1
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Silva VD, Santos AMC, Oliveira JE, Medeiros ES. Fruit ripeness sensors based on poly(lactic acid)/polyaniline solution blow‐spun fibrous membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius D. Silva
- Materials and Biosystems laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMAT) Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Materials Science and Engineering Postgraduate Program Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa Brazil
| | - Adillys M. C. Santos
- Materials and Biosystems laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMAT) Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Center for Science and Technology in Energy and Sustainability Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia Feira de Santana BA Brazil
| | - Juliano E. Oliveira
- Department of Engineering (DEG) Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) Lavras Brazil
| | - Eliton S. Medeiros
- Materials and Biosystems laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMAT) Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Materials Science and Engineering Postgraduate Program Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa Brazil
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2
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Wang X, Zhang X, Sun L, Lee D, Lee S, Wang M, Zhao J, Shao-Horn Y, Dincă M, Palacios T, Gleason KK. High electrical conductivity and carrier mobility in oCVD PEDOT thin films by engineered crystallization and acid treatment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5780. [PMID: 30225366 PMCID: PMC6140612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Air-stable, lightweight, and electrically conductive polymers are highly desired as the electrodes for next-generation electronic devices. However, the low electrical conductivity and low carrier mobility of polymers are the key bottlenecks that limit their adoption. We demonstrate that the key to addressing these limitations is to molecularly engineer the crystallization and morphology of polymers. We use oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and hydrobromic acid treatment as an effective tool to achieve such engineering for conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). We demonstrate PEDOT thin films with a record-high electrical conductivity of 6259 S/cm and a remarkably high carrier mobility of 18.45 cm2 V-1 s-1 by inducing a crystallite-configuration transition using oCVD. Subsequent theoretical modeling reveals a metallic nature and an effective reduction of the carrier transport energy barrier between crystallized domains in these thin films. To validate this metallic nature, we successfully fabricate PEDOT-Si Schottky diode arrays operating at 13.56 MHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) readers, demonstrating wafer-scale fabrication compatible with conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The oCVD PEDOT thin films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high carrier mobility show great promise for novel high-speed organic electronics with low energy consumption and better charge carrier transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sunghwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Choi UH, Park JH, Kim J. Manipulation and Investigation of Uniformly-Spaced Nanowire Array on a Substrate via Dielectrophoresis and Electrostatic Interaction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:nano8070456. [PMID: 29933616 PMCID: PMC6071136 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Directed-assembly of nanowires on the dielectrics-covered parallel electrode structure is capable of producing uniformly-spaced nanowire array at the electrode gap due to dielectrophoretic nanowire attraction and electrostatic nanowire repulsion. Beyond uniformly-spaced nanowire array formation, the control of spacing in the array is beneficial in that it should be the experimental basis of the precise positioning of functional nanowires on a circuit. Here, we investigate the material parameters and bias conditions to modulate the nanowire spacing in the ordered array, where the nanowire array formation is readily attained due to the electrostatic nanowire interaction. A theoretical model for the force calculation and the simulation of the induced charge in the assembled nanowire verifies that the longer nanowires on thicker dielectric layer tend to be assembled with a larger pitch due to the stronger nanowire-nanowire electrostatic repulsion, which is consistent with the experimental results. It was claimed that the stronger dielectrophoretic force is likely to attract more nanowires that are suspended in solution at the electrode gap, causing them to be less-spaced. Thus, we propose a generic mechanism, competition of dielectrophoretic and electrostatic force, to determine the nanowire pitch in an ordered array. Furthermore, this spacing-controlled nanowire array offers a way to fabricate the high-density nanodevice array without nanowire registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea.
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Display Group, R&D Center, IM Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyunggi-Do 18449, Korea.
| | - Jaekyun Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyunggi-Do 15588, Korea.
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4
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Tang N, Jiang Y, Qu H, Duan X. Conductive polymer nanowire gas sensor fabricated by nanoscale soft lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:485301. [PMID: 28968225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa905b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistive devices composed of one-dimensional nanostructures are promising candidates for the next generation of gas sensors. However, the large-scale fabrication of nanowires is still challenging, which restricts the commercialization of such devices. Here, we report a highly efficient and facile approach to fabricating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanowire chemiresistive gas sensors by nanoscale soft lithography. Well-defined sub-100 nm nanowires are fabricated on silicon substrate, which facilitates device integration. The nanowire chemiresistive gas sensor is demonstrated for NH3 and NO2 detection at room temperature and shows a limit of detection at ppb level, which is compatible with nanoscale PEDOT:PSS gas sensors fabricated with the conventional lithography technique. In comparison with PEDOT:PSS thin-film gas sensors, the nanowire gas sensor exhibits higher sensitivity and a much faster response to gas molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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5
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Morris JD, Thourson SB, Panta K, Flanders BN, Payne CK. Conducting polymer nanowires for control of local protein concentration in solution. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:174003. [PMID: 34045776 PMCID: PMC8153065 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa60b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing devices with cells and tissues requires new nanoscale tools that are both flexible and electrically active. We demonstrate the use of PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer nanowires for the local control of protein concentration in water and biological media. We use fluorescence microscopy to compare the localization of serum albumin in response to electric fields generated by narrow (760 nm) and wide (1.5 μm) nanowires. We show that proteins in deionized water can be manipulated over a surprisingly large micron length scale and that this distance is a function of nanowire diameter. In addition, white noise can be introduced during the electrochemical synthesis of the nanowire to induce branches into the nanowire allowing a single device to control multiple nanowires. An analysis of growth speed and current density suggests that branching is due to the Mullins-Sekerka instability, ultimately controlled by the roughness of the nanowire surface. These small, flexible, conductive, and biologically compatible PEDOT:PSS nanowires provide a new tool for the electrical control of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Morris
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Scott B Thourson
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (BioEngineering Graduate Program), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Krishna Panta
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bret N Flanders
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Christine K Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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6
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Wang X, Ermez S, Goktas H, Gradečak S, Gleason K. Room Temperature Sensing Achieved by GaAs Nanowires and oCVD Polymer Coating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28407331 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel structures comprised of GaAs nanowire arrays conformally coated with conducting polymers (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-co-3-thiophene acetic acid) display both sensitivity and selectivity to a variety of volatile organic chemicals. A key feature is room temperature operation, so that neither a heater nor the power it would consume, is required. It is a distinct difference from traditional metal oxide sensors, which typically require elevated operational temperature. The GaAs nanowires are prepared directly via self-seeded metal-organic chemical deposition, and conducting polymers are deposited on GaAs nanowires using oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The range of thickness for the oCVD layer is between 100 and 200 nm, which is controlled by changing the deposition time. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates an edge-on alignment of the crystalline structure of the PEDOT coating layer on GaAs nanowires. In addition, the positive correlation between the improvement of sensitivity and the increasing nanowire density is demonstrated. Furthermore, the effect of different oCVD coating materials is studied. The sensing mechanism is also discussed with studies considering both nanowire density and polymer types. Overall, the novel structure exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity in gas sensing, and provides a promising platform for future sensor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sema Ermez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hilal Goktas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Silvija Gradečak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Karen Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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7
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Wang M, Wang X, Moni P, Liu A, Kim DH, Jo WJ, Sojoudi H, Gleason KK. CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604606. [PMID: 28032923 PMCID: PMC7161753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization directly synthesizes organic thin films on a substrate from vapor phase reactants. Dielectric, semiconducting, electrically conducting, and ionically conducting CVD polymers have all been readily integrated into devices. The absence of solvent in the CVD process enables the growth of high-purity layers and avoids the potential of dewetting phenomena, which lead to pinhole defects. By limiting contaminants and defects, ultrathin (<10 nm) CVD polymeric device layers have been fabricated in multiple laboratories. The CVD method is particularly suitable for synthesizing insoluble conductive polymers, layers with high densities of organic functional groups, and robust crosslinked networks. Additionally, CVD polymers are prized for the ability to conformally cover rough surfaces, like those of paper and textile substrates, as well as the complex geometries of micro- and nanostructured devices. By employing low processing temperatures, CVD polymerization avoids damaging substrates and underlying device layers. This report discusses the mechanisms of the major CVD polymerization techniques and the recent progress of their applications in devices and device fabrication, with emphasis on initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Priya Moni
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Andong Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Won Jun Jo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of MechanicalIndustrial & Manufacturing EngineeringThe University of ToledoToledoOhio43606USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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8
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Ellis JE, Star A. Carbon Nanotube Based Gas Sensors toward Breath Analysis. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1248-1265. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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9
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Tiggemann L, Ballen S, Bocalon C, Graboski AM, Manzoli A, de Paula Herrmann PS, Steffens J, Valduga E, Steffens C. Low-cost gas sensors with polyaniline film for aroma detection. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Ugur A, Goktas H, Chen N, Wang M, Lachman N, Kalfon-Cohen E, Fang W, Wardle BL, Gleason KK. Room Temperature Resistive Volatile Organic Compound Sensing Materials Based on a Hybrid Structure of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Conformal oCVD/iCVD Polymer Coatings. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Asli Ugur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hilal Goktas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noa Lachman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Estelle Kalfon-Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenjing Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian L. Wardle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Morris JD, Wong KM, Peñaherrera CD, Payne CK. Mechanism of the biomolecular synthesis of PEDOT:PSS: importance of heme degradation by hydrogen peroxide. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:331-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomolecules as oxidants for the synthesis of conducting polymers provides an important tool for the control of polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Morris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - K. M. Wong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - C. D. Peñaherrera
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - C. K. Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
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12
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Morris JD, Khanal D, Richey JA, Payne CK. Hemoglobin-mediated synthesis of PEDOT:PSS: enhancing conductivity through biological oxidants. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is used as an oxidant to generate highly conductive PEDOT:PSS with bipolarons, while catalase generates a less conductive polymer that possesses polarons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Morris
- School of Science and Technology
- Georgia Gwinnett College
- Lawrenceville
- USA
| | - D. Khanal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - J. A. Richey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - C. K. Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
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13
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Chang WS, Kim JH, Kim D, Cho SH, Kwon Seol S. Individually Addressable Suspended Conducting-Polymer Wires in a Chemiresistive Gas Sensor. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Chang
- NanoHybrid Technology Research Center; Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI); Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120 Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- NanoHybrid Technology Research Center; Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI); Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120 Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- NanoHybrid Technology Research Center; Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI); Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kwon Seol
- NanoHybrid Technology Research Center; Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI); Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120 Republic of Korea
- Electrical Functional Material Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120 Republic of Korea
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14
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Conducting polymer coated single-walled carbon nanotube gas sensors for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Talanta 2014; 123:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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D'Arcy JM, El-Kady MF, Khine PP, Zhang L, Lee SH, Davis NR, Liu DS, Yeung MT, Kim SY, Turner CL, Lech AT, Hammond PT, Kaner RB. Vapor-phase polymerization of nanofibrillar poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for supercapacitors. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1500-10. [PMID: 24490747 DOI: 10.1021/nn405595r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with large surface areas enhance the performance of energy storage devices such as electrochemical supercapacitors. However, until now, high aspect ratio nanofibers of this polymer could only be deposited from the vapor-phase, utilizing extrinsic hard templates such as electrospun nanofibers and anodized aluminum oxide. These routes result in low conductivity and require postsynthetic template removal, conditions that stifle the development of conducting polymer electronics. Here we introduce a simple process that overcomes these drawbacks and results in vertically directed high aspect ratio poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanofibers possessing a high conductivity of 130 S/cm. Nanofibers deposit as a freestanding mechanically robust film that is easily processable into a supercapacitor without using organic binders or conductive additives and is characterized by excellent cycling stability, retaining more than 92% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. Deposition of nanofibers on a hard carbon fiber paper current collector affords a highly efficient and stable electrode for a supercapacitor exhibiting gravimetric capacitance of 175 F/g and 94% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M D'Arcy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Travas-Sejdic J, Aydemir N, Kannan B, Williams DE, Malmström J. Intrinsically conducting polymer nanowires for biosensing. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4593-4609. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of conductive polymer nanowires and their sensing of nucleic acids, proteins and pathogens is reviewed in this feature article.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Travas-Sejdic
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - N. Aydemir
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - B. Kannan
- Revolution Fibres Ltd
- , New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - D. E. Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - J. Malmström
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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17
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Mubeen S, Singh N, Lee J, Stucky GD, Moskovits M, McFarland EW. Synthesis of chemicals using solar energy with stable photoelectrochemically active heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2110-2115. [PMID: 23586680 DOI: 10.1021/nl400502u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and cost-effective conversion of solar energy to useful chemicals and fuels could lead to a significant reduction in fossil hydrocarbon use. Artificial systems that use solar energy to produce chemicals have been reported for more than a century. However the most efficient devices demonstrated, based on traditionally fabricated compound semiconductors, have extremely short working lifetimes due to photocorrosion by the electrolyte. Here we report a stable, scalable design and molecular level fabrication strategy to create photoelectrochemically active heterostructure (PAH) units consisting of an efficient semiconductor light absorber in contact with oxidation and reduction electrocatalysts and otherwise protected by alumina. The functional heterostructures are fabricated by layer-by-layer, template-directed, electrochemical synthesis in porous anodic aluminum oxide membranes to produce high density arrays of electronically autonomous, nanostructured, corrosion resistant, photoactive units (~10(9)-10(10) PAHs per cm(2)). Each PAH unit is isolated from its neighbor by the transparent electrically insulating oxide cellular enclosure that makes the overall assembly fault tolerant. When illuminated with visible light, the free floating devices have been demonstrated to produce hydrogen at a stable rate for over 24 h in corrosive hydroiodic acid electrolyte with light as the only input. The quantum efficiency (averaged over the solar spectrum) for absorbed photons-to-hydrogen conversion was 7.4% and solar-to-hydrogen energy efficiency of incident light was 0.9%. The fabrication approach is scalable for commercial manufacturing and readily adaptable to a variety of earth abundant semiconductors which might otherwise be unstable as photoelectrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Vijayakumar N, Subramanian E, Padiyan DP. Conducting Polyaniline Blends with the Soft Template Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) and their Chemosensor Application. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.610054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lu CH, Hsiao YS, Kuo CW, Chen P. Electrically tunable organic bioelectronics for spatial and temporal manipulation of neuron-like pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:4321-8. [PMID: 22982010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic bioelectronic devices consisting of alternating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) striped microelectrode arrays were fabricated by lithography technology. It has been demonstrated that the organic bioelectronic devices can be used to spatially and temporally manipulate the location and proliferation of the neuron-like pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12 cells). METHODS By coating an electrically labile contact repulsion layer of poly(l-lysine-graft-ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) on the PEDOT electrode, the location and polarity of the PC-12 cells were confined to the rGO electrodes. RESULTS The outgrowth of spatially confined bipolar neurites was found to align along the direction of the 20μm wide electrode. The location of the PC-12 cells can also be manipulated temporally by applying electrical stimulation during the neurite differentiation of PC-12 cells, allowing the PC-12 cells to cross over the boundary between the PEDOT and the rGO regions and construct neurite networks in an unconfined manner where the contact repulsive coating of PLL-g-PEG was removed. CONCLUSIONS This adsorption and desorption of the PLL-g-PEG without and with electrical stimulation can be attributed to the tunable surface properties of the PEDOT microelectrodes, whose surface charge can switch from being negative to positive under electrical stimulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The electrically tunable organic bioelectronics reported here could potentially be applied to tissue engineering related to the development and regeneration of mammalian nervous systems. The spatial and temporal control in this device would also be used to study the synapse junctions of neuron-neuron contacts in both time and space domains. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organic Bioelectronics - Novel Applications in Biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Hua Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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The application of nanopipettes to conducting polymer fabrication, imaging and electrochemical characterization. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Smith BD, Mayer TS, Keating CD. Deterministic Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Using Nonuniform Electric Fields. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2012; 63:241-63. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032210-103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa S. Mayer
- Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
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Luo SC, Sekine J, Zhu B, Zhao H, Nakao A, Yu HH. Polydioxythiophene nanodots, nonowires, nano-networks, and tubular structures: the effect of functional groups and temperature in template-free electropolymerization. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3018-3026. [PMID: 22424318 DOI: 10.1021/nn300737e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Various nanostructures, including nanofibers, nanodots, nanonetwork, and nano- to microsize tubes of functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (EDOT) and poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (ProDOT) are created by using a template-free electropolymerization method on indium-tin-oxide substrates. By investigating conducting polymer nanostructures containing various functional groups prepared at different polymerization temperature, we conclude a synergistic effect of functional groups and temperature on the formation of polymer nanostructures when a template-free electropolymerization method is applied. For unfunctionalized EDOT and ProDOT, or EDOT containing alkyl functional groups, nanofibers and nanoporous structures are usually found. Interesting, when polar functional groups are attached, conducting polymers tend to form nanodots at room temperature while grow tubular structures at low temperature. The relationship between surface properties and their nanostructures is evaluated by contact angle measurements. The capacity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted to understand the electrical properties of using these materials as electrodes. The results provide the relationship between the functional groups, nanostructures, and electrical properties. We also discuss the potential restriction of using this method to create nanostructures. The copolymerization of different functionalized EDOTs may cause irregular and unexpected nanostructures, which indicates the complex interaction between different functionalized monomers during the electropolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Chyang Luo
- Yu Initiative Research Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Bhattacharyya D, Yang R, Gleason KK. High aspect ratio, functionalizable conducting copolymer nanobundles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Long YZ, Li MM, Gu C, Wan M, Duvail JL, Liu Z, Fan Z. Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deepa M, Kharkwal A, Joshi AG, Srivastava AK. Charge Transport and Electrochemical Response of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) Films Improved by Noble-Metal Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7321-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201055y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melepurath Deepa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Ordnance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram-502205, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aneeta Kharkwal
- National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Amish G. Joshi
- National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
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26
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Huesmann D, DiCarmine PM, Seferos DS. Template-synthesized nanostructure morphology influenced by building block structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Xia J, Chen L, Yanagida S. Application of polypyrrole as a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hangarter CM, Hernandez SC, He X, Chartuprayoon N, Choa YH, Myung NV. Tuning the gas sensing performance of single PEDOT nanowire devices. Analyst 2011; 136:2350-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an01000f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Callegari V, Demoustier-Champagne S. Using the Hard Templating Method for the Synthesis of Metal-Conducting Polymer Multi-Segmented Nanowires. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 32:25-34. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Liua L, Yoo SH, Park SH. Composite Materials with MWCNTs and Conducting Polymer Nanorods and their Application as Supercapacitors. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2010. [DOI: 10.5229/jecst.2010.1.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Callegari V, Demoustier-Champagne S. Interfacing conjugated polymers with magnetic nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1369-1376. [PMID: 20405868 DOI: 10.1021/am100023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of new multisegmented nanowires based on magnetic metals and conjugated polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), were synthesized by an all-electrochemical template method for precise control over segment lengths. To overcome the major problem occurring when performing direct electrodeposition of PPy or PEDOT on active metals, such as nickel, the concomitant metal oxidation and redissolution at the positive potentials required for polymer formation, we developed a two-step chemical process. Prior to electropolymerization, the Ni surface was pretreated with 3-(pyrrol-1-yl) propanoic acid. This strategy allowed the improvement of the polymer adhesion, resulting in the formation of mechanically robust Ni/conjugated polymer interfaces. By this way, we successfully prepared various original trisegmented nanostructures, such as systems containing one magnetic segment, Ni-PPy-Pt and Ni-PEDOT-Au nanowires, and systems containing two different magnetic metals, Ni-PPy-Co and Ni-PEDOT-Co nanowires. All these one-dimensional multicomponent nanostructures present both fundamental interest and potential applications in nanoelectronics and in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Callegari
- Institut de la Matiere Condensee et des Nanosciences-Bio & Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Universite catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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Triplett DA, Quimby LM, Smith BD, Rodríguez DH, St. Angelo SK, González P, Keating CD, Fichthorn KA. Assembly of gold nanowires by sedimentation from suspension: Experiments and simulation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2010; 114:7346-7355. [PMID: 20544001 PMCID: PMC2882699 DOI: 10.1021/jp909251v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ordering of gold nanowires that settled from aqueous suspension onto a glass substrate due to gravity. The nanowires, ca. 300 nm in cross-sectional diameter and ca. 2, 4, or 7 microns in length, were coated with 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid to provide electrostatic repulsion and prevent aggregation. The layer of nanowires in direct contact with the substrate was examined from below using optical microscopy and found to exhibit smectic-like ordering. The extent of smectic ordering depended on nanowire length with the shortest (2 μm) nanowires exhibiting the best ordering. To understand the assembly in this system, we used canonical Monte Carlo simulations to model the two-dimensional ordering of the nanowires on a substrate. We accounted for van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between the nanowires. The simulations reproduced the experimental trends and showed that roughness at the ends of the nanowires, which locally increased electrostatic repulsion, is critical to correctly predicting the experimentally observed smectic ordering.
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Hangarter CM, Bangar M, Mulchandani A, Myung NV. Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio/chemical sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b915717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yoo SH, Liu L, Park S. Nanoparticle films as a conducting layer for anodic aluminum oxide template-assisted nanorod synthesis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 339:183-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dan Y, Cao Y, Mallouk TE, Evoy S, Johnson ATC. Gas sensing properties of single conducting polymer nanowires and the effect of temperature. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:434014. [PMID: 19801757 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/43/434014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We measured the electronic properties and gas sensing responses of template-grown poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS)-based nanowires. The nanowires had a 'striped' structure (gold-PEDOT/PSS-gold), and were typically 8 microm long (1 microm-6 microm-1 microm for the sections, respectively) and 220 nm in diameter. Single-nanowire devices were contacted with pre-fabricated gold electrodes using dielectrophoretic assembly. A polymer conductivity of 11.5 +/- 0.7 S cm(-1) and a contact resistance of 27.6 +/- 4 kOmega were inferred from measurements on nanowires of varying length and diameter. The nanowire sensors detected a variety of odors, with rapid response and recovery (seconds). The response (DeltaR/R) varied as a power law with analyte concentration. The power law exponent was found to increase with the molecular weight of the analyte and as a function of temperature. The detection limits are set by noise intrinsic to the device and are at the ppm level even for very volatile analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Dan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lorcy JM, Massuyeau F, Moreau P, Chauvet O, Faulques E, Wéry J, Duvail JL. Coaxial nickel/poly(p-phenylene vinylene) nanowires as luminescent building blocks manipulated magnetically. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:405601. [PMID: 19738299 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/40/405601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A template-based strategy was developed which combines a wet-chemical technique and electrodeposition within nanoporous membranes. Morphological, structural and chemical characterization by means of electron microscopy and related techniques demonstrate unambiguously that coaxial nickel/poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) nanowires have been successfully synthesized. Moreover, modification of their optical and magnetic properties due to the nanoscale and the core-shell structure has been studied. The nickel-PPV nanowires exhibit a slightly blueshifted photoluminescence (PL), which is directly related to the tubular morphology of the PPV shell. The effect of the nickel core on the PL intensity of the PPV shell is discussed. The ferromagnetic behavior has been shown with the magnetization easy axis along the wire axis. These arrays of coaxial semiconducting polymer-metal nanowires embedded in a polymer membrane are interesting for flexible electronics and photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, their magnetic manipulation has been demonstrated, which opens the way to use them as multifunctional building blocks for bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lorcy
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, UMR6502 CNRS, University of Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes, France
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Luo X, Cui XT. Sponge-like nanostructured conducting polymers for electrically controlled drug release. Electrochem commun 2009; 11:1956. [PMID: 20160915 PMCID: PMC2770182 DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrically controlled drug release (ECDR) system based on sponge-like nanostructured conducting polymer (CP) polypyrrole (PPy) film was developed. The nanostructured PPy film was composed of template-synthesized nanoporous PPy covered with a thin protective PPy layer. The proposed controlled release system can load drug molecules in the polymer backbones and inside the nanoholes respectively. Electrical stimulation can release drugs from both the polymer backbones and the nanoholes, which significantly improves the drug load and release efficiency. Furthermore, with one drug incorporated in the polymer backbone during electrochemical polymerization, the nanoholes inside the polymer can act as containers to store a different drug, and simultaneous electrically triggered release of different drugs can be realized with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
- McGowan, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
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