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Allard C, Alvarez L, Bantignies JL, Bendiab N, Cambré S, Campidelli S, Fagan JA, Flahaut E, Flavel B, Fossard F, Gaufrès E, Heeg S, Lauret JS, Loiseau A, Marceau JB, Martel R, Marty L, Pichler T, Voisin C, Reich S, Setaro A, Shi L, Wenseleers W. Advanced 1D heterostructures based on nanotube templates and molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39036944 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in materials science have shed light on the potential of exploring hierarchical assemblies of molecules on surfaces, driven by both fundamental and applicative challenges. This field encompasses diverse areas including molecular storage, drug delivery, catalysis, and nanoscale chemical reactions. In this context, the utilization of nanotube templates (NTs) has emerged as promising platforms for achieving advanced one-dimensional (1D) molecular assemblies. NTs offer cylindrical, crystalline structures with high aspect ratios, capable of hosting molecules both externally and internally (Mol@NT). Furthermore, NTs possess a wide array of available diameters, providing tunability for tailored assembly. This review underscores recent breakthroughs in the field of Mol@NT. The first part focuses on the diverse panorama of structural properties in Mol@NT synthesized in the last decade. The advances in understanding encapsulation, adsorption, and ordering mechanisms are detailed. In a second part, the review highlights the physical interactions and photophysics properties of Mol@NT obtained by the confinement of molecules and nanotubes in the van der Waals distance regime. The last part of the review describes potential applicative fields of these 1D heterostructures, providing specific examples in photovoltaics, luminescent materials, and bio-imaging. A conclusion gathers current challenges and perspectives of the field to foster discussion in related communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Alvarez
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse INP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, cedex 9, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fossard
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Microstructures, CNRS-Onera, Chatillon, France
| | - Etienne Gaufrès
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IOGS, Talence, France.
| | | | - Jean-Sebastien Lauret
- LUMIN, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Centrale Supelec, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Annick Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Microstructures, CNRS-Onera, Chatillon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marceau
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IOGS, Talence, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Setaro
- Free University of Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology and Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Han B, Li Y, Wu W, Cai X, Qiu S, He X, Wang S. Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Chirality-Sorted Carbon Nanotube Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4975-4983. [PMID: 38233025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
An important goal in carbon nanotube optoelectronics is to achieve a high-performance near-infrared light source. But there are still many challenges such as the purity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) chirality, nonradiative defects, thin-film quality, and device structure design. Here, we realize infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on chirality-sorted (10, 5) SWCNT network films, which operate at a low bias voltage and emit at a telecom O band of 1290 nm. Asymmetric palladium (Pd) and hafnium (Hf) contacts are used as electrodes for hole and electron injection, respectively. However, the large Schottky barrier at the interface of the SWCNTs and the Hf electrode, primarily resulting from the polymer wrapped on the nanotube surface during the sorting process, leads to inefficient electron injection and thus a low electroluminescence efficiency. We find that the efficiency of electron injection can be improved by the local doping of the nanotubes with dielectric layers of YOX-HfO2, which reduces the Schottky barrier at the SWCNT/Hf interface. Accordingly, the (10, 5) SWCNT film-based LED achieves an external quantum efficiency of larger than 0.05% without any optical coupling structure. With further improvement, we expect that such an infrared light source will have great application potential in the carbon nanotube monolithic optoelectronic integrated system and on-chip optical interconnection, especially in the field of short-distance optical fiber communications and data center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Wang B, Yang S, Wang Y, Ahsan R, He X, Kim Y, Htoon H, Kapadia R, John DD, Thibeault B, Doorn SK, Cronin SB. Auger Suppression of Incandescence in Individual Suspended Carbon Nanotube pn-Junctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11907-11912. [PMID: 32083460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are various mechanisms of light emission in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which give rise to a wide range of spectral characteristics that provide important information. Here we report suppression of incandescence via Auger recombination in suspended carbon nanotube pn-junctions generated from dual-gate CNT field-effect transistor (FET) devices. By applying equal and opposite voltages to the gate electrodes (i.e., Vg1 = -Vg2), we create a pn-junction within the CNT. Under these gating conditions, we observe a sharp peak in the incandescence intensity around zero applied gate voltage, where the intrinsic region has the largest spatial extent. Here, the emission occurs under high electrical power densities of around 0.1 MW/cm2 (or 6 μW) and arises from thermal emission at elevated temperatures above 800 K (i.e., incandescence). It is somewhat surprising that this thermal emission intensity is so sensitive to the gating conditions, and we observe a 1000-fold suppression of light emission between Vg1 = 0 and 15 V, over a range in which the electrical power dissipated in the nanotube is roughly constant. This behavior is understood on the basis of Auger recombination, which suppresses light emission by the excitation of free carriers. Based on the calculated carrier density and band profiles, the length of the intrinsic region drops by a factor of 7-25× over the range from |Vg| = 0 to 15 V. We, therefore, conclude that the light emission intensity is significantly dependent on the free carrier density profile and the size of the intrinsic region in these CNT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Demis D John
- Nanotech, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brian Thibeault
- Nanotech, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Hu X, Zhou H, Jiang Z, Wang X, Yuan S, Lan J, Fu Y, Zhang X, Zheng W, Wang X, Zhu X, Liao L, Xu G, Jin S, Pan A. Direct Vapor Growth of Perovskite CsPbBr 3 Nanoplate Electroluminescence Devices. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9869-9876. [PMID: 28921963 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite nanostructures hold great promises as nanoscale light sources for integrated photonics due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, it remains a great challenge to fabricate halide perovskite nanodevices using traditional lithographic methods because the halide perovskites can be dissolved in polar solvents that are required in the traditional device fabrication process. Herein, we report single CsPbBr3 nanoplate electroluminescence (EL) devices fabricated by directly growing CsPbBr3 nanoplates on prepatterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes via a vapor-phase deposition. Bright EL occurs in the region near the negatively biased contact, with a turn-on voltage of ∼3 V, a narrow full width at half-maximum of 22 nm, and an external quantum efficiency of ∼0.2%. Moreover, through scanning photocurrent microscopy and surface electrostatic potential measurements, we found that the formation of ITO/p-type CsPbBr3 Schottky barriers with highly efficient carrier injection is essential in realizing the EL. The formation of the ITO/p-type CsPbBr3 Schottky diode is also confirmed by the corresponding transistor characteristics. The achievement of EL nanodevices enabled by directly grown perovskite nanostructures could find applications in on-chip integrated photonics circuits and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Hu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangping Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyue Lan
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liao
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengzhao Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Zhao Q, Lyu M, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang M, Gao Z, Li Y. Chirality-Selective Photoluminescence Enhancement of ssDNA-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Gold Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3164-71. [PMID: 27128378 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a convenient method to enhance the photoluminescence (PL) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aqueous solutions is provided. Dispersing by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and modifying with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), about tenfold PL enhancement of the SWNTs is observed. More importantly, the selective PL enhancement is achieved for some particular chiralities of interest over all other chiralities, by using certain specific ssDNA sequences that are reported to recognize these particular chiralities. By forming AuNP-DNA-SWNT nanohybrids, ssDNA serves as superior molecular spacers that on one hand protect SWNT from direct contacting with AuNP and causing PL quench, and on the other hand attract the AuNP in close proximity to the SWNT to enhance its PL. This PL enhancement method can be utilized for the PL analysis of SWNTs in aqueous solutions, for biomedical imaging, and may serve as a prescreening method for the recognition and separation of single chirality SWNTs by ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhou Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Rother M, Schießl SP, Zakharko Y, Gannott F, Zaumseil J. Understanding Charge Transport in Mixed Networks of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5571-9. [PMID: 26867006 PMCID: PMC4778158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to select and enrich semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with high purity has led to a fast rise of solution-processed nanotube network field-effect transistors (FETs) with high carrier mobilities and on/off current ratios. However, it remains an open question whether it is best to use a network of only one nanotube species (monochiral) or whether a mix of purely semiconducting nanotubes but with different bandgaps is sufficient for high performance FETs. For a range of different polymer-sorted semiconducting SWNT networks, we demonstrate that a very small amount of narrow bandgap nanotubes within a dense network of large bandgap nanotubes can dominate the transport and thus severely limit on-currents and effective carrier mobility. Using gate-voltage-dependent electroluminescence, we spatially and spectrally reveal preferential charge transport that does not depend on nominal network density but on the energy level distribution within the network and carrier density. On the basis of these results, we outline rational guidelines for the use of mixed SWNT networks to obtain high performance FETs while reducing the cost for purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Rother
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan P. Schießl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florentina Gannott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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A spectrally tunable all-graphene-based flexible field-effect light-emitting device. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7767. [PMID: 26178323 PMCID: PMC4518298 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous tuning of the emission spectrum of a single light-emitting diode (LED) by an external electrical bias is of great technological significance as a crucial property in high-quality displays, yet this capability has not been demonstrated in existing LEDs. Graphene, a tunable optical platform, is a promising medium to achieve this goal. Here we demonstrate a bright spectrally tunable electroluminescence from blue (∼450 nm) to red (∼750 nm) at the graphene oxide/reduced-graphene oxide interface. We explain the electroluminescence results from the recombination of Poole–Frenkel emission ionized electrons at the localized energy levels arising from semi-reduced graphene oxide, and holes from the top of the π band. Tuning of the emission wavelength is achieved by gate modulation of the participating localized energy levels. Our demonstration of current-driven tunable LEDs not only represents a method for emission wavelength tuning but also may find applications in high-quality displays. Wavelength tuning of a light emitting diode (LED) by an external electrical bias would benefit display technologies. Here, Wang et al. demonstrate wavelength-tuning from blue to the near-infrared in an all-graphene-based field effect LED by gate modulation
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Yu D, Liu H, Peng LM, Wang S. Flexible light-emitting devices based on chirality-sorted semiconducting carbon nanotube films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3462-3467. [PMID: 25651927 DOI: 10.1021/am508597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared light-emitting devices based on chirality-sorted (8,3), (8,4) enriched carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fabricated on transparent and flexible substrate. The devices emit near-infrared light with well-defined wavelength, narrow peak width and high intensity. 500 times bending test also shows that the electric properties and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of devices do not decay apparently. This work demonstrates that chirality-sorted CNTs have large advantages in transparent and flexible infrared light source applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nano Devices, Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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Kim KH, Brunel D, Gohier A, Sacco L, Châtelet M, Cojocaru CS. Cup-stacked carbon nanotube Schottky diodes for photovoltaics and photodetectors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4363-4369. [PMID: 24753023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hwan Kim
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces des Couches Minces (LPICM), UMR 7647, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, CEDEX, France
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Mori T, Yamauchi Y, Honda S, Maki H. An electrically driven, ultrahigh-speed, on-chip light emitter based on carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3277-83. [PMID: 24796644 DOI: 10.1021/nl500693x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The integration of high-speed light emitters on silicon chips is an important issue that must be resolved in order to realize on-chip or interchip optical interconnects. Here, we demonstrate the first electrically driven ultrafast carbon nanotube (CNT) light emitter based on blackbody radiation with a response speed (1-10 Gbps) that is more than 10(6) times higher than that of conventional incandescent emitters and is either higher than or comparable to that of light-emitting diodes or laser diodes. This high-speed response is explained by the extremely fast temperature response of the CNT film, which is dominated by the small heat capacity of the CNT film and its high heat dissipation to the substrate. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate 140 ps width pulsed light generation and real-time optical communication. This CNT-based emitter with the advantages of ultrafast response speeds, a small footprint, and integration on silicon can enable novel architectures for optical interconnects, photonic, and optoelectronic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Mori
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University , Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Yu D, Wang S, Ye L, Li W, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang J, Peng LM. Electroluminescence from serpentine carbon nanotube based light-emitting diodes on quartz. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1050-1056. [PMID: 24800263 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A light-emitting diode is fabricated and characterized on a semiconducting serpentine CNT which has many parallel segments with identical chirality. Compared with the individual CNT and CNT-film devices, the device with parallel segments shows improvement of an order of magnitude in current, significantly larger electroluminescent intensity, and narrower emission bands. Serpentine nanotubes are an ideal choice for practical applications of CNT-based light sources.
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Ding J, Li Z, Lefebvre J, Cheng F, Dubey G, Zou S, Finnie P, Hrdina A, Scoles L, Lopinski GP, Kingston CT, Simard B, Malenfant PRL. Enrichment of large-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs by polyfluorene extraction for high network density thin film transistors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2328-39. [PMID: 24418869 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05511f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study on the use of 9,9-dialkylfluorene homopolymers (PFs) for large-diameter semiconducting (sc-) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) enrichment is the focus of this report. The enrichment is based on a simple three-step extraction process: (1) dispersion of as-produced SWCNTs in a PF solution; (2) centrifugation at a low speed to separate the enriched sc-tubes; (3) filtration to collect the enriched sc-SWCNTs and remove excess polymer. The effect of the extraction conditions on the purity and yield including molecular weight and alkyl side-chain length of the polymers, SWCNT concentration, and polymer/SWCNT ratio have been examined. It was observed that PFs with alkyl chain lengths of C10, C12, C14, and C18, all have an excellent capability to enrich laser-ablation sc-SWCNTs when their molecular weight is larger than ∼10 000 Da. More detailed studies were therefore carried out with the C12 polymer, poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorene), PFDD. It was found that a high polymer/SWCNT ratio leads to an enhanced yield but a reduced sc-purity. A ratio of 0.5-1.0 gives an excellent sc-purity and a yield of 5-10% in a single extraction as assessed by UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra. The yield can also be promoted by multiple extractions while maintaining high sc-purity. Mechanistic experiments involving time-lapse dispersion studies reveal that m-SWCNTs have a lower propensity to be dispersed, yielding a sc-SWCNT enriched material in the supernatant. Dispersion stability studies with partially enriched sc-SWCNT material further reveal that m-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes will re-aggregate faster than sc-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes, providing further sc-SWCNT enrichment. This result confirms that the enrichment was due to the much tighter bundles in raw materials and the more rapid bundling in dispersion of the m-SWCNTs. The sc-purity is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) mapping. The latter shows that the enriched sc-SWCNT sample has a narrow chirality and diameter distribution dominated by the (10,9) species with d = 1.29 nm. The enriched sc-SWCNTs allow a simple drop-casting method to form a dense nanotube network on SiO2/Si substrates, leading to thin film transistors (TFTs) with an average mobility of 27 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an average on/off current ratio of 1.8 × 10(6) when considering all 25 devices having 25 μm channel length prepared on a single chip. The results presented herein demonstrate how an easily scalable technique provides large-diameter sc-SWCNTs with high purity, further enabling the best TFT performance reported to date for conjugated polymer enriched sc-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Ding
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, M-12, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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13
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Yang X, Huang Y, Wang L, Han Z, To AC. Nanobuds promote heat welding of carbon nanotubes at experimentally-relevant temperatures. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobuds promote heat welding of carbon nanotubes at experimentally-relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Yang
- Department of Power Engineering
- North China Electric Power University
- Baoding 071003, China
| | - Yanhui Huang
- Department of Power Engineering
- North China Electric Power University
- Baoding 071003, China
| | - Longjie Wang
- Department of Power Engineering
- North China Electric Power University
- Baoding 071003, China
| | - Zhonghe Han
- Department of Power Engineering
- North China Electric Power University
- Baoding 071003, China
| | - Albert C. To
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Pittsburgh
- PA 15260, USA
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14
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Jariwala D, Sangwan VK, Lauhon LJ, Marks TJ, Hersam MC. Carbon nanomaterials for electronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2824-60. [PMID: 23124307 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35335k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (i.e., fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, respectively) have attracted significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique electronic, optical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. While early work showed that these properties could enable high performance in selected applications, issues surrounding structural inhomogeneity and imprecise assembly have impeded robust and reliable implementation of carbon nanomaterials in widespread technologies. However, with recent advances in synthesis, sorting, and assembly techniques, carbon nanomaterials are experiencing renewed interest as the basis of numerous scalable technologies. Here, we present an extensive review of carbon nanomaterials in electronic, optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and sensing devices with a particular focus on the latest examples based on the highest purity samples. Specific attention is devoted to each class of carbon nanomaterial, thereby allowing comparative analysis of the suitability of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene for each application area. In this manner, this article will provide guidance to future application developers and also articulate the remaining research challenges confronting this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jariwala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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15
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Jakubka F, Backes C, Gannott F, Mundloch U, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Zaumseil J. Mapping charge transport by electroluminescence in chirality-selected carbon nanotube networks. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7428-35. [PMID: 23915032 DOI: 10.1021/nn403419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate random network single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) in bottom contact/top gate geometry with only five different semiconducting nanotube species that were selected by dispersion with poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in toluene. These FETs are highly ambipolar with balanced hole and electron mobilities and emit near-infrared light with narrow peak widths (<40 meV) and good efficiency. We spatially resolve the electroluminescence from the channel region during a gate voltage sweep and can thus trace charge transport paths through the SWNT thin film. A shift of emission intensity to large diameter nanotubes and gate-voltage-dependent photoluminescence quenching of the different nanotube species indicates excitation transfer within the network and preferential charge accumulation on small band gap nanotubes. Apart from applications as near-infrared emitters with selectable emission wavelengths and narrow line widths, these devices will help to understand and model charge transport in realistic carbon nanotube networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jakubka
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Yilmaz B, Bjorgaard J, Colbert CL, Siegel JS, Köse ME. Effective solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes in THF using PEGylated corannulene dispersant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3500-3503. [PMID: 23594364 DOI: 10.1021/am400442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PEG-derivatized corannulene compound has been found to be very effective in solubilizing single-walled carbon nanotubes in tetrahydrofuran. Solubilizing efficiency is close to the commonly used anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Corannulene derivative has also been found to have a tendency to disperse metallic nanotubes more effectively than the SDS counterpart. Theoretical calculations predict higher dispersion interactions of corannulene backbone with the convex surface of nanotubes in comparison to those calculated with other commonly used polyaromatic hydrocarbon derivatives.
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17
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Sundaram RS, Engel M, Lombardo A, Krupke R, Ferrari AC, Avouris P, Steiner M. Electroluminescence in single layer MoS2. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:1416-21. [PMID: 23514373 DOI: 10.1021/nl400516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We detect electroluminescence in single layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors built on transparent glass substrates. By comparing the absorption, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence of the same MoS2 layer, we find that they all involve the same excited state at 1.8 eV. The electroluminescence has pronounced threshold behavior and is localized at the contacts. The results show that single layer MoS2, a direct band gap semiconductor, could be promising for novel optoelectronic devices, such as two-dimensional light detectors and emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sundaram
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Xie X, Islam AE, Wahab MA, Ye L, Ho X, Alam MA, Rogers JA. Electroluminescence in aligned arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes with asymmetric contacts. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7981-7988. [PMID: 22866943 DOI: 10.1021/nn3025496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High quantum efficiencies and low current thresholds are important properties for all classes of semiconductor light emitting devices (LEDs), including nanoscale emitters based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Among the various configurations that can be considered in SWNT LEDs, two terminal geometries with asymmetric metal contacts offer the simplest solution. In this paper, we study, experimentally and theoretically, the mechanisms of electroluminescence in devices that adopt this design and incorporate perfectly aligned, horizontal arrays of individual SWNTs. The results suggest that exciton mediated electron-hole recombination near the lower work-function contact is the dominant source of photon emission. High current thresholds for electroluminescence in these devices result from diffusion and quenching of excitons near the metal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Engel M, Steiner M, Sundaram RS, Krupke R, Green AA, Hersam MC, Avouris P. Spatially resolved electrostatic potential and photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube array devices. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7303-7310. [PMID: 22769018 DOI: 10.1021/nn302416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have used laser-excited photocurrent microscopy to map the internal electrostatic potential profile of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (S-SWCNT) array devices with a spatial resolution of 250 nm. The measurements of S-SWCNTs on optically transparent samples provide new insights into the physical principles of device operation and reveal performance-limiting local heterogeneities in the electrostatic potential profile not observable with other imaging techniques. The experiments deliver photocurrent images from the underside of the S-SWCNT-metal contacts and thus enable the direct measurement of the charge carrier transfer lengths at the palladium-S-SWCNT and aluminum-S-SWCNT interfaces. We use the experimental results to formulate design rules for optimized layouts of S-SWCNT-based photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, we demonstrate the external control of the electrostatic potential profile in S-SWCNT array devices equipped with local metal gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Engel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Gaufrès E, Izard N, Noury A, Le Roux X, Rasigade G, Beck A, Vivien L. Light emission in silicon from carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3813-9. [PMID: 22533686 DOI: 10.1021/nn204924n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of optics in microelectronic circuits to overcome the limitation of metallic interconnects is more and more considered as a viable solution. Among future silicon compatible materials, carbon nanotubes are promising candidates thanks to their ability to emit, modulate, and detect light in the wavelength range of silicon transparency. We report the first integration of carbon nanotubes with silicon waveguides, successfully coupling their emission and absorption properties. A complete study of this coupling between carbon nanotubes and silicon waveguides was carried out, which led to the demonstration of the temperature-independent emission from carbon nanotubes in silicon at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. This represents the first milestone in the development of photonics based on carbon nanotubes on silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gaufrès
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, CNRS-UMR 8622, Univ. Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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21
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Lemasson F, Berton N, Tittmann J, Hennrich F, Kappes MM, Mayor M. Polymer Library Comprising Fluorene and Carbazole Homo- and Copolymers for Selective Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Extraction. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201890g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lemasson
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Nicolas Berton
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Jana Tittmann
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures, 76028 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe,
Germany
- DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures, 76028 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Pfeiffer MHP, Stürzl N, Marquardt CW, Engel M, Dehm S, Hennrich F, Kappes MM, Lemmer U, Krupke R. Electroluminescence from chirality-sorted (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19 Suppl 6:A1184-A1189. [PMID: 22109613 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.0a1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the electroluminescence and photoluminescence of (9,7)-semiconducting carbon nanotube devices and demonstrate that the electroluminescence wavelength is determined by the nanotube's chiral index (n,m). The devices were fabricated on Si₃N₄-membranes by dielectrophoretic assembly of tubes from monochiral dispersion. Electrically driven (9,7)-devices exhibit a single Lorentzian-shaped emission peak at 825 nm in the visible part of the spectrum. The emission could be assigned to the excitonic E22 interband-transition by comparison of the electroluminescence spectra with corresponding photoluminescence excitation maps. We show a linear dependence of the EL peak width on the electrical current, and provide evidence for the inertness of Si₃N₄ surfaces with respect to the nanotubes optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H P Pfeiffer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Jones DA, Lee JU. Observation of the urbach tail in the effective density of States in carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4176-4179. [PMID: 21866966 DOI: 10.1021/nl202061u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While a number of studies have reported evidence of localized states in carbon nanotube devices, the density distribution of these states has not been reported until now. By measuring trap emission current in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, we observe a prominent exponential tail in the density of states near the band edge. Since continuous distributions of localized states are typically associated with highly disordered systems, this observation was quite unexpected in carbon nanotubes, which are nearly ideal crystals. This continuum of localized states may explain a variety of phenomena in carbon nanotube systems, including the nearly universal lack of n-type conduction in strongly gated field-effect transistors. While our focus is on carbon nanotubes, this phenomenon may be ubiquitous to low-dimensional semiconductors in nonvacated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Jones
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12222, United States
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25
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Hibino N, Suzuki S, Wakahara H, Kobayashi Y, Sato T, Maki H. Short-wavelength electroluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotubes with high bias voltage. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1215-1222. [PMID: 21204568 DOI: 10.1021/nn1028373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Short-wavelength electroluminescence (EL) emission is observed from unipolar and ambipolar carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) under high bias voltage. EL measurements were carried out with an unsuspended single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) in high vacuum to prevent the oxidation damage induced by current heating. Short-wavelength emission under high bias voltage is obtained because of the Schottky barrier reduction and the electric field increase in a SWNT. The simultaneous measurements of transport and EL spectra revealed the excitation mechanism of impact excitation or electron and hole injection dependent on the conduction type of unipolar or ambipolar characteristics. In addition to the EL emission, blackbody radiation was also observed in a p-type CNFET. Taking into account the device temperature estimated from blackbody radiation, the contribution of impact excitation and thermal effect to the exciton production rate was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Hibino
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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26
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Wang S, Zeng Q, Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Pei T, Ding L, Liang X, Gao M, Li Y, Peng LM. High-performance carbon nanotube light-emitting diodes with asymmetric contacts. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:23-29. [PMID: 21117697 DOI: 10.1021/nl101513z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence (EL) measurements are carried out on a two-terminal carbon nanotube (CNT) based light-emitting diode (LED). This two-terminal device is composed of an asymmetrically contacted semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). On the one end the SWCNT is contacted with Sc and on the other end with Pd. At large forward bias, with the Sc contact being grounded, electrons can be injected barrier-free into the conduction band of the SWCNT from the Sc contact and holes be injected into the valence band from the Pd electrode. The injected electrons and holes recombine radiatively in the SWCNT channel yielding a narrowly peaked emission peak with a full width at half-maximum of about 30 meV. Detailed EL spectroscopy measurements show that the emission is excitons dominated process, showing little overlap with that associated with the continuum states. The performance of the LED is compared with that based on a three-terminal field-effect transistor (FET) that is fabricated on the same SWCNT. The conversion efficiency of the two-terminal diode is shown to be more than three times higher than that of the FET based device, and the emission peak of the LED is much narrower and operation voltage is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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27
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Kinoshita M, Steiner M, Engel M, Small JP, Green AA, Hersam MC, Krupke R, Mendez EE, Avouris P. The polarized carbon nanotube thin film LED. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:25738-45. [PMID: 21164919 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.025738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a light emitting p-i-n diode made of a highly aligned film of separated (99%) semiconducting carbon nanotubes, self-assembled from solution. By using a split gate technique, we create p- and n-doped regions in the nanotube film that are separated by a micron-wide gap. We inject p- and n-type charge carriers into the device channel from opposite contacts and investigate the radiative recombination using optical micro-spectroscopy. We find that the threshold-less light generation efficiency in the intrinsic carbon nanotube film segment can be enhanced by increasing the potential drop across the junction, demonstrating the LED-principle in a carbon nanotube film for the first time. The device emits infrared light that is polarized along the long axes of the carbon nanotubes that form the aligned film.
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28
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Essig S, Marquardt CW, Vijayaraghavan A, Ganzhorn M, Dehm S, Hennrich F, Ou F, Green AA, Sciascia C, Bonaccorso F, Bohnen KP, Löhneysen HV, Kappes MM, Ajayan PM, Hersam MC, Ferrari AC, Krupke R. Phonon-assisted electroluminescence from metallic carbon nanotubes and graphene. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:1589-1594. [PMID: 20405819 DOI: 10.1021/nl9039795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on light emission from biased metallic single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT), multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) and few-layer graphene (FLG) devices. SWNT devices were assembled from tubes with different diameters in the range 0.7-1.5 nm. They emit light in the visible spectrum with peaks at 1.4 and 1.8 eV. Similar peaks are observed for MWNT and FLG devices. We propose that this light emission is due to phonon-assisted radiative decay from populated pi* band states at the M point to the Fermi level at the K point. Since for most carbon nanotubes as well as for graphene the energy of unoccupied states at the M point is close to 1.6 eV, the observation of two emission peaks at approximately 1.6 +/- approximately 0.2 eV could indicate radiative decay under emission or absorption of optical phonons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Essig
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Gaufrès E, Izard N, Le Roux X, Kazaoui S, Marris-Morini D, Cassan E, Vivien L. Optical microcavity with semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:5740-5745. [PMID: 20389590 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.005740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report studies of optical Fabry-Perot microcavities based on semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes with a quality factor of 160. We experimentally demonstrate a huge photoluminescence signal enhancement by a factor of 30 in comparison with the identical film and by a factor of 180 if compared with a thin film containing non-purified (8,7) nanotubes. Furthermore, the spectral full-width at half-maximum of the photo-induced emission is reduced down to 8 nm with very good directivity at a wavelength of about 1.3 microm. Such results prove the great potential of carbon nanotubes for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gaufrès
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, CNRS-UMR 8622, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France
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30
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Wang F, Itkis ME, Haddon RC. Enhanced electromodulation of infrared transmittance in semitransparent films of large diameter semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:937-942. [PMID: 20121064 DOI: 10.1021/nl9038423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive study of the gate-induced electromodulated transmittance of infrared light by single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin films. The observed electromodulation is significantly enhanced by utilizing large diameter SWNTs, increasing the ratio of semiconducting to metal SWNTs, and by decreasing the SWNT film thickness. The amplitude of the effect reported herein ( approximately 7%) is more than an order of magnitude larger than in previous SWNT thin film solid state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Wang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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31
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Mueller T, Kinoshita M, Steiner M, Perebeinos V, Bol AA, Farmer DB, Avouris P. Efficient narrow-band light emission from a single carbon nanotube p-n diode. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:27-31. [PMID: 19915571 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrically driven light emission from carbon nanotubes could be used in nanoscale lasers and single-photon sources, and has therefore been the focus of much research. However, high electric fields and currents have either been necessary for electroluminescence, or have been an undesired side effect, leading to high power requirements and low efficiencies. Furthermore, electroluminescent linewidths have been broad enough to obscure the contributions of individual optical transitions. Here, we report electrically induced light emission from individual carbon nanotube p-n diodes. A new level of control over electrical carrier injection is achieved, reducing power dissipation by a factor of up to 1,000, and resulting in zero threshold current, negligible self-heating and high carrier-to-photon conversion efficiencies. Moreover, the electroluminescent spectra are significantly narrower ( approximately 35 meV) than in previous studies, allowing the identification of emission from free and localized excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mueller
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
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32
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Kuila BK, Stamm M. Fabrication of oriented polyaniline nanostructures using block copolymer nanotemplates and their optical, electrochemical and electric properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Zaumseil J, Ho X, Guest JR, Wiederrecht GP, Rogers JA. Electroluminescence from electrolyte-gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. ACS NANO 2009; 3:2225-2234. [PMID: 19634895 DOI: 10.1021/nn9005736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate near-infrared electroluminescence from ambipolar, electrolyte-gated arrays of highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Using electrolytes instead of traditional oxide dielectrics in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (FET) facilitates injection and accumulation of high densities of holes and electrons at very low gate voltages with minimal current hysteresis. We observe numerous emission spots, each corresponding to individual nanotubes in the array. The positions of these spots indicate the meeting point of the electron and hole accumulation zones determined by the applied gate and source-drain voltages. The movement of emission spots with gate voltage yields information about relative band gaps, contact resistance, defects, and interaction between carbon nanotubes within the array. Introducing thin layers of HfO(2) and TiO(2) provides a means to modify exciton screening without fundamentally changing the current-voltage characteristics or electroluminescence yield of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zaumseil
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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34
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Lee EJH, Balasubramanian K, Burghard M, Kern K. Spatially Resolved Potential Distribution in Carbon Nanotube Cross-Junction Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:2720-2724. [PMID: 36751059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200803545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crossed-nanotube junctions, the basic constituents of carbon nanotube networks, are investigated by scanning photocurrent microscopy. The location of the predominant electrostatic potential drop, at the electrical contacts or at the junction, is found to be highly dependent on the transport regime. Also, whereas Schottky barriers are formed at M-S (metal-semiconductor) nanotube crossings, isotype heterojunctions are formed at S-S ones (figure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J H Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
- Institut de Physique des Nanostructures École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
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35
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Bonnet P, Buisson JP, Martyr NN, Bizot H, Buelon A, Chauvet O. Photophysical comparative study of amylose and polyvinyle pyrrolidone/single walled carbon nanotubes complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8626-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b907948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Engel M, Small JP, Steiner M, Freitag M, Green AA, Hersam MC, Avouris P. Thin film nanotube transistors based on self-assembled, aligned, semiconducting carbon nanotube arrays. ACS NANO 2008; 2:2445-52. [PMID: 19206278 DOI: 10.1021/nn800708w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thin film transistors (TFTs) are now poised to revolutionize the display, sensor, and flexible electronics markets. However, there is a limited choice of channel materials compatible with low-temperature processing. This has inhibited the fabrication of high electrical performance TFTs. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have very high mobilities and can be solution-processed, making thin film CNT-based TFTs a natural direction for exploration. The two main challenges facing CNT-TFTs are the difficulty of placing and aligning CNTs over large areas and low on/off current ratios due to admixture of metallic nanotubes. Here, we report the self-assembly and self-alignment of CNTs from solution into micron-wide strips that form regular arrays of dense and highly aligned CNT films covering the entire chip, which is ideally suitable for device fabrication. The films are formed from pre-separated, 99% purely semiconducting CNTs and, as a result, the CNT-TFTs exhibit simultaneously high drive currents and large on/off current ratios. Moreover, they deliver strong photocurrents and are also both photo- and electroluminescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Engel
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
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Doh YJ, Maher KN, Ouyang L, Yu CL, Park H, Park J. Electrically driven light emission from individual CdSe nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4552-4556. [PMID: 19053799 DOI: 10.1021/nl802797y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report electroluminescence (EL) measurements carried out on three-terminal devices incorporating individual n-type CdSe nanowires. Simultaneous optical and electrical measurements reveal that EL occurs near the contact between the nanowire and a positively biased electrode or drain. The surface potential profile, obtained by using Kelvin probe microscopy, shows an abrupt potential drop near the position of the EL spot, while the band profile obtained from scanning photocurrent microscopy indicates the existence of an n-type Schottky barrier at the interface. These observations indicate that light emission occurs through a hole leakage or an inelastic scattering induced by the rapid potential drop at the nanowire-electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Joo Doh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abstract
Because of their unique structure and composition, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are at the interface between molecules and crystalline solids. They also present properties that are ideal for making lightweight, inexpensive, and flexible electronics. The raw material is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of SWNTs that differ in helicity and diameter and, therefore, requires purification and separation. In a series of groundbreaking experiments, a robust process serving this purpose was developed based on SWNTs encapsulated in surfactants and water. Ultracentrifugation in a density gradient combined with surfactant mixtures provided buoyant density differences, enabling enrichment for both diameter and electronic properties. A new paper in this issue explores further the process through the hydrodynamic properties of SWNT-surfactant complexes. The study reveals that we have just begun to uncover the dynamics and properties of nanotube-surfactant interactions and highlights the potential that could be gained from a better understanding of their chemistry. The time scale of integration of carbon nanotubes into electronics applications remains unclear, but the recent developments in sorting out SWNTs paves the way for improving on the properties of network-based SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Martel
- Regroupement Quebecois sur les Materiaux de Pointe (RQMP), Departement de Chimie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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