1
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Hamad MS, Morciano M, Fasano M. Rocket Dynamics of Capped Nanotubes: A Molecular Dynamics Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1134. [PMID: 38998739 PMCID: PMC11243346 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The study of nanoparticle motion has fundamental relevance in a wide range of nanotechnology-based fields. Molecular dynamics simulations offer a powerful tool to elucidate the dynamics of complex systems and derive theoretical models that facilitate the invention and optimization of novel devices. This research contributes to this ongoing effort by investigating the motion of one-end capped carbon nanotubes within an aqueous environment through extensive molecular dynamics simulations. By exposing the carbon nanotubes to localized heating, propelled motion with velocities reaching up to ≈0.08 nm ps-1 was observed. Through systematic exploration of various parameters such as temperature, nanotube diameter, and size, we were able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving propulsion. Our findings demonstrate that the propulsive motion predominantly arises from a rocket-like mechanism facilitated by the progressive evaporation of water molecules entrapped within the carbon nanotube. Therefore, this study focuses on the complex interplay between nanoscale geometry, environmental conditions, and propulsion mechanisms in capped nanotubes, providing relevant insights into the design and optimization of nanoscale propulsion systems with various applications in nanotechnology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa S Hamad
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Morciano
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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2
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Gao Y, Wang X, Chen Y. Light-driven soft microrobots based on hydrogels and LCEs: development and prospects. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14278-14288. [PMID: 38694551 PMCID: PMC11062240 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the daily life of mankind, microrobots can respond to stimulations received and perform different functions, which can be used to complete repetitive or dangerous tasks. Magnetic driving works well in robots that are tens or hundreds of microns in size, but there are big challenges in driving microrobots that are just a few microns in size. Therefore, it is impossible to guarantee the precise drive of microrobots to perform tasks. Acoustic driven micro-nano robot can achieve non-invasive and on-demand movement, and the drive has good biological compatibility, but the drive mode has low resolution and requires expensive experimental equipment. Light-driven robots move by converting light energy into other forms of energy. Light is a renewable, powerful energy source that can be used to transmit energy. Due to the gradual maturity of beam modulation and optical microscope technology, the application of light-driven microrobots has gradually become widespread. Light as a kind of electromagnetic wave, we can change the energy of light by controlling the wavelength and intensity of light. Therefore, the light-driven robot has the advantages of programmable, wireless, high resolution and accurate spatio-temporal control. According to the types of robots, light-driven robots are subdivided into three categories, namely light-driven soft microrobots, photochemical microrobots and 3D printed hard polymer microrobots. In this paper, the driving materials, driving mechanisms and application scenarios of light-driven soft microrobots are reviewed, and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Finally, we prospected the field, pointed out the challenges faced by light-driven soft micro robots and proposed corresponding solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Gao
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Yibao Chen
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
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3
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Feng J, Li X, Xu T, Zhang X, Du X. Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors: From structural design to potential applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:1-35. [PMID: 37967696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that accomplish autonomous movement by transforming external energy into mechanical work are attractive cargo delivery vehicles. Among various propulsion mechanisms of MNMs, photothermal propulsion has gained considerable attention because of their unique advantages, such as remote, flexible, accurate, biocompatible, short response time, etc. Moreover, besides as a propulsion source, the light has been extensively investigated as an excitation source in bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and so on. Furthermore, the geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility. Hence, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of structural design principles and construction strategies of photothermal-driven MNMs, and their emerging nanobiomedical applications. Finally, we further provide an outlook towards prospects and challenges during the development of photothermal-driven MNMs in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that are regarded as functional cargo delivery tools have gained considerable attention because of unique advantages in propulsion mechanisms, such as remote, flexible, accurate and fully biocompatible light manipulation and extremely short light response time. The geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility of MNMs. There are no reports about the review focusing on photothermal-driven MNMs up to now. Herein, we systematically review the latest progress of photothermal-driven MNMs including design principle, fabrication strategy of various MNMs with different structures and nanobiomedical applications. Moreover, the summary and outlook on the development prospects and challenges of photothermal-driven MNMs are proposed, hoping to provide new ideas for the future design of photothermal-driven MNMs with efficient propulsion, multiple functions and high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of green recycling for strategic metal resources, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academic of Sciences, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Huang Y, Wu C, Dai J, Liu B, Cheng X, Li X, Cao Y, Chen J, Li Z, Tang J. Tunable Self-Thermophoretic Nanomotors with Polymeric Coating. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19945-19952. [PMID: 37641545 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Thermophoretic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) generate self-propulsion without a chemical reaction. Intrinsically, this promises excellent biocompatibility and is thus suitable for biomedical applications. However, their propulsion efficiency is severely limited due to the poor understanding of the thermophoretic process, which dominates the conversion from thermal energy into mechanical movement. We here developed a series of self-thermophoresis light-powered MNMs with variable surface coatings and discovered obvious self-thermophoresis propulsion enhancement of the polymeric layer. An intrinsically negative self-thermophoretic movement is also observed for the first time in the MNM system. We propose that enthalpic contributions from polymer-solvent interactions should play a fundamental role in the self-thermophoretic MNMs. Quantitative microcalorimetry and molecular dynamics simulations are performed to support our hypothesis. The polymer solvation enthalpy and coating thickness influences on self-thermophoresis are investigated, further highlighting the essential enthalpy contributions to thermophoresis. Our work indicates that surface grafting would be important in designing high-efficiency thermally driven nanorobotic systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Changjin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Biyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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5
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Zheng L, Hart N, Zeng Y. Micro-/nanoscale robotics for chemical and biological sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3741-3767. [PMID: 37496448 PMCID: PMC10530003 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00404j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of micro-/nanorobotics has attracted extensive interest from a variety of research communities and witnessed enormous progress in a broad array of applications ranging from basic research to global healthcare and to environmental remediation and protection. In particular, micro-/nanoscale robots provide an enabling platform for the development of next-generation chemical and biological sensing modalities, owing to their unique advantages as programmable, self-sustainable, and/or autonomous mobile carriers to accommodate and promote physical and chemical processes. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art development in this area and share our perspective in the future trend. This review starts with a general introduction of micro-/nanorobotics and the commonly used methods for propulsion of micro-/nanorobots in solution, along with the commonly used methods in their fabrication. Next, we comprehensively summarize the current status of the micro/nanorobotic research in relevance to chemical and biological sensing (e.g., motion-based sensing, optical sensing, and electrochemical sensing). Following that, we provide an overview of the primary challenges currently faced in the micro-/nanorobotic research. Finally, we conclude this review by providing our perspective detailing the future application of soft robotics in chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Nathan Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
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6
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Karmakar R, Chakrabarti J. Hot crystals of thermo-responsive particles with temperature dependent diameter in the presence of a temperature gradient. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:034904. [PMID: 37466232 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure formation under non-equilibrium steady state conditions is poorly understood. A non-equilibrium steady state can be achieved in a system by maintaining a temperature gradient. A class of cross-linked microgel particles, such as poly-N-iso-propylacrylamide, is reported to increase in size due to the adsorption of water as the temperature decreases. Here, we study thermo-responsive particles with a temperature sensitive diameter in the presence of a temperature gradient, using molecular dynamics simulations with the Langevin thermostat. We find long-ranged structural order using bond order parameters in both cold and hot regions of the system beyond a certain diameter ratio of the cold and hot particles. This is due to an increase in packing and pressure in both regions. Our observations might be useful in understanding ordered structures under extreme conditions of a non-equilibrium steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karmakar
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J Chakrabarti
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake Kolkata 700106, India
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7
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Guo Z, Liu T, Gao W, Iffelsberger C, Kong B, Pumera M. Multi-Wavelength Light-Responsive Metal-Phenolic Network-Based Microrobots for Reactive Species Scavenging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210994. [PMID: 36591619 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven microrobots with different propulsion mechanisms have attracted great attention in microrobot synthesis and applications. However, current systems rely heavily on precious metals, using a complex synthesis process and limited working wavelength. It is therefore of great interest to fabricate microrobots that can be driven by multi-wavelength irradiation and with simple components. Here, metal-phenolic network (MPN)-based microrobots are synthesized using a sacrificial polystyrene bead template and an extra capping is added to regulate their symmetry. The hollow MPN microrobots with different layers of capping are capable of moving under both near-infrared (NIR) irradiation and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, without fuel. The velocity of the microrobots under irradiation is altered by the thickness of the asymmetric capping and their motion could be manipulated remotely by switching the NIR or UV irradiation on and off. With light-driven mobility, the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) scavenging activity of the microrobots is significantly increased. Therefore, this proposed microrobot system provides a synthesis strategy to develop asymmetric light-navigated microrobots for future medical treatment with tunable structure, multi-wavelength light-responsive mobility, and great RONS scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Wanli Gao
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China
- Shandong Research Institute, Fudan University, Shandong, 250103, China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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8
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Zhou S, Zhao W, Hu J, Mao C, Zhou M. Application of Nanotechnology in Thrombus Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202578. [PMID: 36507827 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in the lumen of an artery or vein, restricting blood flow and causing clinical symptoms. Thrombosis is associated with many life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. However, current clinical therapeutic technologies still have many problems in targeting, enrichment, penetration, and safety to meet the thrombosis treatment needs. Therefore, researchers devote themselves to developing nanosystems loaded with antithrombotic drugs to address this paradox in recent years. Herein, the existing thrombosis treatment technologies are first reviewed; and then, their advantages and disadvantages are outlined based on a brief discussion of thrombosis's definition and formation mechanism. Furthermore, the need and application cases for introducing nanotechnology are discussed, focusing on thrombus-specific targeted ligand modification technology and microenvironment-triggered responsive drug release technology. Then, nanomaterials that can be used to design antithrombotic nanotherapeutic systems are summarized. Moreover, a variety of drug delivery technologies driven by nanomotors in thrombosis therapy is also introduced. Last of all, a prospective discussion on the future development of nanotechnology for thrombosis therapy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Sun Y, Pan R, Chen Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Wang N, Ma X, Wang GP. Efficient Preparation of a Magnetic Helical Carbon Nanomotor for Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:94-102. [PMID: 37101464 PMCID: PMC10125355 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The applications of nanomotors in the biomedical field have been attracting extensive attention. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate nanomotors in a facile way and effectively load drugs for active targeted therapy. In this work, we combine the microwave heating method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to fabricate magnetic helical nanomotors efficiently. The microwave heating method can accelerate intermolecular movement, which converts kinetic energy into heat energy and shortens the preparation time of the catalyst used for carbon nanocoil (CNC) synthesis by 15 times. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are in situ nucleated on the CNC surface by the microwave heating method to fabricate magnetically driven CNC/Fe3O4 nanomotors. In addition, we achieved precise control of the magnetically driven CNC/Fe3O4 nanomotors through remote manipulation of magnetic fields. Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is then efficiently loaded onto the nanomotors via π-π stacking interactions. Finally, the drug-loaded CNC/Fe3O4@DOX nanomotor can accurately accomplish cell targeting under external magnetic field control. Under short-time irradiation of near-infrared light, DOX can be quickly released onto target cells to effectively kill the cells. More importantly, CNC/Fe3O4@DOX nanomotors allow for single-cell or cell-cluster-targeted anticancer drug delivery, providing a dexterous platform to potentially perform many medically relevant tasks in vivo. The efficient preparation method and application in drug delivery are beneficial for future industrial production and provide inspiration for advanced micro/nanorobotic systems using the CNC as a carrier for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sun
- College
of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Renjie Pan
- College
of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuduo Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Sauvage
Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute
of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Sauvage
Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute
of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College
of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Neng Wang
- College
of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xing Ma
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Sauvage
Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute
of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Ping Wang
- College
of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Shivalkar S, Chowdhary P, Afshan T, Chaudhary S, Roy A, Samanta SK, Sahoo AK. Nanoengineering of biohybrid micro/nanobots for programmed biomedical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113054. [PMID: 36446238 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid micro/nanobots have emerged as an innovative resource to be employed in the biomedical field due to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. These are tiny nanomaterial-based integrated structures engineered in a way that they can move autonomously and perform the programmed tasks efficiently even at hard-to-reach organ/tissues/cellular sites. The biohybrid micro/nanobots can either be cell/bacterial/enzyme-based or may mimic the properties of an active molecule. It holds the potential to change the landscape in various areas of biomedical including early diagnosis of disease, therapeutics, imaging, or precision surgery. The propulsion mechanism of the biohybrid micro/nanobots can be both fuel-based and fuel-free, but the most effective and easiest way to propel these micro/nanobots is via enzymes. Micro/nanobots possess the feature to adsorb/functionalize chemicals or drugs at their surfaces thus offering the scope of delivering drugs at the targeted locations. They also have shown immense potential in intracellular sensing of biomolecules and molecular events. Moreover, with recent progress in the material development and processing is required for enhanced activity and robustness the fabrication is done via various advanced techniques to avoid self-degradation and cause cellular toxicity during autonomous movement in biological medium. In this review, various approaches of design, architecture, and performance of such micro/nanobots have been illustrated along with their potential applications in controlled cargo release, therapeutics, intracellular sensing, and bioimaging. Furthermore, it is also foregrounding their advancement offering an insight into their future scopes, opportunities, and challenges involved in advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India.
| | - Pallabi Chowdhary
- Department of Biotechnology, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Tayyaba Afshan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Shrutika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Anwesha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India.
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11
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Zhang Q, Yan Y, Liu J, Wu Y, He Q. Supramolecular colloidal motors via chemical self-assembly. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M. Photoinduced movement: how photoirradiation induced the movements of matter. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:796-844. [PMID: 36465797 PMCID: PMC9718566 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pioneered by the success on active transport of ions across membranes in 1980 using the regulation of the binding properties of crown ethers with covalently linked photoisomerizable units, extensive studies on the movements by using varied interactions between moving objects and environments have been reported. Photoinduced movements of various objects ranging from molecules, polymers to microscopic particles were discussed from the aspects of the driving for the movements, materials design to achieve the movements and systems design to see and to utilize the movements are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
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13
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Zhang D, Liu S, Guan J, Mou F. “Motile-targeting” drug delivery platforms based on micro/nanorobots for tumor therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1002171. [PMID: 36185435 PMCID: PMC9523273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional drug delivery systems opened the gate for tumor-targeted therapy, but they generally took advantage of enhanced permeability and retention or ligand-receptor mediated interaction, and thus suffered from limited recognition range (<0.5 nm) and low targeting efficiency (0.7%, median). Alternatively, micro/nanorobots (MNRs) may act as emerging “motile-targeting” drug delivery platforms to deliver therapeutic payloads, thereby making a giant step toward effective and safe cancer treatment due to their autonomous movement and navigation in biological media. This review focuses on the most recent developments of MNRs in “motile-targeting” drug delivery. After a brief introduction to traditional tumor-targeted drug delivery strategies and various MNRs, the representative applications of MNRs in “motile-targeting” drug delivery are systematically streamlined in terms of the propelling mechanisms. Following a discussion of the current challenges of each type of MNR in biomedical applications, as well as future prospects, several promising designs for MNRs that could benefit in “motile-targeting” drug delivery are proposed. This work is expected to attract and motivate researchers from different communities to advance the creation and practical application of the “motile-targeting” drug delivery platforms.
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14
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Zhao Z, Si T, Kozelskaya AI, Akimchenko IO, Tverdokhlebov SI, Rutkowski S, Frueh J. Biodegradable magnesium fuel-based Janus micromotors with surfactant induced motion direction reversal. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112780. [PMID: 35988310 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The speed and motion directionality of bubble-propelled micromotors is dependent on bubble lifetime, bubble formation frequency and bubble stabilization. Absence and presence of bubble stabilizing agents should significantly influence speed and propulsion pattern of a micromotor, especially for fast-diffusing molecules like hydrogen. This study demonstrates a fully biodegradable Janus structured micromotor, propelled by hydrogen bubbles generated by the chemical reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium. Six different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and five different concentrations of the surfactant Triton X-100 were tested, which also cover the critical micelle concentration at a pH corresponding to an empty stomach. The Janus micromotor reverses its propulsion direction depending on the availability and concentration of a surfactant. Upon surfactant-free condition, the Janus micromotor is propelled by bubble cavitation, causing the micromotor to be pulled at high speed for short time intervals into the direction of the imploding bubble and thus backwards. In case of available surfactant above the critical micelle concentration, the Janus micromotor is pushed forward by the generated bubbles, which emerge at high frequency and form a bubble trail. The finding of the propulsion direction reversal effect demonstrates the importance to investigate the motion properties of artificial micromotors in a variety of different environments prior to application, especially with surfactants, since biological media often contain large amounts of surface-active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, XiDaZhi Street 92, Mingde Building, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Tieyan Si
- School of Physics, Yikuang Street 2, 2H Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Anna I Kozelskaya
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor O Akimchenko
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | | | - Sven Rutkowski
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
| | - Johannes Frueh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, XiDaZhi Street 92, Mingde Building, Harbin 150001, PR China; Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
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15
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Luthfikasari R, Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Espinal MM, Lim KT. Plant-Actuated Micro-Nanorobotics Platforms: Structural Designs, Functional Prospects, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201417. [PMID: 35801427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are anatomically and physiologically different from humans and animals; however, there are several possibilities to utilize the unique structures and physiological systems of plants and adapt them to new emerging technologies through a strategic biomimetic approach. Moreover, plants provide safe and sustainable results that can potentially solve the problem of mass-producing practical materials with hazardous and toxic side effects, particularly in the biomedical field, which requires high biocompatibility. In this review, it is investigated how micro-nanostructures available in plants (e.g., nanoparticles, nanofibers and their composites, nanoporous materials, and natural micromotors) are adapted and utilized in the design of suitable materials for a micro-nanorobot platform. How plants' work on micro- and nanoscale systems (e.g., surface roughness, osmotically induced movements such as nastic and tropic, and energy conversion and harvesting) that are unique to plants, can provide functionality on the platform and become further prospective resources are examined. Furthermore, implementation across organisms and fields, which is promising for future practical applications of the plant-actuated micro-nanorobot platform, especially on biomedical applications, is discussed. Finally, the challenges following its implementation in the micro-nanorobot platform are also presented to provide advanced adaptation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmi Luthfikasari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Mercedes Espinal
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wang H, Yu S, Liao J, Qing X, Sun D, Ji F, Song W, Wang L, Li T. A Robot Platform for Highly Efficient Pollutant Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903219. [PMID: 35782505 PMCID: PMC9247352 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a highly efficient robot platform for pollutant adsorption. This robot system consists of a flapping-wing micro aircraft (FWMA) for long-distance transportation and delivery and cost-effective multifunctional Janus microrobots for pollutant purification. The flapping-wing micro air vehicle can hover for 11.3 km with a flapping frequency of approximately 15 Hz, fly forward up to 31.6 km/h, and drop microrobots to a targeted destination. The Janus microrobot, which is composed of a silica microsphere, nickel layer, and hydrophobic layer, is used to absorb the oil and process organic pollutants. These Janus microrobots can be propelled fast up to 9.6 body lengths per second, and on-demand speed regulation and remote navigation are manageable. These Janus microrobots can continuously carry oil droplets in aqueous environments under the control of a uniform rotating magnetic field. Because of the fluid dynamics induced by the Janus microrobots, a highly efficient removal of Rhodamine B is accomplished. This smart robot system may open a door for pollutant purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Liao
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Xudong Qing
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Daxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
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17
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Wu Z, Wu R, Li X, Wang X, Tang X, Tan K, Wan M, Mao C, Xu X, Jiang H, Li J, Zhou M, Shi D. Multi-Pathway Microenvironment Regulation for Atherosclerosis Therapy Based on Beta-Cyclodextrin/L-Arginine/Au Nanomotors with Dual-Mode Propulsion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104120. [PMID: 34918450 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most of the current non-pharmacological treatment strategies for atherosclerosis (AS) suffer from poor penetration into the plaque and only aim at a certain factor in its formation process, resulting in limited therapeutic effect. Herein, a kind of nanomotor with dual-mode propulsion is constructed, which is sensitive to higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the AS site and near-infrared (NIR) laser by the covalent binding and self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and L-arginine (LA) with immobilization of Au nanoparticles. NIR laser irradiation can be used as a driving force and to ablate inflammatory macrophages through the photothermal effect. The nitric oxide (NO) released by the nanomotors can be used as another driving force and a therapeutic agent to promote endothelial repair in the plaque site. LA can eliminate ROS in the inflammatory site, and β-CD can promote the removal of cholesterol from foam cells. In particular, the two driving modes of nanomotors synergistically promote their aggregation and penetration in the plaque. This kind of nanomotor can regulate the microenvironment of AS in multiple ways, including combination therapy for endothelial repair, lipid clearance, and reducing ROS, which is expected to become a potential non-pharmacological strategy in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueting Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaiyuan Tan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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18
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Fu D, Xie D, Wang F, Chen B, Wang Z, Peng F. Mechanically Optimize T Cells Activation by Spiky Nanomotors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:844091. [PMID: 35273958 PMCID: PMC8902353 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.844091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is vital for immune response initiation and modulation. Except for the strength of the interaction between T cell receptors (TCR) and peptides on major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC), mechanical force, mediated by professional mechanosensitive ion channels, contributes to activating T cells. The intrinsic characteristic of synthetic micro/nanomotors that convert diverse energy sources into physical movement and force, opening up new possibilities for T cell regulation. In this work, Pd/Au nanomotors with spiky morphology were fabricated, and in the presence of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide fuel, the motors exhibited continuous locomotion in the cellular biological environment. Physical cues (force and pressure) generated by the dynamic performance are sensed by mechanosensitive ion channels of T cells and trigger Ca2+ influx and subsequent activation. The successful demonstration that mechanical signals generated in the bio microenvironment can potentiate T cells activation, represents a potential approach for cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dazhi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Peng,
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19
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Abstract
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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20
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Zhang F, Mundaca-Uribe R, Askarinam N, Li Z, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Biomembrane-Functionalized Micromotors: Biocompatible Active Devices for Diverse Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107177. [PMID: 34699649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in developing synthetic micromotors with biofunctional, versatile, and adaptive capabilities for biomedical applications. In this perspective, cell membrane-functionalized micromotors emerge as an attractive platform. This new class of micromotors demonstrates enhanced propulsion and compelling performance in complex biological environments, making them suitable for various in vivo applications, including drug delivery, detoxification, immune modulation, and phototherapy. This article reviews various proof-of-concept studies based on different micromotor designs and cell membrane coatings in these areas. The review focuses on the motor structure and performance relationship and highlights how cell membrane functionalization overcomes the obstacles faced by traditional synthetic micromotors while imparting them with unique capabilities. Overall, the cell membrane-functionalized micromotors are expected to advance micromotor research and facilitate its translation towards practical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nelly Askarinam
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhengxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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21
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Karmakar R, Chakrabarti J. A long-range order in a thermally driven system with temperature-dependent interactions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:867-876. [PMID: 35001096 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of macro-molecules under an external force is far from being understood. An important driving situation is achieved by temperature difference. Inter-particle interactions in metallic nanoparticles with ligand capping are reported to be sensitive to temperature and the zeta potential of the particles being reduced in the cold region. Such particles form aggregates in the cold region of the system in the presence of temperature difference. Here we study the aggregation of particles in the presence of temperature difference with temperature-dependent interaction parameters using Brownian dynamics simulation. The particle interaction and particle diffusion are considered to be sensitive to the local temperature. We identify a long-range structural order in the cold region of the system using the Avrami equation for crystal growth kinetics. Our observations might be useful in designing ordered structures with macro-molecules under non-equilibrium steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karmakar
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
| | - J Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
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22
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Yan M, Liang K, Zhao D, Kong B. Core-Shell Structured Micro-Nanomotors: Construction, Shell Functionalization, Applications, and Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102887. [PMID: 34611979 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The successful integration of well-designed micro-nanomotors (MNMs) with diverse functional systems, such as, living systems, remote actuation systems, intelligent sensors, and sensing systems, offers many opportunities to not only endow them with diverse functionalization interfaces but also bring augmented or new properties in a wide variety of applications. Core-shell structured MNM systems have been considered to play an important role in a wide range of applications as they provide a platform to integrate multiple complementary components via decoration, encapsulation, or functionalization into a single functional system, being able to protect the active species from harsh environments, and bring improved propulsion performance, stability, non-toxicity, multi-functionality, and dispersibility, etc., which are not easily available from the isolated components. More importantly, the hetero-interfaces between individual components within a core-shell structure might give rise to boosted or new physiochemical properties. This review will bring together these key aspects of the core-shell structured MNMs, ranging from advanced protocols, enhanced/novel functionalities arising from diverse functional shells, to integrated core-shell structured MNMs for diverse applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of core-shell structured MNMs are discussed in term of synthesis, functions, propulsions, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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23
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Zhao Z, Wu Z, Rutkowski S, Tverdokhlebov SI, Frueh J. Influence of the pH value and the surfactant concentration on the pumping performance of magnesium fuel based Janus micropumps. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Liang Z, Tu Y, Peng F. Polymeric Micro/Nanomotors and Their Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100720. [PMID: 34110714 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their naissance in the 2000s, various micro or nanomotors with powerful functions have been proposed. Among them, polymer-based micro or nanomotors stand out for the easy processing and facile functionalization, holding immense potential for bioapplications. In this review, fabrication of polymer-based micro or nanomotors and their applications in biomedical areas are covered. Classic manufacturing approaches as well as cutting-edge techniques are discussed with representative works highlighted. Current challenges and future prospects are presented in the hope of pointing new research directions to facilitate practical translations of micro/nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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25
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Li Z, Xie Z, Lu H, Wang Y, Liu Y. Cargo Transportation and Methylene Blue Degradation by Using Fuel-Powered Micromotors. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:861-866. [PMID: 34346565 PMCID: PMC8409089 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, micromotors have experienced rapid development, especially in environmental remediation, the biomedical field, and in cargo delivery. In this study micromotors have been synthesized from a variety of materials. Different functional layers and catalytic layers are formed through template electrodeposition (the bottom-up method). At the same time, the article analyzes the influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration, surfactant type and concentration on the speed of the micromotors. Cargo transportation through tubular micromotors has always been a problem that people are eager to solve. In this article, we electrodeposit a layer of Ni in the microtubes, which effectively guides the microtubular motors to complete the cargo transportation. The potential applications of micromotors are also being explored. We added the prepared micromotors to the methylene blue solution to effectively enhance the degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Li
- Department of Physics and MathematicsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection andAdvanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai201300China
| | - Zhongzhou Xie
- Department of Physics and MathematicsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection andAdvanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai201300China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Physics and MathematicsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection andAdvanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai201300China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physics and MathematicsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection andAdvanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai201300China
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Physics and MathematicsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection andAdvanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai201300China
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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26
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Li X, Wu R, Chen H, Li T, Jiang H, Xu X, Tang X, Wan M, Mao C, Shi D. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Multifunctional Tubular Micromotors for Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30930-30940. [PMID: 34156244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the difficulties in atherosclerosis treatment is that the ablation of inflammatory macrophages, repair of vascular endothelial injury, and anti-tissue proliferation should be considered. However, there are few studies that can solve the abovementioned problems simultaneously. Herein, we present a kind of near-infrared (NIR) light-driven multifunctional mesoporous/macroporous tubular micromotor which can rapidly target the damaged blood vessels and release different drugs. Their motion effect can promote themselves to penetrate into the plaque site, and the generated heat effect caused by NIR irradiation can realize the photothermal ablation of inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, these micromotors can rapidly release the vascular endothelial growth factor for endothelialization and slowly release paclitaxel for antiproliferation to achieve synergistic treatment of atherosclerosis. In vivo results demonstrated that the micromotors can achieve a good therapeutic effect for atherosclerosis. This kind of micro/nanomotor technology with a complex porous structure for drug loading will bring a more potential treatment platform for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xueting Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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27
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Verma B, Gumfekar SP, Sabapathy M. A critical review on micro‐ and nanomotors: Application towards wastewater treatment. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar India
| | - Sarang P. Gumfekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar India
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Wan M, Li T, Chen H, Mao C, Shen J. Biosafety, Functionalities, and Applications of Biomedical Micro/nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13158-13176. [PMID: 33145879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique ability to actively move, micro/nanomotors offer the possibility of breaking through the limitations of traditional passive drug delivery systems for the treatment of many diseases, and have attracted the increasing attention of researchers. However, at present, the realization of many advantages of micro/nanomotors in disease treatment in vivo is still in its infancy, because of the complexity and particularity of diseases in different parts of human body. In this Minireview, we first focus on the biosafety and functionality of micro/nanomotors as a biomedical treatment system. Then, we address the treatment difficulties of various diseases in vivo (such as ophthalmic disease, orthopedic disease, gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer), and then review the research progress of biomedical micro/nanomotors in the past 20 years, Finally, we propose the challenges in this field and possible future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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29
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Hortelao AC, Simó C, Guix M, Guallar-Garrido S, Julián E, Vilela D, Rejc L, Ramos-Cabrer P, Cossío U, Gómez-Vallejo V, Patiño T, Llop J, Sánchez S. Swarming behavior and in vivo monitoring of enzymatic nanomotors within the bladder. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/52/eabd2823. [PMID: 34043548 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abd2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-powered nanomotors are an exciting technology for biomedical applications due to their ability to navigate within biological environments using endogenous fuels. However, limited studies into their collective behavior and demonstrations of tracking enzyme nanomotors in vivo have hindered progress toward their clinical translation. Here, we report the swarming behavior of urease-powered nanomotors and its tracking using positron emission tomography (PET), both in vitro and in vivo. For that, mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing urease enzymes and gold nanoparticles were used as nanomotors. To image them, nanomotors were radiolabeled with either 124I on gold nanoparticles or 18F-labeled prosthetic group to urease. In vitro experiments showed enhanced fluid mixing and collective migration of nanomotors, demonstrating higher capability to swim across complex paths inside microfabricated phantoms, compared with inactive nanomotors. In vivo intravenous administration in mice confirmed their biocompatibility at the administered dose and the suitability of PET to quantitatively track nanomotors in vivo. Furthermore, nanomotors were administered directly into the bladder of mice by intravesical injection. When injected with the fuel, urea, a homogeneous distribution was observed even after the entrance of fresh urine. By contrast, control experiments using nonmotile nanomotors (i.e., without fuel or without urease) resulted in sustained phase separation, indicating that the nanomotors' self-propulsion promotes convection and mixing in living reservoirs. Active collective dynamics, together with the medical imaging tracking, constitute a key milestone and a step forward in the field of biomedical nanorobotics, paving the way toward their use in theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Hortelao
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Simó
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Maria Guix
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Vilela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Luka Rejc
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Unai Cossío
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona Spain. .,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa, Spain.
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Wang Y, Li M, Chang JK, Aurelio D, Li W, Kim BJ, Kim JH, Liscidini M, Rogers JA, Omenetto FG. Light-activated shape morphing and light-tracking materials using biopolymer-based programmable photonic nanostructures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1651. [PMID: 33712607 PMCID: PMC7955034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural systems display sophisticated control of light-matter interactions at multiple length scales for light harvesting, manipulation, and management, through elaborate photonic architectures and responsive material formats. Here, we combine programmable photonic function with elastomeric material composites to generate optomechanical actuators that display controllable and tunable actuation as well as complex deformation in response to simple light illumination. The ability to topographically control photonic bandgaps allows programmable actuation of the elastomeric substrate in response to illumination. Complex three-dimensional configurations, programmable motion patterns, and phototropic movement where the material moves in response to the motion of a light source are presented. A “photonic sunflower” demonstrator device consisting of a light-tracking solar cell is also illustrated to demonstrate the utility of the material composite. The strategy presented here provides new opportunities for the future development of intelligent optomechanical systems that move with light on demand. Programmable optical actuation in a material provides special possibilities for applications. Here, the authors combine photonic crystals with elastomers to provide material composites with tunable deformation and actuation as a function of moving light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jan-Kai Chang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daniele Aurelio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Wenyi Li
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marco Liscidini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Suite 4875, 200 Boston Avenue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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32
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Wan M, Li T, Chen H, Mao C, Shen J. Biosafety, Functionalities, and Applications of Biomedical Micro/nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
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33
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Fiedler C, Ulbricht C, Truglas T, Wielend D, Bednorz M, Groiss H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Reversible Speed Regulation of Self-Propelled Janus Micromotors via Thermoresponsive Bottle-Brush Polymers. Chemistry 2021; 27:3262-3267. [PMID: 33205559 PMCID: PMC7898474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a reversible braking system for micromotors that can be controlled by small temperature changes (≈5 °C). To achieve this, gated-mesoporous organosilica microparticles are internally loaded with metal catalysts (to form the motor) and the exterior (partially) grafted with thermosensitive bottle-brush polyphosphazenes to form Janus particles. When placed in an aqueous solution of H2 O2 (the fuel), rapid forward propulsion of the motors ensues due to decomposition of the fuel. Conformational changes of the polymers at defined temperatures regulate the bubble formation rate and thus act as brakes with considerable deceleration/acceleration observed. As the components can be easily varied, this represents a versatile, modular platform for the exogenous velocity control of micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fiedler
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
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34
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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35
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Kim H, Lee SY. A near-infrared light-responsive upconversion nanoparticle micromotor propelled by oxygen bubbles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:512-515. [PMID: 33331840 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05820c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive micromotors using photosensitizer-decorated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are described. The UCNP motors converting near-infrared light into visible emission were propelled by oxygen bubble propulsion. The micromotor can be easily controlled by adjusting the light intensity, solution pH, and concentration of H2O2 and UCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson BJ, Zhang L. Trends in Micro-/Nanorobotics: Materials Development, Actuation, Localization, and System Integration for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002047. [PMID: 33617105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanorobots (m-bots) have attracted significant interest due to their suitability for applications in biomedical engineering and environmental remediation. Particularly, their applications in in vivo diagnosis and intervention have been the focus of extensive research in recent years with various clinical imaging techniques being applied for localization and tracking. The successful integration of well-designed m-bots with surface functionalization, remote actuation systems, and imaging techniques becomes the crucial step toward biomedical applications, especially for the in vivo uses. This review thus addresses four different aspects of biomedical m-bots: design/fabrication, functionalization, actuation, and localization. The biomedical applications of the m-bots in diagnosis, sensing, microsurgery, targeted drug/cell delivery, thrombus ablation, and wound healing are reviewed from these viewpoints. The developed biomedical m-bot systems are comprehensively compared and evaluated based on their characteristics. The current challenges and the directions of future research in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
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38
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Li T, Wan M, Mao C. Research Progress of Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer Treatment. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2586-2598. [PMID: 33174354 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely used in cancer treatment and have achieved remarkable results. However, the specificity of the tumor microenvironment and a series of biological barriers (such as blood flow, cell membrane, dense tissue, etc.) have caused many obstacles faced by nanomaterials after entering the human body, which makes traditional drug delivery vehicles have insurmountable difficulties, such as low delivery efficiency, poor permeability, etc. The micro/nanomotors with autonomous movement capabilities provide the possibility to solve the above problems. Therefore, this review summarizes the current researches of micro/nanomotors strategies to overcome the different biological barriers of nanomaterials in cancer treatment. The advantages and disadvantages of three typical micro/nanomotors (biological, physical and chemical micro/nanomotors) in cancer treatment are summarized separately, and the future design of micro/nanomotors more suitable for tumor environment was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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40
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Aziz A, Pane S, Iacovacci V, Koukourakis N, Czarske J, Menciassi A, Medina-Sánchez M, Schmidt OG. Medical Imaging of Microrobots: Toward In Vivo Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10865-10893. [PMID: 32869971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Medical microrobots (MRs) have been demonstrated for a variety of non-invasive biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and assisted fertilization, among others. However, most of these demonstrations have been carried out in in vitro settings and under optical microscopy, being significantly different from the clinical practice. Thus, medical imaging techniques are required for localizing and tracking such tiny therapeutic machines when used in medical-relevant applications. This review aims at analyzing the state of the art of microrobots imaging by critically discussing the potentialities and limitations of the techniques employed in this field. Moreover, the physics and the working principle behind each analyzed imaging strategy, the spatiotemporal resolution, and the penetration depth are thoroughly discussed. The paper deals with the suitability of each imaging technique for tracking single or swarms of MRs and discusses the scenarios where contrast or imaging agent's inclusion is required, either to absorb, emit, or reflect a determined physical signal detected by an external system. Finally, the review highlights the existing challenges and perspective solutions which could be promising for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azaam Aziz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefano Pane
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Iacovacci
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nektarios Koukourakis
- Chair of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, School of Engineering, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Computational Laser Systems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Czarske
- Chair of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, School of Engineering, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Computational Laser Systems, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 10, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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42
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Kong L, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Guan J, Pumera M. Photocatalytic Micromotors Activated by UV to Visible Light for Environmental Remediation, Micropumps, Reversible Assembly, Transportation, and Biomimicry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903179. [PMID: 31402632 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic micromotors are light-induced, chemically powered micromachines based on photocatalytic materials, activated by light illumination, and have redox reactions with environmental solutions to produce chemical gradients and bubbles that propel the micromachines through self-diffusiophoresis, self-electrophoresis, and bubble recoil. Due to the fact that excitation light relates largely to the bandgaps of selected materials, the development of photocatalytic micromotors has experienced an evolution from ultraviolet-light-activated to visible-light-activated and potentially biocompatible systems. Furthermore, due to the strong redox capacity and physical effects caused by the products or product gradients, photocatalytic micromotors have applications in environmental remediation, micropumps, reversible assembly, transportation, and biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ou J, Liu K, Jiang J, Wilson DA, Liu L, Wang F, Wang S, Tu Y, Peng F. Micro-/Nanomotors toward Biomedical Applications: The Recent Progress in Biocompatibility. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906184. [PMID: 32130759 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly versatile natural motors, artificial micro-/nanomotors that can convert surrounding energies into mechanical motion and accomplish multiple tasks are devised. In the past few years, micro-/nanomotors have demonstrated significant potential in biomedicine. However, the practical biomedical applications of these small-scale devices are still at an infant stage. For successful bench-to-bed translation, biocompatibility of micro-/nanomotor systems is the central issue to be considered. Herein, the recent progress in micro-/nanomotors in biocompatibility is reviewed, with a special focus on their biomedical applications. Through close collaboration between researches in the nanoengineering, material chemistry, and biomedical fields, it is expected that a promising real-world application platform based on micro-/nanomotors will emerge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanfeng Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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44
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Wu Z, Chen Y, Mukasa D, Pak OS, Gao W. Medical micro/nanorobots in complex media. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8088-8112. [PMID: 32596700 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Medical micro/nanorobots have received tremendous attention over the past decades owing to their potential to be navigated into hard-to-reach tissues for a number of biomedical applications ranging from targeted drug/gene delivery, bio-isolation, detoxification, to nanosurgery. Despite the great promise, the majority of the past demonstrations are primarily under benchtop or in vitro conditions. Many developed micro/nanoscale propulsion mechanisms are based on the assumption of a homogeneous, Newtonian environment, while realistic biological environments are substantially more complex. Moving toward practical medical use, the field of micro/nanorobotics must overcome several major challenges including propulsion through complex media (such as blood, mucus, and vitreous) as well as deep tissue imaging and control in vivo. In this review article, we summarize the recent research efforts on investigating how various complexities in biological environments impact the propulsion of micro/nanoswimmers. We also highlight the emerging technological approaches to enhance the locomotion of micro/nanorobots in complex environments. The recent demonstrations of in vivo imaging, control and therapeutic medical applications of such micro/nanorobots are introduced. We envision that continuing materials and technological innovations through interdisciplinary collaborative efforts can bring us steps closer to the fantasy of "swallowing a surgeon".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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45
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Holub M, Adobes-Vidal M, Frutiger A, Gschwend PM, Pratsinis SE, Momotenko D. Single-Nanoparticle Thermometry with a Nanopipette. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7358-7369. [PMID: 32426962 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal measurements at the nanoscale are key for designing technologies in many areas, including drug delivery systems, photothermal therapies, and nanoscale motion devices. Herein, we present a nanothermometry technique that operates in electrolyte solutions and, therefore, is applicable for many in vitro measurements, capable of measuring and mapping temperature with nanoscale spatial resolution and sensitive to detect temperature changes down to 30 mK with 43 μs temporal resolution. The methodology is based on local measurements of ionic conductivity confined at the tip of a pulled glass capillary, a nanopipettete, with opening diameters as small as 6 nm. When scanned above a specimen, the measured ion flux is converted into temperature using an extensive theoretical support given by numerical and analytical modeling. This allows quantitative thermal measurements with a variety of capillary dimensions and is applicable to a range of substrates. We demonstrate the capabilities of this nanothermometry technique by simultaneous mapping of temperature and topography on sub-micrometer-sized aggregates of thermoplasmonic nanoparticles heated by a laser and observe the formation of micro- and nanobubbles upon plasmonic heating. Furthermore, we perform quantitative thermometry on a single-nanoparticle level, demonstrating that the temperature at an individual nanoheater of 25 nm in diameter can reach an increase of about 3 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holub
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Pascal M Gschwend
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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46
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Wan M, Wang Q, Li X, Xu B, Fang D, Li T, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang Y, Wang M, Wang F, Mao C, Shen J, Wei J. Systematic Research and Evaluation Models of Nanomotors for Cancer Combined Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Qi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Dan Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yueqi Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Leyi Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Meng Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
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47
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Wan M, Wang Q, Li X, Xu B, Fang D, Li T, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang Y, Wang M, Wang F, Mao C, Shen J, Wei J. Systematic Research and Evaluation Models of Nanomotors for Cancer Combined Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14458-14465. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Qi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Dan Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yueqi Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Leyi Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Meng Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
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48
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Wan M, Wang Q, Wang R, Wu R, Li T, Fang D, Huang Y, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Miao Z, Zhao B, Wang F, Mao C, Jiang Q, Xu X, Shi D. Platelet-derived porous nanomotor for thrombus therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9014. [PMID: 32766445 PMCID: PMC7385437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The treatment difficulties of venous thrombosis include short half-life, low utilization, and poor penetration of drugs at thrombus site. Here, we develop one kind of mesoporous/macroporous silica/platinum nanomotors with platelet membrane (PM) modification (MMNM/PM) for sequentially targeting delivery of thrombolytic and anticoagulant drugs for thrombus treatment. Regulated by the special proteins on PM, the nanomotors target the thrombus site and then PM can be ruptured under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation to achieve desirable sequential drug release, including rapid release of thrombolytic urokinase (3 hours) and slow release of anticoagulant heparin (>20 days). Meantime, the motion ability of nanomotors under NIR irradiation can effectively promote them to penetrate deeply in thrombus site to enhance retention ratio. The in vitro and in vivo evaluation results confirm that the synergistic effect of targeting ability from PM and motion ability from nanomotors can notably enhance the thrombolysis effect in both static/dynamic thrombus and rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rongliang Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yueqi Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Leyi Fang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuoyue Miao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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49
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Yuan K, Jiang Z, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Nano/Micromotors for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Chemistry 2019; 26:2309-2326. [PMID: 31682040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Micromotors are man-made nano/microscale devices capable of transforming energy into mechanical motion. The accessibility and force offered by micromotors hold great promise to solve complex biomedical challenges. This Review highlights current progress and prospects in the use of nano and micromotors for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Motion-based sensing and fluorescence switching detection strategies along with therapeutic approaches based on direct cell capture; killing by direct contact or specific drug delivery to the affected site, will be comprehensively covered. Future challenges to translate the potential of nano/micromotors into practical applications will be described in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Toebes BJ, Cao F, Wilson DA. Spatial control over catalyst positioning on biodegradable polymeric nanomotors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5308. [PMID: 31757958 PMCID: PMC6876569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists over the world are inspired by biological nanomotors and try to mimic these complex structures. In recent years multiple nanomotors have been created for various fields, such as biomedical applications or environmental remediation, which require a different design both in terms of size and shape, as well as material properties. So far, only relatively simple designs for synthetic nanomotors have been reported. Herein, we report an approach to create biodegradable polymeric nanomotors with a multivalent design. PEG-PDLLA (poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactide)) stomatocytes with azide handles were created that were selectively reduced on the outside surface by TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) functionalized beads. Thereby, two different functional handles were created, both on the inner and outer surface of the stomatocytes, providing spatial control for catalyst positioning. Enzymes were coupled on the inside of the stomatocyte to induce motion in the presence of fuel, while fluorophores and other molecules can be attached on the outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jelle Toebes
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Cao
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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