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Zhang J, Koneru A, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Lilley CM. Graph Neural Network Guided Evolutionary Search of Grain Boundaries in 2D Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20520-20530. [PMID: 37040261 PMCID: PMC10141246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) in two-dimensional (2D) materials are known to dramatically impact material properties ranging from the physical, chemical, mechanical, electronic, and optical, to name a few. Predicting a range of physically realistic GB structures for 2D materials is critical to exercising control over their properties. This, however, is nontrivial given the vast structural and configurational (defect) search space between lateral 2D sheets with varying misfits. Here, in a departure from traditional evolutionary search methods, we introduce a workflow that combines the Graph Neural Network (GNN) and an evolutionary algorithm for the discovery and design of novel 2D lateral interfaces. We use a representative 2D material, blue phosphorene (BP), and identify 2D GB structures to test the efficacy of our GNN model. The GNN was trained with a computationally inexpensive machine learning bond order potential (Tersoff formalism) and density functional theory (DFT). Systematic downsampling of the training data sets indicates that our model can predict structural energy under 0.5% mean absolute error with sparse (<2000) DFT generated energy labels for training. We further couple the GNN model with a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and demonstrate strong accuracy in the ability of the GNN to predict GBs. Our method is generalizable, is material agnostic, and is anticipated to accelerate the discovery of 2D GB structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Aditya Koneru
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Lab, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Lab, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Carmen M. Lilley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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2
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Siburian R, Hutagalung F, Silitonga O, Paiman S, Simatupang L, Simanjuntak C, Aritonang SP, Alias Y, Jing L, Goei R, Tok AIY. The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:555. [PMID: 36676291 PMCID: PMC9862395 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present the performance of Copper (Cu)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and C-π (Graphite, GNS, and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N-GNS)) as a new battery electrode prototype. The objectives of this research are to develop a number of prototypes of the battery electrode, namely Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//C-π, and to evaluate their respective performances. The GNS, N-GNS, and primary battery electrode prototypes (Cu/GNS/Electrolyte/C-π) were synthesized by using a modified Hummers method; the N-doped sheet was obtained by doping nitrogen at room temperature and the impregnation or the composite techniques, respectively. Commercial primary battery electrodes were also used as a reference in this research. The Graphite, GNS, N-GNS, commercial primary batteries electrode, and battery electrode prototypes were analyzed using an XRD, SEM-EDX, and electrical multimeter, respectively. The research data show that the Cu particles are well deposited on the GNS and N-GNS (XRD and SEM-EDX data). The presence of the Cu metal and electrolytes (NH4Cl and MnO2) materials can increase the electrical conductivities (335.6 S cm-1) and power density versus the energy density (4640.47 W kg-1 and 2557.55 Wh kg-1) of the Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS compared to the commercial battery (electrical conductivity (902.2 S cm-1) and power density versus the energy density (76 W kg-1 and 43.95 W kg-1). Based on all of the research data, it may be concluded that Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS can be used as a new battery electrode prototype with better performances and electrical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikson Siburian
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Carbon Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Hutagalung
- Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Oktavian Silitonga
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Suriati Paiman
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Lisnawaty Simatupang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan 20221, Indonesia
| | - Crystina Simanjuntak
- Carbon Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Sri Pratiwi Aritonang
- Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan 20151, Indonesia
| | - Yatimah Alias
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lin Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ronn Goei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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3
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Pavlov S, Kozhevnikova E, Kislenko S. Effect of the number of graphene layers on the electron transfer kinetics at metal/graphene heterostructures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Pavlov SV, Kozhevnikova YO, Kislenko VA, Kislenko SA. Modulation of the kinetics of outer-sphere electron transfer at graphene by a metal substrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25203-25213. [PMID: 36254968 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solid-supported graphene is a typical configuration of electrochemical devices based on single-layer graphene. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the electrochemical features of such heterostructures. In this work, we theoretically investigated the effect of the metal type on the nonadiabatic electron transfer (ET) at the metal-supported graphene using DFT calculations. We considered five metals Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, and Al on which graphene is physically adsorbed. It is shown that all metals catalyze the ET. The electrocatalytic effect increases in the following series Al < Au ≲ Ag ≈ Cu < Pt. The enhanced ET in the presence of the metal substrate is explained by the hybridization of metal and graphene states, due to which the coupling between the reactant in an electrolyte and metal is increased. Metal-dependent electrocatalytic effect is explained both by different densities of states at the Fermi level of the systems and by differences in the behaviour of the tails of hybridized wave functions in the electrolyte region. The shift of the Fermi level with respect to the Dirac point in graphene when charging at the metal/graphene/electrolyte interface does not affect the kinetics due to the small contribution of graphene states to the electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Pavlov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Yekaterina O Kozhevnikova
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Vitaliy A Kislenko
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey A Kislenko
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
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5
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Pavlov SV, Kislenko VA, Kislenko SA. Effect of a Graphene Vacancy on the Kinetics of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143922050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Inozemtseva AI, Sergeev AV, Napolskii KS, Kushnir SE, Belov V, Itkis DM, Usachov DY, Yashina LV. Graphene electrochemistry: ‘Adiabaticity’ of electron transfer. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Letoffé A, Cuynet S, Noel C, de Poucques L, Royaud I, Hérold C, Henrion G, Ponçot M, Fontana S. Functionalization and exfoliation of graphite with low temperature pulse plasma in distilled water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5578-5589. [PMID: 35175255 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04826k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene materials exhibit extraordinary properties, but are difficult to produce. The present work describes the possibility of using a plasma process to exfoliate and functionalize graphite flakes. An impulse plasma phase is generated at a liquid surface to produce chemical species and shock waves in order to modify the reactive liquid as well as the graphite flakes. With this process, industrial graphite was treated. 20% thickness diminution was observed, and the formation of a random turbostratic structure. The exfoliation occurs with small amount of functionalization of the surface. Even after treatment, the graphite flakes present a low defect density compared with other treated graphite obtained by more conventional chemical treatments. This process is a new way to exfoliate graphite and to produce functionalized graphenic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Letoffé
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Cédric Noel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | | | - Claire Hérold
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Gérard Henrion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Marc Ponçot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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8
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Choutipalli VSK, Esackraj K, Subramanian V. Nitrogen Fixation at the Edges of Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Synergy of Doping. Front Chem 2022; 9:799903. [PMID: 35127647 PMCID: PMC8814371 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.799903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions is very demanding yet challenging to achieve due to the production of ammonia fuel, which is considered to be a future fuel for sustainable energy. In this context, computational studies on the catalytic activity of the edge sites of boron nitride nanomaterials for possible nitrogen reduction into ammonia have been investigated. Geometrical and electronic properties of zigzag and armchair B-open edges of BN sheet (BOE) models have been unraveled to substantiate their catalytic nature. Results reveal that BOE sites exhibit very high potential determining steps (PDS) of 2.0 eV. Doping of carbon (C) at the nitrogen center, which is vicinal to the BOE site reduces the PDS of the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) (to 1.18–1.33 eV) due to the regulation of charge distribution around the active BOE site. Further, the NRR at the C doped at various edge sites of a boron nitride sheet (BNS) has also been studied in detail. Among the 12 new C-doped defective BNS models, 9 model catalysts are useful for nitrogen activation through either chemisorption or physisorption. Among these, ZCN, ACN, and ZCBV models are efficient in catalyzing NRR with lower PDS of 0.86, 0.88, and 0.86 eV, respectively. The effect of carbon doping in tuning the potential requirements of NRR has been analyzed by comparing the relative stability of intermediates on the catalyst with and without carbon doping. Results reveal that C-doping destabilizes the intermediates compared to non-doped systems, thereby reducing the possibility of catalyst poisoning. However, their interactions with catalysts are good enough so that the NRR activity of the catalyst does not decrease due to C-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Surya Kumar Choutipalli
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Karthikraja Esackraj
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Venkatesan Subramanian
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- *Correspondence: Venkatesan Subramanian, ,
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9
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Liu DQ, Kang M, Perry D, Chen CH, West G, Xia X, Chaudhuri S, Laker ZPL, Wilson NR, Meloni GN, Melander MM, Maurer RJ, Unwin PR. Adiabatic versus non-adiabatic electron transfer at 2D electrode materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7110. [PMID: 34876571 PMCID: PMC8651748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2D electrode materials are often deployed on conductive supports for electrochemistry and there is a great need to understand fundamental electrochemical processes in this electrode configuration. Here, an integrated experimental-theoretical approach is used to resolve the key electronic interactions in outer-sphere electron transfer (OS-ET), a cornerstone elementary electrochemical reaction, at graphene as-grown on a copper electrode. Using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, and co-located structural microscopy, the classical hexaamineruthenium (III/II) couple shows the ET kinetics trend: monolayer > bilayer > multilayer graphene. This trend is rationalized quantitatively through the development of rate theory, using the Schmickler-Newns-Anderson model Hamiltonian for ET, with the explicit incorporation of electrostatic interactions in the double layer, and parameterized using constant potential density functional theory calculations. The ET mechanism is predominantly adiabatic; the addition of subsequent graphene layers increases the contact potential, producing an increase in the effective barrier to ET at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Liu
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Minkyung Kang
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217 Australia
| | - David Perry
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Chang-Hui Chen
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Geoff West
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Xue Xia
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Shayantan Chaudhuri
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zachary P. L. Laker
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Neil R. Wilson
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Marko M. Melander
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, (YN) FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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10
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Bu Q, Cai J, Vasudevan SV, Ni J, Mao H. Microwave-assisted synthesis of bio-based Ni@NSiC nanocomposites for high efficient electrocatalysis of glucose. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Kislenko SA, Pavlov SV, Nazmutdinov RR, Kislenko VA, Chekushkin PM. Effect of a Au underlayer on outer-sphere electron transfer across a Au/graphene/electrolyte interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22984-22991. [PMID: 34611675 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a gold underlayer on the outer-sphere non-adiabatic electron transfer on a graphene surface is investigated theoretically using both periodic and cluster DFT calculations. We propose a model that describes the alignment of energy levels and charge redistribution at the metal/graphene/redox electrolyte interface. Model calculations were performed for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox couples. It is shown that the gold support increases the rate constant of electron transfer. Gold electronic states hybridize with graphene wave functions, which provides an effective overlap with reactant orbitals outside the graphene layer and favors an increasing reaction rate. Although the Fermi level shift relative to the Dirac point in graphene depends significantly on the redox couple, this weakly affects the electron transfer kinetics at the Au(111)/graphene/electrolyte interface due to a small contribution of graphene states to the rate constant as compared to gold ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Kislenko
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey V Pavlov
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Renat R Nazmutdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, R. Marx Str. 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaliy A Kislenko
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Petr M Chekushkin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
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12
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Kenkel S, Mittal S, Bhargava R. Closed-loop atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopic imaging for nanoscale molecular characterization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3225. [PMID: 32591515 PMCID: PMC7320136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopic imaging offers non-perturbative, molecular contrast for nanoscale characterization. The need to mitigate measurement artifacts and enhance sensitivity, however, requires narrowly-defined and strict sample preparation protocols. This limits reliable and facile characterization; for example, when using common substrates such as Silicon or glass. Here, we demonstrate a closed-loop (CL) piezo controller design for responsivity-corrected AFM-IR imaging. Instead of the usual mode of recording cantilever deflection driven by sample expansion, the principle of our approach is to maintain a zero amplitude harmonic cantilever deflection by CL control of a subsample piezo. We show that the piezo voltage used to maintain a null deflection provides a reliable measure of the local IR absorption with significantly reduced noise. A complete analytical description of the CL operation and characterization of the controller for achieving robust performance are presented. Accurate measurement of IR absorption of nanothin PMMA films on glass and Silicon validates the robust capability of CL AFM-IR in routine mapping of nanoscale molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kenkel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shachi Mittal
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Cancer Center at Illinois and the Departments Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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13
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In-situ Raman analysis of hydrogenation in well-defined ultrathin molybdenum diselenide deposits synthesized through vapor phase deposition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10190. [PMID: 32576899 PMCID: PMC7311385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, characterization and in-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis of hydrogenation in ultrathin crystalline MoSe2 deposits. We use a controllable vapor phase synthesis method using MoSe2 powder as the only precursor, to fabricate nano- to micro-size few layer thick MoSe2 deposits with tunable number densities on SiO2/Si substrates. We employ this controllable synthesis method to correlate characteristic Raman spectroscopy response of MoSe2 at ca. 242 cm−1 (A1g) and ca. 280 cm−1 (E2g1) with the thickness of the deposits acquired from atomic force microscopy (AFM). We also use this array of well-defined atomically thin MoSe2 deposits to study possible hydrogenation effects on select architectures using in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, our analysis indicates that ultrathin MoSe2 deposits with exposed edges show a blue shift of 1–2 cm−1 when exposed to H2 flow at 150–250 sccm for 2–4 hours in a sealed reaction cell. Exposure to Ar flow under same condition reverses the observed shift in the A1g mode of the select MoSe2 deposits. Our measurements provide in-situ evidence for hydrogen adsorption on MoSe2 deposits at room temperature and insight into the possible active sites for hydrogen reactions on layered dichalcogenides at lower dimensions.
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14
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Gossage ZT, Hui J, Sarbapalli D, Rodríguez-López J. Coordinated mapping of Li + flux and electron transfer reactivity during solid-electrolyte interphase formation at a graphene electrode. Analyst 2020; 145:2631-2638. [PMID: 32101184 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interphases formed at battery electrodes are key to enabling energy dense charge storage by acting as protection layers and gatekeeping ion flux into and out of the electrodes. However, our current understanding of these structures and how to control their properties is still limited due to their heterogenous structure, dynamic nature, and lack of analytical techniques to probe their electronic and ionic properties in situ. In this study, we used a multi-functional scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique based on an amperometric ion-selective mercury disc-well (HgDW) probe for spatially-resolving changes in interfacial Li+ during solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and for tracking its relationship to the electronic passivation of the interphase. We focused on multi-layer graphene (MLG) as a model graphitic system and developed a method for ion-flux mapping based on pulsing the substrate at multiple potentials with distinct behavior (e.g. insertion-deinsertion). By using a pulsed protocol, we captured the localized uptake of Li+ at the forming SEI and during intercalation, creating activity maps along the edge of the MLG electrode. On the other hand, a redox probe showed passivation by the interphase at the same locations, thus enabling correlations between ion and electron transfer. Our analytical method provided direct insight into the interphase formation process and could be used for evaluating dynamic interfacial phenomena and improving future energy storage technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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15
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Thompson AC, Simpson BH, Lewis NS. Macroscale and Nanoscale Photoelectrochemical Behavior of p-Type Si(111) Covered by a Single Layer of Graphene or Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11551-11561. [PMID: 32040911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials may enable a general approach to the introduction of a dipole at a semiconductor surface as well as control over other properties of the double layer at a semiconductor/liquid interface. Vastly different properties can be found in the 2D materials currently studied due in part to the range of the distribution of density-of-states. In this work, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of p-Si-H, p-Si/Gr (graphene), and p-Si/h-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) in contact with a series of one-electron outer-sphere redox couples was investigated by macroscale measurements as well as by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). The band gaps of Gr and h-BN (0-5.97 eV) encompass the wide range of band gaps for 2D materials, so these interfaces (p-Si/Gr and p-Si/h-BN) serve as useful references to understand the behavior of 2D materials more generally. The value of Voc shifted with respect to the effective potential of the contacting solution, with slopes (ΔVoc/ΔEEff) of -0.27 and -0.38 for p-Si/Gr and p-Si/h-BN, respectively, indicating that band bending at the p-Si/h-BN and p-Si/Gr interfaces responds at least partially to changes in the electrochemical potential of the contacting liquid electrolyte. Additionally, SECCM is shown to be an effective method to interrogate the nanoscale photoelectrochemical behavior of an interface, showing little spatial variance over scales exceeding the grain size of the CVD-grown 2D materials in this work. The measurements demonstrated that the polycrystalline nature of the 2D materials had little effect on the results and confirmed that the macroscale measurements reflected the junction behavior at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise C Thompson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Burton H Simpson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Kröner A, Hirsch T. Current Trends in the Optical Characterization of Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. Front Chem 2020; 7:927. [PMID: 32047734 PMCID: PMC6997542 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-related materials have received great attention because of their outstanding properties like Young's modulus, chemical inertness, high electrical and thermal conductivity, or large mobility. To utilize two-dimensional (2D) materials in any practical application, an excellent characterization of the nanomaterials is needed as such dimensions, even small variations in size, or composition, are accompanied by drastic changes in the material properties. Simultaneously, it is sophisticated to perform characterizations at such small dimensions. This review highlights the wide range of different characterization methods for the 2D materials, mainly attributing carbon-based materials as they are by far the ones most often used today. The strengths as well as the limitations of the individual methods, ranging from light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (conductive), atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to dynamic light scattering, are discussed. By using these methods, the flake size and shape, the number of layers, the conductivity, the morphology, the number and type of defects, the chemical composition, and the colloidal properties of the 2D materials can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Khan K, Tareen AK, Aslam M, Zhang Y, Wang R, Ouyang Z, Gou Z, Zhang H. Recent advances in two-dimensional materials and their nanocomposites in sustainable energy conversion applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21622-21678. [PMID: 31702753 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have a wide platform in research and expanding nano- and atomic-level applications. This study is motivated by the well-established 2D catalysts, which demonstrate high efficiency, selectivity and sustainability exceeding that of classical noble metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and/or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Nowadays, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water electrolysis is crucial for the cost-efficient production of a pure hydrogen fuel. We will also discuss another important point related to electrochemical carbon dioxide and nitrogen reduction (ECR and N2RR) in detail. In this review, we mainly focused on the recent progress in the fuel cell technology based on 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, metal-organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets. First, the basic attributes of the 2D materials were described, and their fuel cell mechanisms were also summarized. Finally, some effective methods for enhancing the performance of the fuel cells based on 2D materials were also discussed, and the opportunities and challenges of 2D material-based fuel cells at the commercial level were also provided. This review can provide new avenues for 2D materials with properties suitable for fuel cell technology development and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Khan
- Advanced electromagnetic function laboratory, Dongguan University of Technology (DGUT), Dongguan, Guangdong Province, P.R. China.
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18
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Wehrhold M, Neubert TJ, Yadav A, Vondráček M, Iost RM, Honolka J, Balasubramanian K. pH sensitivity of interfacial electron transfer at a supported graphene monolayer. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14742-14756. [PMID: 31348480 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical devices based on a single graphene monolayer are often realized on a solid support such as silicon oxide, glassy carbon or a metal film. Here, we show that, with graphene on insulating substrates, the kinetics of the electron transfer at graphene with various redox active molecules is dictated by solution pH for electrode reactions that are not proton dependent. We attribute the origin of this unusual phenomenon mainly to electrostatic effects between dissolved/dissociated redox species and the interfacial charge due to trace amounts of ionizable groups at the supported graphene-liquid interface. Cationic redox species show higher electron transfer rates at basic pH, while anionic species undergo faster electron transfer at acidic pH. Although this behavior is observed on graphene on three different insulating substrates, the strength of this effect appears to differ depending on the surface charge density of the underlying substrate. This finding has important implications for the design of electrochemical sensors and electrocatalysts based on graphene monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wehrhold
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Direct high-resolution mapping of electrocatalytic activity of semi-two-dimensional catalysts with single-edge sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11618-11623. [PMID: 31127040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of low-dimensional electrocatalysts is highly dependent on their local atomic structures, particularly those less-coordinated sites found at edges and corners; therefore, a direct probe of the electrocatalytic current at specified local sites with true nanoscopic resolution has become critically important. Despite the growing availability of operando imaging tools, to date it has not been possible to measure the electrocatalytic activities from individual material edges and directly correlate those with the local structural defects. Herein, we show the possibility of using feedback and generation/collection modes of operation of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to independently image the topography and local electrocatalytic activity with 15-nm spatial resolution. We employed this operando microscopy technique to map out the oxygen evolution activity of a semi-2D nickel oxide nanosheet. The improved resolution and sensitivity enables us to distinguish the higher activities of the materials' edges from that of the fully coordinated surfaces in operando The combination of spatially resolved electrochemical information with state-of-the-art electron tomography, that unravels the 3D complexity of the edges, and ab initio calculations allows us to reveal the intricate coordination dependent activity along individual edges of the semi-2D material that is not achievable by other methods. The comparison of the simulated line scans to the experimental data suggests that the catalytic current density at the nanosheet edge is ∼200 times higher than that at the NiO basal plane.
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Yuan Y, Li M, Bai Z, Jiang G, Liu B, Wu T, Chen Z, Amine K, Lu J. The Absence and Importance of Operando Techniques for Metal-Free Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805609. [PMID: 30444052 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization techniques have played a crucial role in modern technological developments. In contrast to the experimental uncertainties introduced by ex situ techniques, the simultaneous measurement of desired sample characteristics and near-realistic electrochemical testing provides a representative picture of the underlying physics. From Li-ion batteries to metal-based electrocatalysts, the insights offered by real-time characterization data have enabled more efficient research programs. As an emerging class of catalyst, much of the mechanistic understanding of metal-free electrocatalysts continues to be elusive in comparison to their metal-based counterparts. However, there is a clear absence of operando characterization performed on metal-free catalysts. Through the proper execution of operando techniques, it can be expected that metal-free catalysts can achieve exceptional technological progress. Here, the motivation of using operando characterization techniques for metal-free carbon-based catalyst system is considered, followed by a discussion of the possibilities, difficulties and benefits of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yuan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Gaopeng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Tianpin Wu
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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Li W, Wojcik M, Xu K. Optical Microscopy Unveils Rapid, Reversible Electrochemical Oxidation and Reduction of Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:983-989. [PMID: 30669847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We unveil the reaction dynamics of monolayer graphene in electrochemical oxidation and reduction processes through interference reflection optical microscopy. At 300 nm spatial resolution and 200 ms temporal resolution, we reveal rapid electrochemical oxidation of graphene, as well as its efficient electrochemical reduction back to the unoxidized state. We identify 1.4 V (vs Ag/AgCl) as the onset voltage for oxidation and show that the process is driven by free radicals generated in the electrolysis of water and so fully suppressible by a radical-trapping molecule. Moreover, we find the oxidation process to be spatially heterogeneous at the nanoscale, defect- and history-dependent, and characterized by a self-limiting effect unique to the two-dimensional system. We further demonstrate that electrochemical reduction rapidly reverses the oxidized graphene back to the unoxidized state in a controlled manner and find strong dependency of reduction speed on the reduction voltage and pH, from which we conclude a one-to-one relationship between protons and electrons in the reduction process. Besides elucidating the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of graphene, our results point to new pathways to the controlled generation and fine-tuning of graphene derivatives through electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michal Wojcik
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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22
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Chia X, Pumera M. Characteristics and performance of two-dimensional materials for electrocatalysis. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Ritzert NL, Szalai VA, Moffat TP. Mapping Electron Transfer at MoS 2 Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13864-13870. [PMID: 30372618 PMCID: PMC6501596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of macroscopic and atomic defects in the interfacial electron transfer properties of layered transition metal dichalcogenides is important in optimizing their performance in energy conversion and electronic devices. Means of determining the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, k, have relied on the deliberate exposure of specific electrode regions or additional surface characterization to correlate proposed active sites to voltammetric features. Few studies have investigated the electrochemical activity of surface features of layered dichalcogenides under the same experimental conditions. Herein, MoS2 flakes with well-defined features were mapped using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). At visually flat areas of MoS2, k of hexacyanoferrate(III) ([Fe(CN)6]3-) and hexacyanoferrate(II) ([Fe(CN)6]4-) was typically smaller and spanned a larger range than that of hexaammineruthenium(III) ([Ru(NH3)6]3+), congruent with the current literature. However, in contrast to previous studies, the reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3- and the oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- exhibited similar rate constants, attributed to the dominance of charge transfer through surface states. The comparison of SECM with optical and atomic force microscopy images revealed that while most of the flake was electroactive, edge sites associated with freshly exposed areas that include macrosteps consisting of several monolayers as well as recessed areas exhibited the highest reactivity, consistent with the reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Ritzert
- Theiss Research , P.O. Box 127, La Jolla , California 92038 , United States
- Maryland NanoCenter , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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24
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Macedo LJA, Iost RM, Hassan A, Balasubramanian K, Crespilho FN. Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
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25
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Schorr NB, Jiang AG, Rodríguez-López J. Probing Graphene Interfacial Reactivity via Simultaneous and Colocalized Raman–Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging and Interrogation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7848-7854. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah B. Schorr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Annie G. Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Hui J, Pakhira S, Bhargava R, Barton ZJ, Zhou X, Chinderle AJ, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Rodríguez-López J. Modulating Electrocatalysis on Graphene Heterostructures: Physically Impermeable Yet Electronically Transparent Electrodes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2980-2990. [PMID: 29444401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and extreme thinness of graphene make it an attractive platform for exploring electrochemical interactions across dissimilar environments. Here, we report on the systematic tuning of the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via heterostructures formed by graphene modified with a metal underlayer and an adlayer consisting of a molecular catalyst. Systematic voltammetric testing and electrochemical imaging of patterned electrodes allowed us to confidently probe modifications on the ORR mechanisms and overpotential. We found that the surface configuration largely determined the ORR mechanism, with adlayers of porphyrin molecular catalysts displaying a higher activity for the 2e- pathway than the bare basal plane of graphene. Surprisingly, however, the underlayer material contributed substantially to lower the activation potential for the ORR in the order Pt > Au > SiO x, strongly suggesting the involvement of the solution-excluded metal on the reaction. Computational investigations suggest that ORR enhancements originate from permeation of metal d-subshell electrons through the graphene layer. In addition, these physically impermeable but electronically transparent electrodes displayed tolerance to cyanide poisoning and stability toward long-term cycling, highlighting graphene as an effective protection layer of noble metal while enabling electrochemical interactions. This work has implications in the mechanistic understanding of 2D materials and core-shell-type heterostructures for electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Srimanta Pakhira
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering , 2525 Pottsdamer Street , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, High Performance Materials Institute , Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Scientific Computing , Florida State University , 110 North Woodward Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States
- Condensed Matter Theory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Richa Bhargava
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zachary J Barton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Adam J Chinderle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering , 2525 Pottsdamer Street , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, High Performance Materials Institute , Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Scientific Computing , Florida State University , 110 North Woodward Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States
- Condensed Matter Theory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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27
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Functionalized Graphene–Polyoxometalate Nanodots Assembly as “Organic–Inorganic” Hybrid Supercapacitors and Insights into Electrode/Electrolyte Interfacial Processes. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/c3030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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29
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Vagin MY, Sekretaryova AN, Ivanov IG, Håkansson A, Iakimov T, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R, Lundström I, Eriksson M. Monitoring of epitaxial graphene anodization. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Wojcik M, Li Y, Li W, Xu K. Spatially Resolved in Situ Reaction Dynamics of Graphene via Optical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5836-5841. [PMID: 28378581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of rising two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, can be substantially expanded through chemistry. However, it has been a challenge to study how chemical reactions of two-dimensional materials progress. Existing techniques offer limited signal contrast and/or spatial-temporal resolution and are difficult to apply to in situ studies. Here we employ an optical approach, namely interference reflection microscopy, to quantitatively monitor the redox reaction dynamics of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) in situ with diffraction-limited (∼300 nm) spatial resolution and video-rate time resolution. Remarkably, we found that the oxidation kinetics of graphene is characterized by a seeded, autocatalytic process that gives rise to unique, wave-like propagation of reaction in two dimensions. The reaction is initially slow and confined to highly localized, nanoscale hot spots associated with structural defects, but then self-accelerates while propagating outward, hence flower-like, micrometer-sized reaction patterns over the entire sample. In contrast, the reduction of GO is spatially homogeneous and temporally pseudo-first-order, and through in situ data, we further identify pH as a key reaction parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wojcik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yunqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Fu W, Jiang L, van Geest EP, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Sensing at the Surface of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603610. [PMID: 27896865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P van Geest
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Lin TE, Lesch A, Li CL, Girault HH. Mapping the antioxidant activity of apple peels with soft probe scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Kaplan A, Yuan Z, Benck JD, Govind Rajan A, Chu XS, Wang QH, Strano MS. Current and future directions in electron transfer chemistry of graphene. Chem Soc Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The participation of graphene in electron transfer chemistry, where an electron is transferred between graphene and other species, encompasses many important processes that have shown versatility and potential for use in important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kaplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jesse D. Benck
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ananth Govind Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ximo S. Chu
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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34
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Hui J, Zhou X, Bhargava R, Chinderle A, Zhang J, Rodríguez-López J. Kinetic Modulation of Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Reactions on Graphene Electrode with a Sub-surface Metal Substrate. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Li W, Chung JK, Lee YK, Groves JT. Graphene-Templated Supported Lipid Bilayer Nanochannels. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5022-6. [PMID: 27362914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of patterned substrates to impose geometrical restriction on the lateral mobility of molecules in supported lipid membranes has found widespread utility in studies of cell membranes. Here, we template-pattern supported lipid membranes with nanopatterned graphene. We utilize focused ion beam milling to pattern graphene on its growth substrate, then transfer the patterned graphene to fresh glass substrates for subsequent supported membrane formation. We observe that graphene functions as an excellent lateral diffusion barrier for supported lipid bilayers. Additionally, the observed diffusion dynamics of lipids in nanoscale graphene channels reveal extremely low boundary effects, a common problem with other materials. We suggest this is attributable to the ultimate thinness of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jean K Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Young Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Cuharuc AS, Zhang G, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of ferrocene derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG): quantification and impacts of surface adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4966-77. [PMID: 26812483 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry of three ferrocene derivatives - (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium (FcTMA(+)), ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOOH), and ferrocenemethanol (FcCH2OH) - in aqueous solutions shows that the reduced form of the first two redox species weakly adsorbs onto freshly cleaved surfaces of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), with the fractional surface coverage being in excess of 10% of a monolayer at a bulk concentration level of 0.25 mM for both compounds. FcCH2OH was found to exhibit greater and stronger adsorption (up to a monolayer) for the same bulk concentration. The adsorption of FcTMA(+) on freshly cleaved surfaces of high quality (low step edge density) and low quality (high step edge density) HOPG is the same within experimental error, suggesting that the amount of step edges has no influence on the adsorption process. The amount of adsorption of FcTMA(+) is the same (within error) for low quality HOPG, irrespective of whether the surface is freshly cleaved or left in air for up to 12 hours, while - with aging - high quality HOPG adsorbs notably more FcTMA(+). The formation of an airborne contaminating film is proposed to be responsible for the enhanced entrapment of FcTMA(+) on aged high quality HOPG surfaces, while low quality surfaces appear less prone to the accumulation of such films. The impact of the adsorption of ferrocene derivatives on graphite for voltammetric studies is discussed. Adsorption is quantified by developing a theory and methodology to process cyclic voltammetry data from peak current measurements. The accuracy and applicability, as well as limits of the approach, are demonstrated for various adsorption isotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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37
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Kim CH, Frisbie CD. Field Effect Modulation of Outer-Sphere Electrochemistry at Back-Gated, Ultrathin ZnO Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7220-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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38
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39
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Hui J, Burgess M, Zhang J, Rodríguez-López J. Layer Number Dependence of Li(+) Intercalation on Few-Layer Graphene and Electrochemical Imaging of Its Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Evolution. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4248-4257. [PMID: 26943950 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question facing electrodes made out of few layers of graphene (FLG) is if they display chemical properties that are different to their bulk graphite counterpart. Here, we show evidence that suggests that lithium ion intercalation on FLG, as measured via stationary voltammetry, shows a strong dependence on the number of layers of graphene that compose the electrode. Despite its extreme thinness and turbostratic structure, Li ion intercalation into FLG still proceeds through a staging process, albeit with different signatures than bulk graphite or multilayer graphene. Single-layer graphene does not show any evidence of ion intercalation, while FLG with four graphene layers displays limited staging peaks, which broaden and increase in number as the layer number increases to six. Despite these mechanistic differences on ion intercalation, the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) was observed on all electrodes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the feedback mode was used to demonstrate changes in the surface conductivity of FLG during SEI evolution. Observation of ion intercalation on large area FLG was conditioned to the fabrication of "ionic channels" on the electrode. SECM measurements using a recently developed Li-ion sensitive imaging technique evidenced the role of these channels in enabling Li-ion intercalation through localized flux measurements. This work highlights the impact of nanostructure and microstructure on macroscopic electrochemical behavior and provides guidance to the mechanistic control of ion intercalation using graphene, an atomically thin interface where surface and bulk reactivity converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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40
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Bosch-Navarro C, Rourke JP, Wilson NR. Controlled electrochemical and electroless deposition of noble metal nanoparticles on graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14836k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrodeposition is a powerful tool for forming functional composites with graphene. Indeed, noble metal nanoparticles can be directly electrodeposited onto graphene, and their size and number density can be easily controlled.
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41
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Krivenko AG, Komarova NS, Stenina EV, Sviridova LN, Mironovich KV, Shul’ga YM, Manzhos RA, Doronin SV, Krivchenko VA. Electrochemical modification of electrodes based on highly oriented carbon nanowalls. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Simpson BH, Rodríguez-López J. Redox Titrations via Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at an Extended Semiconducting Surface for the Quantification of Photogenerated Adsorbed Intermediates. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Liu Y, Chen S. Electronic structure related electric-double-layer effects on heterogeneous ET kinetics on graphene electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Lounasvuori MM, Rosillo-Lopez M, Salzmann CG, Caruana DJ, Holt KB. The influence of acidic edge groups on the electrochemical performance of graphene nanoflakes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Velický M, Bissett MA, Toth PS, Patten HV, Worrall SD, Rodgers ANJ, Hill EW, Kinloch IA, Novoselov KS, Georgiou T, Britnell L, Dryfe RAW. Electron transfer kinetics on natural crystals of MoS2 and graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17844-53. [PMID: 26088339 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluate the electrochemical performance of sparsely studied natural crystals of molybdenite and graphite, which have increasingly been used for fabrication of next generation monolayer molybdenum disulphide and graphene energy storage devices. Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of several redox mediators, including Fe(CN)6(3-/4-), Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) and IrCl6(2-/3-) are determined using voltammetry in a micro-droplet cell. The kinetics on both materials are studied as a function of surface defectiveness, surface ageing, applied potential and illumination. We find that the basal planes of both natural MoS2 and graphite show significant electroactivity, but a large decrease in electron transfer kinetics is observed on atmosphere-aged surfaces in comparison to in situ freshly cleaved surfaces of both materials. This is attributed to surface oxidation and adsorption of airborne contaminants at the surface exposed to an ambient environment. In contrast to semimetallic graphite, the electrode kinetics on semiconducting MoS2 are strongly dependent on the surface illumination and applied potential. Furthermore, while visibly present defects/cracks do not significantly affect the response of graphite, the kinetics on MoS2 systematically accelerate with small increase in disorder. These findings have direct implications for use of MoS2 and graphene/graphite as electrode materials in electrochemistry-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Velický
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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46
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Molina J, Fernández J, García C, del Río A, Bonastre J, Cases F. Electrochemical characterization of electrochemically reduced graphene coatings on platinum. Electrochemical study of dye adsorption. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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47
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Güell AG, Cuharuc AS, Kim YR, Zhang G, Tan SY, Ebejer N, Unwin PR. Redox-dependent spatially resolved electrochemistry at graphene and graphite step edges. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3558-71. [PMID: 25758160 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical (EC) behavior of mechanically exfoliated graphene and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is studied at high spatial resolution in aqueous solutions using Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) as a redox probe whose standard potential sits close to the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite. When scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) data are coupled with that from complementary techniques (AFM, micro-Raman) applied to the same sample area, different time-dependent EC activity between the basal planes and step edges is revealed. In contrast, other redox couples (ferrocene derivatives) whose potential is further removed from the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite show uniform and high activity (close to diffusion-control). Macroscopic voltammetric measurements in different environments reveal that the time-dependent behavior after HOPG cleavage, peculiar to Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+), is not associated particularly with any surface contaminants but is reasonably attributed to the spontaneous delamination of the HOPG with time to create partially coupled graphene layers, further supported by conductive AFM measurements. This process has a major impact on the density of states of graphene and graphite edges, particularly at the intrinsic Fermi level to which Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) is most sensitive. Through the use of an improved voltammetric mode of SECCM, we produce movies of potential-resolved and spatially resolved HOPG activity, revealing how enhanced activity at step edges is a subtle effect for Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+). These latter studies allow us to propose a microscopic model to interpret the EC response of graphene (basal plane and edges) and aged HOPG considering the nontrivial electronic band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anatolii S Cuharuc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sze-yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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48
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Torbensen K, Kongsfelt M, Shimizu K, Pedersen EB, Skrydstrup T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Patterned Carboxylation of Graphene Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4443-4452. [PMID: 25849849 DOI: 10.1021/la504500m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, direct, and versatile scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach for local carboxylation of multilayered graphene on nickel is demonstrated, in which carbon dioxide serves as the carboxylation agent under reductive conditions in N,N-dimethylformamide. The use of SECM gives control over both the spatial dimensions and the degree of carboxylation. While the pattern size, in general, is governed by the dimension of the SECM tip, the degree of modification, expressed as the surface coverage of carboxylate groups introduced at the graphene substrate, is found to be controlled by the electrolysis time. This is supported by electrochemical measurements, two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy mapping, and He ion microscopy. Surprisingly, intercalation of the supporting electrolyte in the multilayered graphene on nickel occurs to a relatively small extent when compared to corresponding results obtained in previously described carboxylations of this kind of multilayered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- †Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mikkel Kongsfelt
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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49
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Cristarella TC, Chinderle AJ, Hui J, Rodríguez-López J. Single-layer graphene as a stable and transparent electrode for nonaqueous radical annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3999-4007. [PMID: 25780938 DOI: 10.1021/la5050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We explored the use of single-layer graphene (SLG) obtained by chemical vapor deposition, and transferred to a glass substrate, as a transparent electrode material for use in coupled electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments in nonaqueous media through electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). SLG was used with classical ECL luminophores, rubrene and 9,10-diphenylanthracene, in an inert environment to generate stable electrochemical responses and measure light emission through it. As an electrode material, SLG displayed excellent stability during electrochemical potential stepping and voltammetry in a window that spanned at least from ca. -2.4 to +1.8 V versus SCE in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/benzene. Although the peak splitting between forward and reverse sweeps in voltammetry was larger in comparison to metal electrodes due to in-plane resistance, SLG displayed sufficiently facile electron transfer properties to yield stable voltammetric cycling and ECL. SLG electrodes patterned with poly tetrafluoroethylene permitted the stable generation of radical ions on an SLG microelectrode to be studied through scanning electrochemical microscopy in the generation/collection mode. SLG was able to stably collect radical ions produced by a 50 μm gold tip with up to 96% collection efficiency. The transparency of graphene was used to obtain accurate spectral responses in ECL. While inner filter effects are known to cause a shift in peak emission wavelength of spectroelectrochemical studies, the use of SLG electrodes with detection through the graphene window reduced apparent peak shifts by up to 10 nm in peak wavelength. This work introduces SLG as a virtually transparent, electrochemically active, and chemically stable platform for studying ECL in the radical annihilation mode, where large electrode polarizations could compromise the chemical stability of other existing transparent electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Cristarella
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Adam J Chinderle
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jingshu Hui
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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50
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Gyan IO, Wojcik PM, Aston DE, McIlroy DN, Cheng IF. A Study of the Electrochemical Properties of a New Graphitic Material: GUITAR. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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