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Schmitz M, Kesper L, Schulte MGH, Roese P, Berges U, Westphal C. Surface and interface analysis of a low-dimensional Au-Si surface alloy on Au(110) by means of XPS and XPD. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:275001. [PMID: 33906167 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfc16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and structural characteristics of a low-dimensional Au-Si surface alloy are presented in this work. Alloy formation was obtained by deposition of a sub-monolayer Si on Au(110). This preliminary phase to Si nano-ribbons is being investigated, as the transition from clean Au(110) to a silicon nano-ribbon coated surface is not yet understood. A multiple technique study has been carried out for detailed atomic structure determination and chemical investigation. Particular attention is paid to the clarification of the structural arrangement at the surface and at the interface. Using low-energy electron diffraction, the periodicity of the structure on long-range order could be examined. By means of high-precision photoemission measurements using synchrotron radiation, the electronic and atomic structure of the alloy can be presented. The investigation by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using soft x-rays for a high surface sensitivity showed different chemical environments in the high-resolution spectra. The x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) measurements, which are sensitive to the local atomic order, gave an approach to the structural configuration of the alloy. A new structural arrangement was found simulating both Au and Si XPD patterns. The results are compared to former proposed structure models. A deconvolution of the Si 2pXPD pattern revealed the origin of two chemically shifted XPS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schmitz
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lukas Kesper
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte G H Schulte
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Roese
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulf Berges
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Westphal
- Experimentelle Physik I, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str 4a, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer Straße 2, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Tchalala MR, Enriquez H, Bendounan A, Mayne AJ, Dujardin G, Kara A, Ali MA, Oughaddou H. Tip-induced oxidation of silicene nano-ribbons. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2309-2314. [PMID: 36133383 PMCID: PMC9419031 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the oxidation of self-assembled silicene nanoribbons grown on the Ag (110) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy and high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. The results show that silicene nanoribbons present a strong resistance towards oxidation using molecular oxygen. This can be overcome by increasing the electric field in the STM tunnel junction above a threshold of +2.6 V to induce oxygen dissociation and reaction. The higher reactivity of the silicene nanoribbons towards atomic oxygen is observed as expected. The HR-PES confirm these observations: even at high exposures of molecular oxygen, the Si 2p core-level peaks corresponding to pristine silicene remain dominant, reflecting a very low reactivity to molecular oxygen. Complete oxidation is obtained following exposure to high doses of atomic oxygen; the Si 2p core level peak corresponding to pristine silicene disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rachid Tchalala
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bât. 520 91405 Orsay France
| | - Hanna Enriquez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bât. 520 91405 Orsay France
| | - Azzedine Bendounan
- Synchrotron Soleil L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, B.P. 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Andrew J Mayne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bât. 520 91405 Orsay France
| | - Gérald Dujardin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bât. 520 91405 Orsay France
| | - Abdelkader Kara
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Mustapha Ait Ali
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination et Catalyse, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences-Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech 40001 Morocco
| | - Hamid Oughaddou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bât. 520 91405 Orsay France
- Département de Physique, Université de Cergy-Pontoise 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex France
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Shibuta M, Kamoshida T, Ohta T, Tsunoyama H, Nakajima A. Oxidative reactivity of alkali-like superatoms of group 5 metal-encapsulating Si16 cage nanoclusters. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chowdhury S, Jana D. A theoretical review on electronic, magnetic and optical properties of silicene. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:126501. [PMID: 27753431 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/12/126501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of graphene, various two dimensional (2D) structures in free standing (FS) (hypothetical) form and on different substrates have been proposed recently. Silicene, a silicon counterpart of graphene, is predicted to possess massless Dirac fermions and to exhibit an experimentally accessible quantum spin Hall effect. Since the effective spin-orbit interaction is quite significant compared to graphene, buckling in silicene opens a gap of 1.55 meV at the Dirac point. This band gap can be further tailored by applying in plane stress, an external electric field, chemical functionalization and defects. In this topical theoretical review, we would like to explore the electronic, magnetic and optical properties, including Raman spectroscopy of various important derivatives of monolayer and bilayer silicene (BLS) with different adatoms (doping). The magnetic properties can be tailored by chemical functionalization, such as hydrogenation and introducing vacancy into the pristine planar silicene. Apart from some universal features of optical absorption present in all these 2D materials, the study on reflectivity modulation with doping (Al and P) concentration in silicene has indicated the emergence of some strong peaks having the robust characteristic of a doped reflective surface for both polarizations of the electromagnetic (EM) field. Besides this, attempts will be made to understand the electronic properties of silicene from some simple tight-binding Hamiltonian. We also point out the importance of shape dependence and optical anisotropy properties in silicene nanodisks and establish that a zigzag trigonal possesses the maximum magnetic moment. We also suggest future directions to be explored to make the synthesis of silicene and its various derivatives viable for verification of theoretical predictions. Although this is a fairly new route, the results obtained so far from experimental and theoretical studies in understanding silicene have shown enough significant promising features to open a new direction in the silicon industry, silicon based nano-structures in spintronics and in opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chowdhury
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Tchalala MR, Enriquez H, Mayne AJ, Kara A, Dujardin G, Ali MA, Oughaddou H. Atomic structure of silicene nanoribbons on Ag(110). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/491/1/012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tchalala MR, Ali MA, Enriquez H, Kara A, Lachgar A, Yagoubi S, Foy E, Vega E, Bendounan A, Silly MG, Sirotti F, Nitshe S, Chaudanson D, Jamgotchian H, Aufray B, Mayne AJ, Dujardin G, Oughaddou H. Silicon sheets by redox assisted chemical exfoliation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:442001. [PMID: 24131870 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/44/442001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the direct chemical synthesis of silicon sheets in gram-scale quantities by chemical exfoliation of pre-processed calcium disilicide (CaSi2). We have used a combination of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to characterize the obtained silicon sheets. We found that the clean and crystalline silicon sheets show a two-dimensional hexagonal graphitic structure.
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Majzik Z, Rachid Tchalala M, Svec M, Hapala P, Enriquez H, Kara A, Mayne AJ, Dujardin G, Jelínek P, Oughaddou H. Combined AFM and STM measurements of a silicene sheet grown on the Ag(111) surface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:225301. [PMID: 23674193 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/22/225301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the first non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) of a silicene on a silver (Ag) surface, obtained by combining non-contact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM images over large areas of silicene grown on the Ag(111) surface show both (√13 × √13)R13.9° and (4 × 4) superstructures. For the widely observed (4 × 4) structure, the observed nc-AFM image is very similar to the one recorded by STM. The structure resolved by nc-AFM is compatible with only one out of two silicon atoms being visible. This indicates unambiguously a strong buckling of the silicene honeycomb layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Majzik
- Insitute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic.
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Meng L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Du S, Wu R, Li L, Zhang Y, Li G, Zhou H, Hofer WA, Gao HJ. Buckled silicene formation on Ir(111). NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:685-690. [PMID: 23330602 DOI: 10.1021/nl304347w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicene, a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb structure similar to graphene, has been successfully fabricated on an Ir(111) substrate. It is characterized as a (√7×√7) superstructure with respect to the substrate lattice, as revealed by low energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. Such a superstructure coincides with the (√3×√3) superlattice of silicene. First-principles calculations confirm that this is a (√3×√3)silicene/(√7×√7)Ir(111) configuration and that it has a buckled conformation. Importantly, the calculated electron localization function shows that the silicon adlayer on the Ir(111) substrate has 2D continuity. This work provides a method to fabricate high-quality silicene and an explanation for the formation of the buckled silicene sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Meng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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De Padova P, Ottaviani C, Ronci F, Colonna S, Olivieri B, Quaresima C, Cricenti A, Dávila ME, Hennies F, Pietzsch A, Shariati N, Le Lay G. Mn-silicide nanostructures aligned on massively parallel silicon nano-ribbons. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:014009. [PMID: 23221272 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/1/014009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Mn nanostructures on a 1D grating of silicon nano-ribbons is investigated at atomic scale by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction and core level photoelectron spectroscopy. The grating of silicon nano-ribbons represents an atomic scale template that can be used in a surface-driven route to control the combination of Si with Mn in the development of novel materials for spintronics devices. The Mn atoms show a preferential adsorption site on silicon atoms, forming one-dimensional nanostructures. They are parallel oriented with respect to the surface Si array, which probably predetermines the diffusion pathways of the Mn atoms during the process of nanostructure formation.
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De Padova P, Kubo O, Olivieri B, Quaresima C, Nakayama T, Aono M, Le Lay G. Multilayer silicene nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5500-3. [PMID: 23057633 DOI: 10.1021/nl302598x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of silicene, graphene-like silicon, has generated very strong interest. Here, we reveal the growth of high aspect ratio, perfectly straight, and aligned silicon nanoribbons, exhibiting pyramidal cross section. They are multistacks of silicene and show in angle-resolved photoemission cone-like dispersion of their π and π* bands, at the X[overline] point of their one-dimensional Brillouin zone, with Fermi velocity of ~1.3 × 10(6) m sec(-1), which is very promising for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Padova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche -ISM, via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Castrucci P, Diociaiuti M, Tank CM, Casciardi S, Tombolini F, Scarselli M, De Crescenzi M, Mathe VL, Bhoraskar SV. Si nanotubes and nanospheres with two-dimensional polycrystalline walls. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5195-5201. [PMID: 22782182 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the characteristics of a new class of Si-based nanotubes and spherical nanoparticles synthesized by the dc-arc plasma method in a mixture of argon and hydrogen. These two nanostructures share common properties: they are hollow and possess very thin, highly polycrystalline and mainly oxidized walls. In particular, we get several hints indicating that their walls could constitute only one single Si oxidized layer. Moreover, we find that only the less oxidized nanotubes exhibit locally atomic ordered, snakeskin-like areas which possess a hexagonal arrangement which can be interpreted either as an sp(2) or sp(3) hybridized Si or Si-H layer. Their ability to not react with oxygen seems to suggest the presence of sp(2) configuration or the formation of silicon-hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Roma Tor Vergata and Unità CNISM, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Enriquez H, Vizzini S, Kara A, Lalmi B, Oughaddou H. Silicene structures on silver surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:314211. [PMID: 22820837 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/31/314211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on several structures of silicene, the analog of graphene for silicon, on the silver surfaces Ag(100), Ag(110) and Ag(111). Deposition of Si produces honeycomb structures on these surfaces. In particular, we present an extensive theoretical study of silicene on Ag(111) for which several recent experimental studies have been published. Different silicene structures were obtained only by varying the silicon coverage and/or its atomic arrangement. All the structures studied show that silicene is buckled, with a Si-Si nearest neighbor distance varying between 2.28 and 2.5 Å. Due to the buckling in the silicene sheet, the apparent (lateral) Si-Si distance can be as low as 1.89 Å. We also found that for a given coverage and symmetry, one may observe different scanning tunneling microscopy images corresponding to structures that differ by only a translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Enriquez
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, ISMO-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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De Padova P, Perfetti P, Olivieri B, Quaresima C, Ottaviani C, Le Lay G. 1D graphene-like silicon systems: silicene nano-ribbons. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:223001. [PMID: 22592268 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/22/223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Through this review we can follow the various phases that have led to the discovery of the new allotrope form of silicon: silicene. This is a one-atom thick silicon sheet arranged in a honeycomb lattice, similar to graphene. For silicon, which usually is sp3 hybridized, it represents an unusual and rare structure. First, silicene was theoretically hypothesized and subsequently its structure calculated as a possible candidate for nano-ribbons of Si grown on the anisotropic Ag(110) surface. It was only later, when the physical and chemical properties of this peculiar form of silicon, demonstrating the presence of π and π* bands giving the so-called Dirac cones at the K corners of the Brillouin zone, the sp2-like nature of the valence orbitals of the Si-Si bonds and its strong resistance towards oxygen were reported, that the real existence of silicene became recognized in the scientific community. This review is essentially focused on the experimental work performed on 1D isolated silicene nano-ribbons and their 1D dense array grown on Ag(110) surfaces.
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Jamgotchian H, Colignon Y, Hamzaoui N, Ealet B, Hoarau JY, Aufray B, Bibérian JP. Growth of silicene layers on Ag(111): unexpected effect of the substrate temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:172001. [PMID: 22487603 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/17/172001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of one silicon monolayer on the silver (111) substrate in the temperature range 150-300 °C gives rise to a mix of (4 × 4), (2√3 × 2√3)R30° and (√13 × √13)R13.9° superstructures which strongly depend on the substrate temperature. We deduced from a detailed analysis of the LEED patterns and the STM images that all these superstructures are given by a quasi-identical silicon single layer with a honeycomb structure (i.e. a silicene-like layer) with different rotations relative to the silver substrate. The morphologies of the STM images are explained from the position of the silicon atoms relative to the silver atoms. A complete analysis of all possible rotations of the silicene layer predicts also a (√7 × √7)R19.1° superstructure which has not been observed so far.
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Bashouti MY, Sardashti K, Ristein J, Christiansen SH. Early stages of oxide growth in H-terminated silicon nanowires: determination of kinetic behavior and activation energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11877-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y, Nakano H. Synthesis and Modification of Silicon Nanosheets and Other Silicon Nanomaterials. Chemistry 2011; 17:9864-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kara A, Vizzini S, Leandri C, Ealet B, Oughaddou H, Aufray B, LeLay G. Silicon nano-ribbons on Ag(110): a computational investigation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:045004. [PMID: 21386306 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/4/045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report results of a computational investigation, based on density functional theory, of silicon self-assembled nano-ribbons (Si NRs) on Ag(110). These NRs present a honeycomb-like structure arched on the substrate and forming a closed-packed structure. The calculated STM images match the experimental ones, hinting to a possible new Si structure, mediated by the Ag substrate. The observed new electronic states near the Fermi level were reproduced by the calculations and attributed to a confinement/hybridization tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Kara
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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