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Patra A, Caligiuri V, Zappone B, Krahne R, De Luca A. In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal-Dielectric-Metal Cavities. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1489-1495. [PMID: 36745481 PMCID: PMC9951238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons can be generated by tuning the optical transitions of a light emitter to the resonances of a photonic cavity. We show that a dye-doped cavity generates resonant tunneling polaritons with Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) effective permittivity. We studied the polariton spectral dispersion in dye-doped metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) cavities as a function of the in-plane (k||) and out-of-plane (k⊥) components of the incident wavevector. The dependence on k|| was investigated through ellipsometry, revealing the ENZ modes. The k⊥ dependence was measured by varying the cavity thickness under normal incidence using a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA). Both methods revealed a large Rabi splitting well exceeding 100 meV. The SFA-based investigation highlighted the collective nature of strong coupling by producing a splitting proportional to the square root of the involved photons. This study demonstrates the possibility of generating ENZ polaritons and introduces the SFA as a powerful tool for the characterization of strong light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Patra
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Optoelectronics
Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caligiuri
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Zappone
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Roman Krahne
- Optoelectronics
Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
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2
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Plasmonic phenomena in molecular junctions: principles and applications. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:681-704. [PMID: 37117494 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular junctions are building blocks for constructing future nanoelectronic devices that enable the investigation of a broad range of electronic transport properties within nanoscale regions. Crossing both the nanoscopic and mesoscopic length scales, plasmonics lies at the intersection of the macroscopic photonics and nanoelectronics, owing to their capability of confining light to dimensions far below the diffraction limit. Research activities on plasmonic phenomena in molecular electronics started around 2010, and feedback between plasmons and molecular junctions has increased over the past years. These efforts can provide new insights into the near-field interaction and the corresponding tunability in properties, as well as resultant plasmon-based molecular devices. This Review presents the latest advancements of plasmonic resonances in molecular junctions and details the progress in plasmon excitation and plasmon coupling. We also highlight emerging experimental approaches to unravel the mechanisms behind the various types of light-matter interactions at molecular length scales, where quantum effects come into play. Finally, we discuss the potential of these plasmonic-electronic hybrid systems across various future applications, including sensing, photocatalysis, molecular trapping and active control of molecular switches.
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3
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Bai SY, Chen C, Wu H, An JH. Quantum control in open and periodically driven systems. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2020.1870559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Bai
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Physics and the Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information of Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hong An
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Strong Plasmon-Exciton Coupling in Ag Nanoparticle-Conjugated Polymer Core-Shell Hybrid Nanostructures. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092141. [PMID: 32961735 PMCID: PMC7570213 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong plasmon–exciton coupling between tightly-bound excitons in organic molecular semiconductors and surface plasmons in metal nanostructures has been studied extensively for a number of technical applications, including low-threshold lasing and room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates. Typically, excitons with narrow resonances, such as J-aggregates, are employed to achieve strong plasmon–exciton coupling. However, J-aggregates have limited applications for optoelectronic devices compared with organic conjugated polymers. Here, using numerical and analytical calculations, we demonstrate that strong plasmon–exciton coupling can be achieved for Ag-conjugated polymer core-shell nanostructures, despite the broad spectral linewidth of conjugated polymers. We show that strong plasmon–exciton coupling can be achieved through the use of thick shells, large oscillator strengths, and multiple vibronic resonances characteristic of typical conjugated polymers, and that Rabi splitting energies of over 1000 meV can be obtained using realistic material dispersive relative permittivity parameters. The results presented herein give insight into the mechanisms of plasmon–exciton coupling when broadband excitonic materials featuring strong vibrational–electronic coupling are employed and are relevant to organic optoelectronic devices and hybrid metal–organic photonic nanostructures.
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5
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Makkar M, Prakash G, Viswanatha R. Crystal Facet Engineering of CoPt Quantum Dots for Diverse Colloidal Heterostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6742-6748. [PMID: 32787223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of crystal orientation, and specifically the exposed surface, is critical for the engineering of heterostructures. Here, using CoPt as a model system, we explore the energetics to expose suitable facets to promote the required heterostructure formation. Different heterostructures are grown ranging from core/shell structure, diffused interface, dumbbell structured dimers, and embedded island structures wherein these hybrids are fabricated via micro/macrolevel facet-selective growth. The reaction conditions used to achieve such diversity starting from the same seed offer insights into the growth mechanisms of these heterostructures. Such a microscopic understanding of surface chemistry paves the way for the design of new heterostructures with exciting properties.
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6
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Tserkezis C, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Gonçalves PAD, Todisco F, Cox JD, Busch K, Stenger N, Bozhevolnyi SI, Mortensen NA, Wolff C. On the applicability of quantum-optical concepts in strong-coupling nanophotonics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:082401. [PMID: 32726300 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aba348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rooted in quantum optics and benefiting from its well-established foundations, strong coupling in nanophotonics has experienced increasing popularity in recent years. With nanophotonics being an experiment-driven field, the absence of appropriate theoretical methods to describe ground-breaking advances has often emerged as an important issue. To address this problem, the temptation to directly transfer and extend concepts already available from quantum optics is strong, even if a rigorous justification is not always available. In this review we discuss situations where, in our view, this strategy has indeed overstepped its bounds. We focus on exciton-plasmon interactions, and particularly on the idea of calculating the number of excitons involved in the coupling. We analyse how, starting from an unfounded interpretation of the term N/V that appears in theoretical descriptions at different levels of complexity, one might be tempted to make independent assumptions for what the number N and the volume V are, and attempt to calculate them separately. Such an approach can lead to different, often contradictory results, depending on the initial assumptions (e.g. through different treatments of V as the-ambiguous in plasmonics-mode volume). We argue that the source of such contradictions is the question itself-How many excitons are coupled?, which disregards the true nature of the coupled components of the system, has no meaning and often not even any practical importance. If one is interested in validating the quantum nature of the system-which appears to be the motivation driving the pursuit of strong coupling with small N-one could instead focus on quantities such as the photon emission rate or the second-order correlation function. While many of the issues discussed here may appear straightforward to specialists, our target audience is predominantly newcomers to the field, either students or scientists specialised in different disciplines. We have thus tried to minimise the occurrence of proofs and overly-technical details, and instead provide a qualitative discussion of analyses that should be avoided, hoping to facilitate further growth of this promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tserkezis
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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7
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Herrera F, Owrutsky J. Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:100902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics MIRO, Concepción, Chile
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8
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Li L, Wang L, Du C, Guan Z, Xiang Y, Wu W, Ren M, Zhang X, Tang A, Cai W, Xu J. Ultrastrong coupling of CdZnS/ZnS quantum dots to bonding breathing plasmons of aluminum metal-insulator-metal nanocavities in near-ultraviolet spectrum. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3112-3120. [PMID: 31965128 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling originating from excitons of quantum dots and plasmons in nanocavities can be realized at room temperature due to the large electromagnetic field enhancement of plasmons, offering building blocks for quantum information systems, ultralow-power switches and lasers. However, most of the current strong coupling effects were realized by the interaction between excitons and far-field light excited bright plasmon modes in the visible range. Beyond that, there is still a lack of direct imaging of polariton modes at the nanoscale. In this work, by using cathodoluminescence, ultrastrong coupling with Rabi splitting exceeding 1 eV between bonding breathing plasmons of aluminum (Al) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) cavities and excited states of CdZnS/ZnS quantum dots was observed in the near-ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Further, the hybridization of the QDs excitons and bonding breathing plasmonic modes is verified by deep-subwavelength images of polaritonic modes in real-space. Analytic analysis based on the coupled oscillator model and full-wave electromagnetic simulations is consistent with our experimental results. Our work not only indicates the great potential of electron excited plasmon modes for strong coupling applications, but also extends the polaritonic frequency to the UV range with Al nanocavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.
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9
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Pelton M, Storm SD, Leng H. Strong coupling of emitters to single plasmonic nanoparticles: exciton-induced transparency and Rabi splitting. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14540-14552. [PMID: 31364684 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between plasmons in metal nanoparticles and single excitons in molecules or semiconductor nanomaterials has recently attracted considerable experimental effort for potential applications in quantum-mechanical and classical optical information processing and for fundamental studies of light-matter interaction. Here, we review the theory behind strong plasmon-exciton coupling and provide analytical expressions that can be used for fitting experimental data, particularly the commonly measured scattering spectra. We re-analyze published data using these expressions, providing a uniform method for evaluating and quantifying claims of strong coupling that avoids ambiguities in distinguishing between Rabi splitting and exciton-induced transparency (or Fano-like interference between plasmons and excitons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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10
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Zhang Z, Wang K, Yi Z, Zubairy MS, Scully MO, Mukamel S. Polariton-Assisted Cooperativity of Molecules in Microcavities Monitored by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4448-4454. [PMID: 31304758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons created by the strong coupling between matter and field in microcavities enable the control of molecular dynamical processes and optical response. Multidimensional infrared spectroscopy is proposed for monitoring the polariton-assisted cooperative properties. The response of molecules to local fluctuations is incorporated and the full dynamics is monitored through the time- and frequency-resolved multidimensional signal. The cooperativity against solvent-induced disorder and its connection to the localization of the vibrational excitations are predicted. New insights are provided for recent 2DIR experiments on vibrational polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Zhenhuan Yi
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - M Suhail Zubairy
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Marlan O Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Quantum Optics Laboratory , Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative , Waco , Texas 76704 , United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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11
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Auguié B, Darby BL, Le Ru EC. Electromagnetic interactions of dye molecules surrounding a nanosphere. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12177-12187. [PMID: 31198919 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01304k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced interaction between light and molecules adsorbed on metallic nanoparticles is a cornerstone of plasmonics and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Recent experimental access to the electronic absorption spectrum of dye molecules on silver colloids at low molecular coverage has revealed subtle changes in the spectral shape that may be attributed to a combination of factors, from a chemical modification of the molecule in contact with a metal surface to electromagnetic dye-dye and dye-metal interactions. Here we develop an original model to rigorously address the electromagnetic effects. The dye molecules are described as coupled anisotropic polarisable dipoles and their interaction with the core metal particle is described using a generalised Mie theory. The theory is readily amenable to numerical implementation and yields far-field optical cross-sections that can be compared to experimental results. We apply this model to specific adsorption geometries of practical interest to highlight the effect of molecular orientation on predicted spectral shifts and enhancement factors, as a function of surface coverage. These are compared to experimental results and reproduce the measured spectral changes as a function of concentration. These results have direct implications for the interpretation of surface selection rules and enhancement factors in surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and of orientation and coverage effects in molecular/plasmonic resonance coupling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Auguié
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Brendan L Darby
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Eric C Le Ru
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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12
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Near-field imaging of surface-plasmon vortex-modes around a single elliptical nanohole in a gold film. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5320. [PMID: 30926866 PMCID: PMC6441006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present scanning near-field images of surface plasmon modes around a single elliptical nanohole in 88 nm thick Au film. We find that rotating surface plasmon vortex modes carrying extrinsic orbital angular momentum can be induced under linearly polarized illumination. The vortex modes are obtained only when the incident polarization direction differs from one of the ellipse axes. Such a direct observation of the vortex modes is possible thanks to the ability of the SNOM technique to obtain information on both the amplitude and the phase of the near-field. The presence of the vortex mode is determined by the rotational symmetry breaking of the system. Finite element method calculations show that such a vorticity originates from the presence of nodal points where the phase of the field is undefined, leading to a circulation of the energy flow. The configuration producing vortex modes corresponds to a nonzero total topological charge (+1).
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13
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Muhammed MM, Mokkath JH. Linear acene molecules in plasmonic cavities: mapping evolution of optical absorption spectra and electric field intensity enhancements. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the plasmonic cavity induced electric field enhancement in a hybrid nanosystem is of paramount importance in the development of new optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufasila Mumthaz Muhammed
- Quantum Nanophotonics Simulations Lab
- Department of Physics
- Kuwait College of Science And Technology
- Kuwait
| | - Junais Habeeb Mokkath
- Quantum Nanophotonics Simulations Lab
- Department of Physics
- Kuwait College of Science And Technology
- Kuwait
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14
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Di Stefano O, Kockum AF, Ridolfo A, Savasta S, Nori F. Photodetection probability in quantum systems with arbitrarily strong light-matter interaction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17825. [PMID: 30546126 PMCID: PMC6292927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity-QED systems have recently reached a regime where the light-matter interaction strength amounts to a non-negligible fraction of the resonance frequencies of the bare subsystems. In this regime, it is known that the usual normal-order correlation functions for the cavity-photon operators fail to describe both the rate and the statistics of emitted photons. Following Glauber’s original approach, we derive a simple and general quantum theory of photodetection, valid for arbitrary light-matter interaction strengths. Our derivation uses Fermi’s golden rule, together with an expansion of system operators in the eigenbasis of the interacting light-matter system, to arrive at the correct photodetection probabilities. We consider both narrow- and wide-band photodetectors. Our description is also valid for point-like detectors placed inside the optical cavity. As an application, we propose a gedanken experiment confirming the virtual nature of the bare excitations that enrich the ground state of the quantum Rabi model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Di Stefano
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Anton Frisk Kockum
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Ridolfo
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,MIFT - Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, I-98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Physics Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1040, USA
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15
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Intrinsically ultrastrong plasmon-exciton interactions in crystallized films of carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12662-12667. [PMID: 30459274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816251115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cavity quantum electrodynamics, optical emitters that are strongly coupled to cavities give rise to polaritons with characteristics of both the emitters and the cavity excitations. We show that carbon nanotubes can be crystallized into chip-scale, two-dimensionally ordered films and that this material enables intrinsically ultrastrong emitter-cavity interactions: Rather than interacting with external cavities, nanotube excitons couple to the near-infrared plasmon resonances of the nanotubes themselves. Our polycrystalline nanotube films have a hexagonal crystal structure, ∼25-nm domains, and a 1.74-nm lattice constant. With this extremely high nanotube density and nearly ideal plasmon-exciton spatial overlap, plasmon-exciton coupling strengths reach 0.5 eV, which is 75% of the bare exciton energy and a near record for room-temperature ultrastrong coupling. Crystallized nanotube films represent a milestone in nanomaterials assembly and provide a compelling foundation for high-ampacity conductors, low-power optical switches, and tunable optical antennas.
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16
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Leng H, Szychowski B, Daniel MC, Pelton M. Strong coupling and induced transparency at room temperature with single quantum dots and gap plasmons. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4012. [PMID: 30275446 PMCID: PMC6167320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent coupling between plasmons and transition dipole moments in emitters can lead to two distinct spectral effects: vacuum Rabi splitting at strong coupling strengths, and induced transparency (also known as Fano interference) at intermediate coupling strengths. Achieving either strong or intermediate coupling between a single emitter and a localized plasmon resonance has the potential to enable single-photon nonlinearities and other extreme light-matter interactions, at room temperature and on the nanometer scale. Both effects produce two peaks in the spectrum of scattering from the plasmon resonance, and can thus be confused if scattering measurements alone are performed. Here we report measurements of scattering and photoluminescence from individual coupled plasmon-emitter systems that consist of a single colloidal quantum dot in the gap between a gold nanoparticle and a silver film. The measurements unambiguously demonstrate weak coupling (the Purcell effect), intermediate coupling (Fano interference), and strong coupling (Rabi splitting) at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Leng
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Brian Szychowski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Daniel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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17
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Zhang Z, Saurabh P, Dorfman KE, Debnath A, Mukamel S. Monitoring polariton dynamics in the LHCII photosynthetic antenna in a microcavity by two-photon coincidence counting. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:074302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Prasoon Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Arunangshu Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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18
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Abstract
The strong coupling of atoms and molecules to radiation field modes in optical cavities creates dressed matter/field states known as polaritons with controllable dynamical and energy transfer properties. We propose a multidimensional optical spectroscopy technique for monitoring polariton dynamics. The response of a two-level atom to the time-dependent coupling to a single-cavity mode is monitored through time-and-frequency-resolved single-photon coincidence measurements of spontaneous emission. Polariton population and coherence dynamics and its variation with cavity photon number and controlled by gating parameters are predicted by solving the Jaynes-Cummings model.
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19
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Thomas R, Thomas A, Pullanchery S, Joseph L, Somasundaran SM, Swathi RS, Gray SK, Thomas KG. Plexcitons: The Role of Oscillator Strengths and Spectral Widths in Determining Strong Coupling. ACS NANO 2018; 12:402-415. [PMID: 29261287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling interactions between plasmon and exciton-based excitations have been proposed to be useful in the design of optoelectronic systems. However, the role of various optical parameters dictating the plasmon-exciton (plexciton) interactions is less understood. Herein, we propose an inequality for achieving strong coupling between plasmons and excitons through appropriate variation of their oscillator strengths and spectral widths. These aspects are found to be consistent with experiments on two sets of free-standing plexcitonic systems obtained by (i) linking fluorescein isothiocyanate on Ag nanoparticles of varying sizes through silane coupling and (ii) electrostatic binding of cyanine dyes on polystyrenesulfonate-coated Au nanorods of varying aspect ratios. Being covalently linked on Ag nanoparticles, fluorescein isothiocyanate remains in monomeric state, and its high oscillator strength and narrow spectral width enable us to approach the strong coupling limit. In contrast, in the presence of polystyrenesulfonate, monomeric forms of cyanine dyes exist in equilibrium with their aggregates: Coupling is not observed for monomers and H-aggregates whose optical parameters are unfavorable. The large aggregation number, narrow spectral width, and extremely high oscillator strength of J-aggregates of cyanines permit effective delocalization of excitons along the linear assembly of chromophores, which in turn leads to efficient coupling with the plasmons. Further, the results obtained from experiments and theoretical models are jointly employed to describe the plexcitonic states, estimate the coupling strengths, and rationalize the dispersion curves. The experimental results and the theoretical analysis presented here portray a way forward to the rational design of plexcitonic systems attaining the strong coupling limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Anoop Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Saranya Pullanchery
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Linta Joseph
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sanoop Mambully Somasundaran
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - K George Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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20
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Fluorescence spectroscopy of vibronic polaritons of molecular aggregates in optical microcavities. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Djorović A, Meyer M, Darby BL, Le Ru EC. Accurate Modeling of the Polarizability of Dyes for Electromagnetic Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1804-1811. [PMID: 31457544 PMCID: PMC6640948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength-dependent complex linear polarizability of a dye is a crucial input for the modeling of the optical properties of dye-containing systems. We here propose and discuss methods to obtain an accurate polarizability model by combining absorption spectrum measurements, Kramers-Kronig (KK) tranformations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We focus, in particular, on the real part of the polarizability and its link with static polarizability. In addition, we introduce simple KK-consistent analytic functions based on the theory of critical points as a much more accurate approach to model dye polarizabilities compared with existing models based on Lorentz oscillators. Accurate polarizability models based on critical points and DFT calculations of the static polarizability are derived for five commonly used dyes: Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 700, Crystal Violet, Nile Blue A, and Methylene Blue. Finally, we demonstrate explicitly, using examples of Mie Theory calculations of nanoparticle-dye interactions, how an inaccurate polarizability model can result in fundamentally different predictions, further emphasizing the importance of accurate models, such as the one proposed here.
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Wersäll M, Cuadra J, Antosiewicz TJ, Balci S, Shegai T. Observation of Mode Splitting in Photoluminescence of Individual Plasmonic Nanoparticles Strongly Coupled to Molecular Excitons. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:551-558. [PMID: 28005384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-exciton interactions are important for many prominent spectroscopic applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, plasmon-mediated fluorescence, nanoscale lasing, and strong coupling. The case of strong coupling is analogous to quantum optical effects studied in solid state and atomic systems previously. In plasmonics, similar observations have been almost exclusively made in elastic scattering experiments; however, the interpretation of these experiments is often cumbersome. Here, we demonstrate mode splitting not only in scattering, but also in photoluminescence of individual hybrid nanosystems, which manifests a direct proof of strong coupling in plasmon-exciton nanoparticles. We achieved these results due to saturation of the mode volume with molecular J-aggregates, which resulted in splitting up to 400 meV, that is, ∼20% of the resonance energy. We analyzed the correlation between scattering and photoluminescence and found that splitting in photoluminescence is considerably less than that in scattering. Moreover, we found that splitting in both photoluminescence and scattering signals increased upon cooling to cryogenic temperatures. These findings improve our understanding of strong coupling phenomena in plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wersäll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jorge Cuadra
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sinan Balci
- Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association , 06790 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Wang H, Ke Y, Xu N, Zhan R, Zheng Z, Wen J, Yan J, Liu P, Chen J, She J, Zhang Y, Liu F, Chen H, Deng S. Resonance Coupling in Silicon Nanosphere-J-Aggregate Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6886-6895. [PMID: 27700113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their optical magnetic and electric resonances associated with the high refractive index, dielectric silicon nanoparticles have been explored as novel nanocavities that are excellent candidates for enhancing various light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Here, from both of theoretical and experimental aspects, we explored resonance coupling between excitons and magnetic/electric resonances in heterostructures composed of the silicon nanoparticle coated with a molecular J-aggregate shell. The resonance coupling was originated from coherent energy transfer between the exciton and magnetic/electric modes, which was manifested by quenching dips on the scattering spectrum due to formation of hybrid modes. The influences of various parameters, including the molecular oscillation strength, molecular absorption line width, molecular shell thickness, refractive index of the surrounding environment, and separation between the core and shell, on the resonance coupling behaviors were scrutinized. In particular, the resonance coupling can approach the strong coupling regime by choosing appropriate molecular parameters, where an anticrossing behavior with a mode splitting of 100 meV was observed on the energy diagram. Most interestingly, the hybrid modes in such dielectric heterostructure can exhibit unidirectional light scattering behaviors, which cannot be achieved by those in plexcitonic nanoparticle composed of a metal nanoparticle core and a molecular shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Runze Zhan
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zebo Zheng
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinxiu Wen
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiahao Yan
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Juncong She
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
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25
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Herrera F, Spano FC. Cavity-Controlled Chemistry in Molecular Ensembles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:238301. [PMID: 27341263 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.238301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration of strong and ultrastrong coupling regimes of cavity QED with polyatomic molecules has opened new routes to control chemical dynamics at the nanoscale. We show that strong resonant coupling of a cavity field with an electronic transition can effectively decouple collective electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in a disordered molecular ensemble, even for molecules with high-frequency quantum vibrational modes having strong electron-vibration interactions. This type of polaron decoupling can be used to control chemical reactions. We show that the rate of electron transfer reactions in a cavity can be orders of magnitude larger than in free space for a wide class of organic molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador 3943, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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26
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Zhou N, Yuan M, Gao Y, Li D, Yang D. Silver Nanoshell Plasmonically Controlled Emission of Semiconductor Quantum Dots in the Strong Coupling Regime. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4154-4163. [PMID: 26972554 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between semiconductor excitons and localized surface plasmons (LSPs) giving rise to hybridized plexciton states in which energy is coherently and reversibly exchanged between the components is vital, especially in the area of quantum information processing from fundamental and practical points of view. Here, in photoluminescence spectra, rather than from common extinction or reflection measurements, we report on the direct observation of Rabi splitting of approximately 160 meV as an indication of strong coupling between excited states of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and LSP modes of silver nanoshells under nonresonant nanosecond pulsed laser excitation at room temperature. The strong coupling manifests itself as an anticrossing-like behavior of the two newly formed polaritons when tuning the silver nanoshell plasmon energies across the exciton line of the QDs. Further analysis substantiates the essentiality of high pump energy and collective strong coupling of many QDs with the radiative dipole mode of the metallic nanoparticles for the realization of strong coupling. Our finding opens up interesting directions for the investigation of strong coupling between LSPs and excitons from the perspective of radiative recombination under easily accessible experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
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