kinetic barriers that are an order of magnitude larger than those originally reported in the literature for tightly bound dislocation pairs. It is also shown that annihilation pathways depend strongly on both the separation between dislocations and their relative position with respect to the substrate guiding stripes used to direct the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Korea
| | - Vikram Thapar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Korea
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , The University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Abelardo Ramírez-Hernández
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Program , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , The University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , The University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
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14
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Song JQ, Liu YX, Zhang HD. Removal Pathways of Out-of-Plane Defects in Thin Films of Lamellar Forming Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Yong D, Jin HM, Kim SO, Kim JU. Laser-Directed Self-Assembly of Highly Aligned Lamellar and Cylindrical Block Copolymer Nanostructures: Experiment and Simulation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daeseong Yong
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- National
Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed
Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National
Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed
Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeup U. Kim
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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16
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Peters AJ, Nation BD, Nicoloso D, Ludovice PJ, Henderson CL. Protracted Colored Noise Dynamics Applied to Linear Polymer Systems. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Peters
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Benjamin D. Nation
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daniel Nicoloso
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Peter J. Ludovice
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Clifford L. Henderson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of South Florida; Tampa FL 33612 USA
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17
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Doerk GS, Yager KG. Rapid Ordering in "Wet Brush" Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Ternary Blends. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12326-12336. [PMID: 29195046 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of thermodynamically unfavored but kinetically trapped topological defects in nanopatterns formed via self-assembly of block copolymer thin films may prevent their use for many envisioned applications. Here, we demonstrate that lamellae patterns formed by symmetric polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers self-assemble and order extremely rapidly when the diblock copolymers are blended with low molecular weight homopolymers of the constituent blocks. Being in the "wet brush" regime, the homopolymers uniformly distribute within their respective self-assembled microdomains, preventing increases in domain widths. An order-of-magnitude increase in topological grain size in blends over the neat (unblended) diblock copolymer is achieved within minutes of thermal annealing as a result of the significantly higher power law exponent for ordering kinetics in the blends. Moreover, the blends are demonstrated to be capable of rapid and robust domain alignment within micrometer-scale trenches, in contrast to the corresponding neat diblock copolymer. These results can be attributed to the lowering of energy barriers associated with domain boundaries by bringing the system closer to an order-disorder transition through low molecular weight homopolymer blending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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18
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Kim JY, Jin HM, Jeong SJ, Chang T, Kim BH, Cha SK, Kim JS, Shin DO, Choi JY, Kim JH, Yang GG, Jeon S, Lee YG, Kim KM, Shin J, Kim SO. Bimodal phase separated block copolymer/homopolymer blends self-assembly for hierarchical porous metal nanomesh electrodes. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:100-108. [PMID: 29210423 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are essential components in various optoelectronic devices. Nanostructured metallic thin film is one of the promising candidates to complement current metal oxide films, such as ITO, where high cost rare earth elements have been a longstanding issue. Herein, we present that multiscale porous metal nanomesh thin films prepared by bimodal self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP)/homopolymer blends may offer a new opportunity for TCE. This hierarchical concurrent self-assembly consists of macrophase separation between BCP and homopolymer as well as microphase separation of BCP, and thus provides a straightforward spontaneous production of a highly porous multiscale pattern over an arbitrary large area. Employing a conventional pattern transfer process, we successfully demonstrated a multiscale highly porous metallic thin film with reasonable optical transparency, electro-conductance, and large-area uniformity, taking advantage of low loss light penetration through microscale pores and significant suppression of light reflection at the nanoporous structures. This well-defined controllable bimodal self-assembly can offer valuable opportunities for many different applications, including optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Nakatani R, Takano H, Chandra A, Yoshimura Y, Wang L, Suzuki Y, Tanaka Y, Maeda R, Kihara N, Minegishi S, Miyagi K, Kasahara Y, Sato H, Seino Y, Azuma T, Yokoyama H, Ober CK, Hayakawa T. Perpendicular Orientation Control without Interfacial Treatment of RAFT-Synthesized High-χ Block Copolymer Thin Films with Sub-10 nm Features Prepared via Thermal Annealing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31266-31278. [PMID: 28304153 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of perpendicular lamellae-forming poly(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacrylate-block-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)s (PMAPOSS-b-PTFEMAs) was developed based on the bottom-up concept of creating a simple yet effective material by tailoring the chemical properties and molecular composition of the material. The use of silicon (Si)-containing hybrid high-χ block copolymers (BCPs) provides easy access to sub-10 nm feature sizes. However, as the surface free energies (SFEs) of Si-containing polymers are typically vastly lower than organic polymers, this tends to result in the selective segregation of the inorganic block onto the air interface and increased difficulty in controlling the BCP orientation in thin films. Therefore, by balancing the SFEs between the organic and inorganic blocks through the use of poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) on the organic block, a polymer with an SFE similar to Si-containing polymers, orientation control of the BCP domains in thin films becomes much simpler. Herein, perpendicularly oriented BCP thin films with a χeff value of 0.45 were fabricated using simple spin-coating and thermal annealing processes under ambient conditions. The thin films displayed a minimum domain size of L0 = 11 nm, as observed via atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, directed self-assembly (DSA) of the BCP on a topographically prepatterned substrate using the grapho-epitaxy method was used to successfully obtain perpendicularly oriented lamellae with a half pitch size of ca. 8 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nakatani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yoshimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Suzuki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Rina Maeda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Naoko Kihara
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Shinya Minegishi
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Ken Miyagi
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Kasahara
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sato
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuriko Seino
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Azuma
- DSA Research Department, EUVL Infrastructure Development Center, Inc. , 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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20
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Jin HM, Park DY, Jeong SJ, Lee GY, Kim JY, Mun JH, Cha SK, Lim J, Kim JS, Kim KH, Lee KJ, Kim SO. Flash Light Millisecond Self-Assembly of High χ Block Copolymers for Wafer-Scale Sub-10 nm Nanopatterning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700595. [PMID: 28635174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges encountered in successful incorporation of directed self-assembly in sub-10 nm scale practical nanolithography is the process compatibility of block copolymers with a high Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ). Herein, reliable, fab-compatible, and ultrafast directed self-assembly of high-χ block copolymers is achieved with intense flash light. The instantaneous heating/quenching process over an extremely high temperature (over 600 °C) by flash light irradiation enables large grain growth of sub-10 nm scale self-assembled nanopatterns without thermal degradation or dewetting in a millisecond time scale. A rapid self-assembly mechanism for a highly ordered morphology is identified based on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the block copolymers with strong segregation. Furthermore, this novel self-assembly mechanism is combined with graphoepitaxy to demonstrate the feasibility of ultrafast directed self-assembly of sub-10 nm nanopatterns over a large area. A chemically modified graphene film is used as a flexible and conformal light-absorbing layer. Subsequently, transparent and mechanically flexible nanolithography with a millisecond photothermal process is achieved leading the way for roll-to-roll processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Jin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Jeong
- Device Laboratory, Device & System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute and Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Mun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Lim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Jin HM, Lee SH, Kim JY, Son SW, Kim BH, Lee HK, Mun JH, Cha SK, Kim JS, Nealey PF, Lee KJ, Kim SO. Laser Writing Block Copolymer Self-Assembly on Graphene Light-Absorbing Layer. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3435-42. [PMID: 26871736 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advance of high-power laser processing allows for rapid, continuous, area-selective material fabrication, typically represented by laser crystallization of silicon or oxides for display applications. Two-dimensional materials such as graphene exhibit remarkable physical properties and are under intensive development for the manufacture of flexible devices. Here we demonstrate an area-selective ultrafast nanofabrication method using low intensity infrared or visible laser irradiation to direct the self-assembly of block copolymer films into highly ordered manufacturing-relevant architectures at the scale below 12 nm. The fundamental principles underlying this light-induced nanofabrication mechanism include the self-assembly of block copolymers to proceed across the disorder-order transition under large thermal gradients, and the use of chemically modified graphene films as a flexible and conformal light-absorbing layers for transparent, nonplanar, and mechanically flexible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Jin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Son
- Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University , Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Keon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Mun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Seshimo T, Maeda R, Odashima R, Takenaka Y, Kawana D, Ohmori K, Hayakawa T. Perpendicularly oriented sub-10-nm block copolymer lamellae by atmospheric thermal annealing for one minute. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19481. [PMID: 26782329 PMCID: PMC4726028 DOI: 10.1038/srep19481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block co-polymers (BCPs) can realize next-generation lithography for semiconductors and a variety of soft materials. It is imperative to simultaneously achieve many requirements such as a high resolution, orientation control of micro-domains, etch selectivity, rapid and mild annealing, a low cost, and compatibility with manufacturing for developing suitable BCPs. Here, we describe a new design for modified polysiloxane-based BCPs targeted for sub-10-nm-wide lines, which are able to form perpendicularly oriented lamellar structures in thin films. The hydroxyl groups in the side chains introduced in the polysiloxane block provide a good balance with the polystyrene surface free energy, thereby leading to the perpendicular orientation. Moreover, this orientation can be completed in only one minute at 130 °C in an air atmosphere. Oxygen plasma etching for the thin films results in the achievement of a line width of 8.5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Seshimo
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Rina Maeda
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Rin Odashima
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takenaka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawana
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ohmori
- Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd, 1590 Tabata, Samukawa-machi, Koza-Gun, Kanagawa 253-0114, Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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24
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Yang YB, Choi YJ, Kim SO, Kim JU. Directed self-assembly of cylinder-forming diblock copolymers on sparse chemical patterns. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4496-4506. [PMID: 25947222 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using both theory and experiment, we investigate the possibility of creating perfectly ordered block copolymer nanostructures on sparsely patterned substrates. Our study focuses on scrutinizing the appropriate pattern conditions to avoid undesired morphologies or defects when depositing cylinder-forming AB diblock copolymer thin films on the substrates which are mostly neutral with periodic stripe regions preferring the minority domain. By systematically exploring the parameter space using self-consistent field theory (SCFT), the optimal conditions for target phases are determined, and the effects of the chemical pattern period and the block copolymer film thickness on the target phase stability are also studied. Furthermore, as a sample experimental system, almost perfectly aligned polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers are demonstrated. After the pattern transfer process, highly ordered Al nanodot arrays following the initial vertically aligned cylinder pattern are created. This systematic study demonstrates the ability to control the structure and the position of nanopatterns on sparse chemical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Biao Yang
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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Jung H, Woo S, Park S, Lee S, Kang M, Choe Y, Son JG, Ryu DY, Huh J, Bang J. Combined epitaxial self-assembly of block copolymer lamellae on a hexagonal pre-pattern within microgrooves. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4242-4250. [PMID: 25894536 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) has emerged as an alternative method to replace or complement conventional photolithography as a result of the approximately 10 nm scale of microdomain ordering, the variety of microstructures that can be obtained and its compatibility with current lithographic processes. In DSA, BCP microdomains are controlled via guide patterns and two main techniques are popular: graphoepitaxy and chemoepitaxy assembly. We have demonstrated a simple and feasible technology for a DSA process by combining graphoepitaxy with "inexpensive" chemoepitaxial assembly to improve the alignment of the lamellar microdomains. For chemoepitaxial assembly, the hexagonal surface patterns from cross-linkable, cylinder-forming BCP were used to guide the graphoepitaxial assembly of the overlying BCP lamellar film. When the guiding patterns were prepared on the hexagonal patterns, it was found that the degree of lamellar alignment was significantly improved compared with the lamellar alignment on the homogeneous neutral layers. Simulation results suggested that the underlying hexagonal pattern can assist the lamellar alignment by reducing the large number of orientation states of the lamellar layers. This strategy is applicable to various nanofabrication processes that require a high degree of fidelity in controlling the nanopatterns over large areas with reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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