1
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Li T, Wang Y, Li W, Mao D, Benmore CJ, Evangelista I, Xing H, Li Q, Wang F, Sivaraman G, Janotti A, Law S, Gu T. Structural Phase Transitions between Layered Indium Selenide for Integrated Photonic Memory. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108261. [PMID: 35435286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The primary mechanism of optical memoristive devices relies on phase transitions between amorphous and crystalline states. The slow or energy-hungry amorphous-crystalline transitions in optical phase-change materials are detrimental to the scalability and performance of devices. Leveraging an integrated photonic platform, nonvolatile and reversible switching between two layered structures of indium selenide (In2 Se3 ) triggered by a single nanosecond pulse is demonstrated. The high-resolution pair distribution function reveals the detailed atomistic transition pathways between the layered structures. With interlayer "shear glide" and isosymmetric phase transition, switching between the α- and β-structural states contains low re-configurational entropy, allowing reversible switching between layered structures. Broadband refractive index contrast, optical transparency, and volumetric effect in the crystalline-crystalline phase transition are experimentally characterized in molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown thin films and compared to ab initio calculations. The nonlinear resonator transmission spectra measure of incremental linear loss rate of 3.3 GHz, introduced by a 1.5 µm-long In2 Se3 -covered layer, resulted from the combinations of material absorption and scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Dun Mao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Chris J Benmore
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Igor Evangelista
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Huadan Xing
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Feifan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ganesh Sivaraman
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Tingyi Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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2
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Hsueh YH, Ranjan A, Lyu LM, Hsiao KY, Lu MY. In situ TEM observations of void movement in Ag nanowires affecting the electrical properties under biasing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11221-11224. [PMID: 34632468 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the electromigration (EM) of metal electrodes and the effect of stacking faults on the EM in Ag nanowires (NWs). We used the galvanic replacement method to synthesize these NWs by controlling the concentration of silver nitrate. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of both intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults in the Ag NWs. We found that planar defects increased the lifetime of the devices with an intrinsic change in the material properties. Our EM measurements involved examinations of the change in electrical resistance (arising from void formation in the NW as a result of electromigration) as well as direct visual observation of the shape (using in situ TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Hsueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Ashok Ranjan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Lian-Ming Lyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yen Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. .,High Entropy Materials Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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3
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Paulo de Campos da Costa J, Assis M, Teodoro V, Rodrigues A, Cristina de Foggi C, San-Miguel MA, Pereira do Carmo JP, Andrés J, Longo E. Electron beam irradiation for the formation of thick Ag film on Ag 3PO 4. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21745-21753. [PMID: 35516617 PMCID: PMC9054597 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the electron beam irradiation of materials, typically used in characterization measurements, could be employed for advanced fabrication, modification, and functionalization of composites. We developed irradiation equipment using an electron beam irradiation source to be applied in materials modification. Using this equipment, the formation of a thick Ag film on the Ag3PO4 semiconductor is carried out by electron beam irradiation for the first time. This is confirmed by various experimental techniques (X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Our calculations demonstrate that, at the earlier stages, metallic Ag growth is initiated preferentially at the (110) surface, with the reduction of surface Ag cations forming metallic Ag clusters. As the (100) and (111) surfaces have smaller numbers of exposed Ag cations, the reductions on these surfaces are slower and are accompanied by the formation of O2 molecules. This study demonstrates that the electron beam irradiation of materials, typically used in characterization measurements, could be employed for advanced fabrication, modification, and functionalization of composites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo de Campos da Costa
- Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of São Paulo (USP) 13566-590 São Carlos Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, INCTMN, CDMF, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) 13565-905 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Marcelo Assis
- Department of Chemistry, INCTMN, CDMF, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) 13565-905 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Vinícius Teodoro
- Department of Chemistry, INCTMN, CDMF, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) 13565-905 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-(UNICAMP) 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina de Foggi
- Department of Chemistry, INCTMN, CDMF, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) 13565-905 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel San-Miguel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-(UNICAMP) 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - João Paulo Pereira do Carmo
- Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of São Paulo (USP) 13566-590 São Carlos Brazil.,R&D Centre MicroElectroMechanics (CMEMS), University of Minho Campus Azurem 4800-052 Guimaraes Portugal
| | - Juan Andrés
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI) Castelló 12071 Spain
| | - Elson Longo
- Department of Chemistry, INCTMN, CDMF, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) 13565-905 São Carlos Brazil
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4
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Procopio EF, Pedrosa RN, L. de Souza FA, Paz WS, Scopel WL. Tuning the photocatalytic water-splitting capability of two-dimensional α-In2Se3 by strain-driven band gap engineering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3520-3526. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the effects of in-plane mechanical strains on the electronic properties of single-layer α-In2Se3 by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F. Procopio
- Department of Physics – Federal University of Espirito Santo
- Goiabeiras
- Brazil
| | - Renan N. Pedrosa
- Department of Physics – Federal University of Espirito Santo
- Goiabeiras
- Brazil
| | - Fábio A. L. de Souza
- Federal Institute of Education
- Science and Technology of Espírito Santo
- Ibatiba/ES
- Brazil
| | - Wendel S. Paz
- Department of Physics – Federal University of Espirito Santo
- Goiabeiras
- Brazil
| | - Wanderlã L. Scopel
- Department of Physics – Federal University of Espirito Santo
- Goiabeiras
- Brazil
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5
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Vilaplana R, Parra SG, Jorge-Montero A, Rodríguez-Hernández P, Munoz A, Errandonea D, Segura A, Manjón FJ. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on α-In2Se3 at High Pressure. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8241-8252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vilaplana
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Gallego Parra
- Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jorge-Montero
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Plácida Rodríguez-Hernández
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alfonso Munoz
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Daniel Errandonea
- Departamento de Física Aplicada-ICMUV, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alfredo Segura
- Departamento de Física Aplicada-ICMUV, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manjón
- Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Luo C, Wang C, Wu X, Zhang J, Chu J. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization and Manipulation of Two-Dimensional Layered Materials beyond Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1604259. [PMID: 28783241 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ultra-thin materials beyond graphene with rich physical properties and unique layered structures are promising for applications in electronics, chemistry, energy, and bioscience, etc. The interaction mechanisms among the structures, chemical compositions and physical properties of 2D layered materials are critical for fundamental nanosciences and the practical fabrication of next-generation nanodevices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with its high spatial resolution and versatile external fields, is undoubtedly a powerful tool for the static characterization and dynamic manipulation of nanomaterials and nanodevices at the atomic scale. The rapid development of thin-film and precision microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques allows 2D layered materials and nanodevices to be probed and engineered inside TEM under external stimuli such as thermal, electrical, mechanical, liquid/gas environmental, optical, and magnetic fields at the nanoscale. Such advanced technologies leverage the traditional static TEM characterization into an in situ and interactive manipulation of 2D layered materials without sacrificing the resolution or the high vacuum chamber environment, facilitating exploration of the intrinsic structure-property relationship of 2D layered materials. In this Review, the dynamic properties tailored and observed by the most advanced and unprecedented in situ TEM technology are introduced. The challenges in spatial, time and energy resolution are discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chaolun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junhao Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
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7
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Chang CF, Chen JY, Huang CW, Chiu CH, Lin TY, Yeh PH, Wu WW. Direct Observation of Dual-Filament Switching Behaviors in Ta 2 O 5 -Based Memristors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603116. [PMID: 28165195 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Forming phenomenon is observed via in situ transmission electron microscopy in the Ag/Ta2 O5 /Pt system. The device is switched to a low-resistance state as the dual filament is connected to the electrodes. The results of energy dispersive spectrometer and electron energy loss spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the filament is composed by a stack of oxygen vacancies and Ag metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fu Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hung Yeh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 151 Ying Chuan Road, 251, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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8
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Prusakova V, Collini C, Nardi M, Tatti R, Lunelli L, Vanzetti L, Lorenzelli L, Baldi G, Chiappini A, Chiasera A, Ristic D, Verucchi R, Bortolotti M, Dirè S. The development of sol–gel derived TiO2 thin films and corresponding memristor architectures. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical response of Pt/TiO2/Pt with an atmosphere-controlled structure of a switching layer depends on electroforming parameters and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Nardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Trento
- 38123 Trento
- Italy
- CNR-IMEM
| | | | | | | | | | - Giacomo Baldi
- Department of Physics
- University of Trento
- 38123 Trento
- Italy
| | | | | | - Davor Ristic
- Division of Materials Physics
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | - Mauro Bortolotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Trento
- 38123 Trento
- Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Trento
- 38123 Trento
- Italy
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9
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Mafi E, Tao X, Zhu W, Gao Y, Wang C, Gu Y. Generation and the role of dislocations in single-crystalline phase-change In2Se3 nanowires under electrical pulses. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:335704. [PMID: 27389929 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/33/335704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of the generation of dislocations in single-crystal phase-change In2Se3 nanowires under electrical pulses and the impact of these dislocations on electrical properties. Particularly, we correlated the atomic-scale structural characteristics with local electrical resistance variations, by performing transmission electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy on the same nanowires. By coupling the experimental results with first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show that the immobile dislocations are generated via vacancy condensations. Importantly, these dislocations lead to several orders of magnitude increase in the electrical resistance, while maintaining the single crystallinity of the lattice. These results significantly advance the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relation in this phase-change material under transient electrical excitations. From a practical perspective, the significant increase in the electrical resistance, driven by the formation of dislocations, can be exploited as a new electronic state in the single-crystalline phase in this phase-change material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mafi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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10
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Chen JY, Huang CW, Chiu CH, Huang YT, Wu WW. Switching Kinetic of VCM-Based Memristor: Evolution and Positioning of Nanofilament. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5028-5033. [PMID: 26193454 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The filament in aAu/Ta2 O5 /Au system is analyzed and determined to be a nanoscaled TaO2-x filament. A shrunken anode localizes the filament formation and the defect boundary leads to faster accumulation of oxygen vacancies. The defect changes the switching domination between electron transport and oxygen-vacancy migration. The migration of oxygen vacancies limits the filament dynamics, indicating the crucial role played by oxygen defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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11
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Hu J, Vanacore GM, Yang Z, Miao X, Zewail AH. Transient Structures and Possible Limits of Data Recording in Phase-Change Materials. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6728-37. [PMID: 26035229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change materials (PCMs) represent the leading candidates for universal data storage devices, which exploit the large difference in the physical properties of their transitional lattice structures. On a nanoscale, it is fundamental to determine their performance, which is ultimately controlled by the speed limit of transformation among the different structures involved. Here, we report observation with atomic-scale resolution of transient structures of nanofilms of crystalline germanium telluride, a prototypical PCM, using ultrafast electron crystallography. A nonthermal transformation from the initial rhombohedral phase to the cubic structure was found to occur in 12 ps. On a much longer time scale, hundreds of picoseconds, equilibrium heating of the nanofilm is reached, driving the system toward amorphization, provided that high excitation energy is invoked. These results elucidate the elementary steps defining the structural pathway in the transformation of crystalline-to-amorphous phase transitions and describe the essential atomic motions involved when driven by an ultrafast excitation. The establishment of the time scales of the different transient structures, as reported here, permits determination of the possible limit of performance, which is crucial for high-speed recording applications of PCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Hu
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Giovanni M Vanacore
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ahmed H Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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12
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Hsin CL, Huang CW, Chen JY, Liao KC, Liu PL, Wu WW, Chen LJ. Direct Observation of Sublimation Behaviors in One-Dimensional In2Se3/In2O3 Nanoheterostructures. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5584-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lun Hsin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu
City, 30013 Taiwan
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Liao
- Graduate
Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City, 402 Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate
Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City, 402 Taiwan
- Department
of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Lih-Juann Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu
City, 30013 Taiwan
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