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Lin XJ, Lai ZSY, Luo Q, Kong M, Liang MJ, Wu H, Bai M. Correlation between Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Different Echinacea Purpurea Varieties. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:831-837. [PMID: 37480412 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups. They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities. Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varieties of Echinacea are similar to or better than those of the wild ones and the relationship between the accumulation of polyphenols and their antioxidant activities are still not clear. METHODS Folin-Ciocalteu method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and Fe2+ chelating ability assay were used, respectively, to detect the total polyphenols and 5 kinds of caffeic acid derivatives (chicoric acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, and the antioxidant activities of 3 varieties of Echinacea: E. purpurea L., cultivar E. purpurea 'Aloha', and E. purpurea 'White Swan'. RESULTS E. purpurea L. had the highest contents of total polyphenols, 5 caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activities, followed by E. purpurea 'White Swan' and E. purpurea 'Aloha', respectively. E. purpurea 'White Swan' had the strongest ability to remove the DPPH, ABTS•+ and free radicals, and to chelate Fe2+; E. purpurea L. had the strongest ability to reduce FRAP. The correlation analyses revealed that the contents of total polyphenols and caffeic acid derivatives of E. purpurea L. and E. purpurea 'White Swan' were correlated with their antioxidant activities. CONCLUSION E. purpurea L. was the most appropriate material for the development of medicinal plants. E. purpurea 'White Swan' could be used as a substitute for E. purpurea L. in terms of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Lin
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Shi-Yu Lai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qun Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Kong
- Qilu Animal Health Products Company, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Min-Jian Liang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Mei Bai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Luo Z, Gao G, Ma Z, Liu Q, Gao X, Tang X, Gao Z, Li C, Sun T. Cichoric acid from witloof inhibit misfolding aggregation and fibrillation of hIAPP. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:1272-1279. [PMID: 31759017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) has been acknowledged as a hallmark event in type-II diabetes. Hence, inhibiting the misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation of hIAPP have been accepted as a vital factor to treat the disease. Here cichoric acid was extracted from witloof to explore its inhibition effects on misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation of hIAPP. Thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence assay, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that cichoric acid inhibited the aggregation and fibrillation of hIAPP in a dosage-dependent manner. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that cichoric acid inhibited the misfolding of hIAPP from unfolded to β-sheet. Molecular docking and further experiments revealed interactions between hIAPP and cichoric acid. Cichoric acid could bind to K1 and R11 of hIAPP via electrostatic interaction. In addition, cichoric acid could form π-π stacking with hIAPP residues F15 and F23. These interactions inhibited the misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation of hIAPP. These results, together with cichoric acid's good cytocompatibility and significant protective effects in hIAPP lesioned cell models, not only showed that cichoric acid could be used to fight against amyloidosis, but also brought a new perspective for Chinese herbal medicine as natural compound's medical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhongjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaobing Gao
- General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xintong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital &Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital &Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Li J, Zhao C, Wei L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang M, Liu X, Wang Y. Preservation of Cichoric Acid Antioxidant Properties Loaded in Heat Treated Lactoferrin Nanoparticles. Molecules 2018; 23:E2678. [PMID: 30340329 PMCID: PMC6222800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current research, a new cichoric acid (CA) encapsulation system was investigated. The optimal condition for the formation of lactoferrin-cichoric acid nanoparticles (LF-CA NPs) was determined by controlling the solution pH, the thermal treatment conditions, and the concentration of CA. Fluorescence indicated that the electrostatic force and the hydrophobic force were the main forces in the formation of LF-CA NPs. LF-CA NPs prepared under different conditions were spherical in shape with smaller particle sizes and good zeta potential demonstrating good colloidal stability. Especially, the prepared particle size of the LF-CA NPs at pH 7 and 95 °C was about 67.20 ± 1.86 nm. The circular dichroism (CD) and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the combination of LF (lactoferrin) and CA affected the secondary structure of the LF. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that the addition of CA increased the thermal stability of LF. In vitro antioxidant experiments confirmed the antioxidant capacity of LF-CA NPs was better than CA. CA was successfully encapsulated into LF NPs with high encapsulated efficiency (97.87⁻99.87%) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These results showed that LF could be used as the wall material of CA with excellent nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100089, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Caicai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Liping Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Fuguo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Bruni R, Brighenti V, Caesar LK, Bertelli D, Cech NB, Pellati F. Analytical methods for the study of bioactive compounds from medicinally used Echinacea species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:443-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Senica M, Mlinsek G, Veberic R, Mikulic-Petkovsek M. Which Plant Part of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) Should be Used for Tea and Which for Tincture? J Med Food 2018; 22:102-108. [PMID: 30222488 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are widely used for the relief of disease symptoms or as dietary supplements. In recent decades, purple coneflower has become extremely well known. An infusion or tincture of purple coneflower can be prepared by anyone simply, inexpensively, and ecologically safely. Three plant parts of purple coneflower were used in the study: extracts from roots, flowers, and leaves were obtained using three different solvents (100% and 40% ethanol and water). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometer identified and quantified 23 individual phenolics. Pure (100%) ethanol gave the lowest yield of all the investigated phenolic compounds in all herb parts. Chicoric and caftaric acids were the major phenolic compounds in coneflower. Caftaric acid, with health promoting properties, was extracted best in a water solution from purple coneflower leaves (2673.31 mg/100 g dry weight [DW]) and chicoric acid, also with a beneficial effect on human health, yielded the highest levels in 40% ethanol solution from flowers (1571.79 mg/100 g DW) and roots (1396.27 mg/100 g DW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Senica
- 1 Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Mlinsek
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Centre for Kidney Transplantation, University Medicinal Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Veberic
- 1 Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
- 1 Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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In-vivo metabolite profiling of chicoric acid in rat plasma, urine and feces after oral administration using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1081-1082:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Newair EF, Abdel-Hamid R, Kilmartin PA. Electrochemical Determination of the Antioxidant Activity inEchinacea PurpureaRoots Using Square Wave Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emad F. Newair
- Unit of Electrochemistry Applications (UEA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Sohag; Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Refat Abdel-Hamid
- Unit of Electrochemistry Applications (UEA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Sohag; Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Paul A. Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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Lepojević I, Lepojević Ž, Pavlić B, Ristić M, Zeković Z, Vidović S. Solid-liquid and high-pressure (liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide) extraction of Echinacea purpurea L. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Xie G, Liu Q, Duan X, Liu Z, Liu X. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding study of chicoric acid by HPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1031:139-145. [PMID: 27479684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chicoric acid is a major active constituent of Echinacea purpurea and has a variety of biological functions. In this study, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) approach was developed and validated for the determination of chicoric acid in rat plasma and various tissues using ferulic acid as an internal standard (IS). This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding (PPB) study of chicoric acid in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats dosed with 50mg/kg by gastric gavage. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined and showed a half-life (t1/2) of 4.53±1.44h, an apparent volume of mean residual time (MRT) of 18.58±4.43h, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 26.14 mghL(-1). The tissue distribution of chicoric acid in rats after gavage administration showed a decreasing tendency in different tissues (liver>lung>kidney>heart>spleen>brain). The PPB rates in rat plasma, human plasma, and bovine serum albumin were 98.3, 96.9, and 96.6%, respectively. These results provide insight for the further pharmacological investigation of chicoric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Guo Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiang Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.
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The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:344-62. [PMID: 26169932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As all medicines, herbal medicinal products are expected to be safe, effective, and of appropriate quality. However, regulations on herbal medicinal products vary from country to country, and herbal preparations do occur not only in the form of medicinal products but also as less strictly regulated product groups like dietary supplements. Therefore, it is not always easy for the consumers to discriminate high-quality products from low-quality products. On the other hand, herbal medicines have many special features that distinguish them from conventional medicinal products. Plants are complex multicomponent mixtures; in addition, their phytochemical composition is not constant because of inherent variability and a plethora of external influences. Therefore, the production process of an herbal medicinal product needs to be strictly monitored. First of all, the starting materials need to be correctly authenticated and free of adulterants and contaminants. During plant growth, many factors like harvest season and time, developmental stage, temperature, and humidity have a strong impact on plant metabolite production. Also, postharvest processing steps like drying and storage can significantly alter the phytochemical composition of herbal material. As the production of many phytopharmaceuticals includes an extraction step, the extraction solvent and conditions need to be optimized in order to enrich the bioactive constituents in the extract. The quality of finished preparations needs to be determined either on the basis of marker constituents or on the basis of analytical fingerprints. Thus, all production stages should be accompanied by appropriate quality assessment measures. Depending on the particular task, different methods need to be applied, ranging from macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA-based authentication methods to spectroscopic methods like vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic and hyphenated methods like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Also, when performing pharmacological and toxicological studies, many features inherent in herbal medicinal products need to be considered in order to guarantee valid results: concerning in vitro studies, difficulties are often related to lacking knowledge of ADME characteristics of the bioactive constituents, nuisance compounds producing false positive and false negative results, and solubility problems. In in vivo animal studies, the route of administration is a very important issue. Clinical trials on herbal medicinal products in humans very often suffer from a poor reporting quality. This often hampers or precludes the pooling of clinical data for systematic reviews. In order to overcome this problem, appropriate documentation standards for clinical trials on herbal medicinal products have been defined in an extension of the CONSORT checklist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Liu Q, Wang Y, Xiao C, Wu W, Liu X. Metabolism of chicoric acid by rat liver microsomes and bioactivity comparisons of chicoric acid and its metabolites. Food Funct 2015; 6:1928-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chicoric acid has recently become a hot research topic due to its potent bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - ChunXia Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Wanqiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
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Bušić A, Vojvodić A, Komes D, Akkermans C, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Stolk M, Hofland G. Comparative evaluation of CO2 drying as an alternative drying technique of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) — The effect on bioactive and sensory properties. Food Res Int 2014; 64:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Grace P, Morton D. Evaluation of high-performance thin-layer chromatography for the quantification of phenylpropanoids in commercial Echinaceaproducts. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Biotechnological production of caffeic acid derivatives from cell and organ cultures of Echinacea species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7707-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Koca N, Karaman Ş. The effects of plant growth regulators and L-phenylalanine on phenolic compounds of sweet basil. Food Chem 2014; 166:515-521. [PMID: 25053088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), spermine (Spm), epibrassinolide (EBL) and l-phenylalanine on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were studied to determine the amount of phenolic compounds and enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of sweet basils were determined by a spectrophotometer, and individual phenolic compounds and activity of PAL were analysed by HPLC/UV. The highest total phenolic (6.72 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (0.92 mg QE/g) obtained from 1.0 mM Spm+MeJA application. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid contents significantly enhanced after the applications but no such differences observed in chicoric acid content or PAL activity. RA was the main phenolic acid in all samples and its concentration varied from 1.04 to 2.70 mg/gFW. As a result the combinations of Spm+MeJA and EBL+MeJA can induce secondary metabolites effectively and those interactions play important role in the production of phytochemicals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nülüfer Koca
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Turkoglu Vocational High School, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100 Turkoglu-Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Şengül Karaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100 Avsar Campus-Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Loescher CM, Morton DW, Razic S, Agatonovic-Kustrin S. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Calendula officinalis-advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:52-9. [PMID: 24880991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography techniques such as HPTLC and HPLC are commonly used to produce a chemical fingerprint of a plant to allow identification and quantify the main constituents within the plant. The aims of this study were to compare HPTLC and HPLC, for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major constituents of Calendula officinalis and to investigate the effect of different extraction techniques on the C. officinalis extract composition from different parts of the plant. The results found HPTLC to be effective for qualitative analysis, however, HPLC was found to be more accurate for quantitative analysis. A combination of the two methods may be useful in a quality control setting as it would allow rapid qualitative analysis of herbal material while maintaining accurate quantification of extract composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Loescher
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, VIC, Australia
| | - David W Morton
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, VIC, Australia
| | - Slavica Razic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, VIC, Australia.
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Ou ZQ, Schmierer DM, Strachan CJ, Rades T, McDowell A. Influence of postharvest processing and storage conditions on key antioxidants in pūhā (Sonchus oleraceus L.). J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:998-1008. [PMID: 24697835 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate effects of different postharvest drying processes and storage conditions on key antioxidants in Sonchus oleraceus L. leaves. METHODS Fresh leaves were oven-dried (60°C), freeze-dried or air-dried (∼25°C) for 6 h, 24 h and 3 days, respectively. Design of experiments (DOE) was applied to study the stability of antioxidants (caftaric, chlorogenic and chicoric acids) in S. oleraceus leaves and leaf extracts stored at different temperatures (4, 25 and 50°C) and relative humidities (15%, 43% and 75%) for 180 days. The concentration of antioxidants was quantified by a HPLC-2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl post-column derivatisation method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by a cellular antioxidant activity assay. KEY FINDINGS The three antioxidants degraded to unquantifiable levels after oven-drying. More than 90% of the antioxidants were retained by freeze-drying and air-drying. Both leaf and extract samples retained >90% of antioxidants, except those stored at 75% relative humidity. Leaf material had higher antioxidant concentrations and greater cellular antioxidant activity than corresponding extract samples. CONCLUSION Freeze-drying and air-drying preserved more antioxidants in S. oleraceus than oven-drying. From DOE analysis, humidity plays an important role in degradation of antioxidants during storage. To preserve antioxidant activity, it is preferable to store S. oleraceus as dried leaf material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Quan Ou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lee J, Scagel CF. Chicoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Front Chem 2013; 1:40. [PMID: 24790967 PMCID: PMC3982519 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Though chicoric acid was first identified in 1958, it was largely ignored until recent popular media coverage cited potential health beneficial properties from consuming food and dietary supplements containing this compound. To date, plants from at least 63 genera and species have been found to contain chicoric acid, and while the compound is used as a processing quality indicator, it may also have useful health benefits. This review of chicoric acid summarizes research findings and highlights gaps in research knowledge for investigators, industry stakeholders, and consumers alike. Additionally, chicoric acid identification, and quantification methods, biosynthesis, processing improvements to increase chicoric acid retention, and potential areas for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit WorksiteParma, ID, USA
| | - Carolyn F. Scagel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research UnitCorvallis, OR, USA
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Bucar F, Wube A, Schmid M. Natural product isolation – how to get from biological material to pure compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:525-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bahri M, Hance P, Grec S, Quillet MC, Trotin F, Hilbert JL, Hendriks T. A "novel" protocol for the analysis of hydroxycinnamic acids in leaf tissue of chicory (Cichorium intybus L., Asteraceae). ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:142983. [PMID: 23304076 PMCID: PMC3523586 DOI: 10.1100/2012/142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A "novel" protocol is presented for easy and reliable estimation of soluble hydroxycinnamate levels in Cichorium intybus L. leaf tissue in large-scale experiments. Samples were standardized by punching 6 discs per leaf, and hydroxycinnamates were extracted by submerging the discs in 80% ethanol with 5% acetic acid for at least 48 h in the darkness at 4°C. Residual dry mass of the discs was used for a posteriori correction of compound levels. Chlorophyll was eliminated by chloroform, and the aqueous phases were transferred to microplates, dried, and dissolved in 50% methanol for HPLC analysis and storage. An HPLC program of 8 min was developed for the analysis of the extracts. Comparisons with extractions of liquid nitrogen powders indicated that the novel extraction method was reliable. No degradation of the major hydroxycinnamates-caftaric, chlorogenic, and chicoric acids-was observed, during maceration at ambient temperatures, or after storage for 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bahri
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hance
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Grec
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Quillet
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Francis Trotin
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Theo Hendriks
- Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, UMR INRA 1281 “Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés”, GIS GENOCHIC, Bâtiment SN2, 3ème Étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Bel-Rhlid R, Pagé-Zoerkler N, Fumeaux R, Ho-Dac T, Chuat JY, Sauvageat JL, Raab T. Hydrolysis of chicoric and caftaric acids with esterases and Lactobacillus johnsonii in Vitro and in a gastrointestinal model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9236-41. [PMID: 22920606 DOI: 10.1021/jf301317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicoric acid (ChA) and caftaric acid (CafA) were identified as bioactive components of chicory and have been ascribed a number of health benefits. This study investigated the hydrolysis of ChA and CafA with enzymes and a probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii (La1). Esterase from Aspergillus japonicus (24 U/mg) hydrolyzed 100% of ChA (5 mM) and CafA (5 mM) after 3 h, at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Under the same reaction conditions, 100% hydrolysis of ChA and CafA was achieved with a spray-dried preparation of La1. The addition of La1 (100 mg/mL, 3.3 E9 cfu/g) to CafA solution in a gastrointestinal model (GI model) resulted in 65% hydrolysis of CafA. This model simulates the physicochemical conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. No hydrolysis of CafA was observed after passage through the GI model in the absence of La1. The results of this study support the hypothesis that ChA and CafA are degraded by gut microflora before absorption and metabolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Bel-Rhlid
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Lee T, Chen C, Wang C, Yu B. Growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broilers supplemented with Echinacea purpurea L. in the diet. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sheridan H, Krenn L, Jiang R, Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Marmann A, Liang X, Sendker J. The potential of metabolic fingerprinting as a tool for the modernisation of TCM preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:482-491. [PMID: 22338647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A vast majority Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) are traditionally administered as individually prepared water decoctions (tang) which are rather complicated in practice and their dry extracts show technological problems that hamper straight production of more convenient application forms. Modernised extraction procedures may overcome these difficulties but there is lack of clinical evidence supporting their therapeutic equivalence to traditional decoctions and their quality can often not solely be attributed to the single marker compounds that are usually used for chemical extract optimisation. As demonstrated by the example of the rather simple traditional TCM formula Danggui Buxue Tang, both the chemical composition and the biological activity of extracts resulting from traditional water decoction are influenced by details of the extraction procedure and especially involve pharmacokinetic synergism based on co-extraction. Hence, a more detailed knowledge about the traditional extracts' chemical profiles and their impact on biological activity is desirable in order to allow the development of modernised extracts that factually contain the whole range of compounds relevant for the efficacy of the traditional application. We propose that these compounds can be identified by metabolomics based on comprehensive fingerprint analysis of different extracts with known biological activity. TCM offers a huge variety of traditional products of the same botanical origin but with distinct therapeutic properties, like differentially processed drugs and special daodi qualities. Through this variety, TCM gives an ideal field for the application of metabolomic techniques aiming at the identification of active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sheridan
- Trinity College, Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, East End Development 4/5, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Brown PN, Chan M, Paley L, Betz JM. Determination of major phenolic compounds in Echinacea spp. raw materials and finished products by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: single-laboratory validation matrix extension. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:1400-10. [PMID: 22165004 PMCID: PMC3586990 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method previously validated to determine caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, echinacoside, and cichoric acid in echinacea raw materials has been successfully applied to dry extract and liquid tincture products in response to North American consumer needs. Single-laboratory validation was used to assess the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, analyte stability (ruggedness), and linearity of the method, with emphasis on finished products. Repeatability precision for each phenolic compound was between 1.04 and 5.65% RSD, with HorRat values between 0.30 and 1.39 for raw and dry extract finished products. HorRat values for tinctures were between 0.09 and 1.10. Accuracy of the method was determined through spike recovery studies. Recovery of each compound from raw material negative control (ginseng) was between 90 and 114%, while recovery from the finished product negative control (maltodextrin and magnesium stearate) was between 97 and 103%. A study was conducted to determine if cichoric acid, a major phenolic component of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and E. angustifolia DC, degrades during sample preparation (extraction) and HPLC analysis. No significant degradation was observed over an extended testing period using the validated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Brown
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Ave, Burnaby, BC V5G 3H2, Canada.
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25
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Lin SD, Sung JM, Chen CL. Effect of drying and storage conditions on caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolics of Echinacea Purpurea grown in Taiwan. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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27
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Chicoric acid levels in commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Echinacea purpurea products. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Li W, Sun Y, van Breemen RB, Fitzloff JF. Evaluation of Major Caffeic Acid Derivatives inEchinacea purpureaDietary Supplements by HPLC with Photodiode Array Detection and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200028369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- a Functional Food for Health (FFH) Core Analytical Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago , Illinois , 60612 , USA
| | - Yongkai Sun
- a Functional Food for Health (FFH) Core Analytical Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago , Illinois , 60612 , USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- a Functional Food for Health (FFH) Core Analytical Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago , Illinois , 60612 , USA
| | - John F. Fitzloff
- a Functional Food for Health (FFH) Core Analytical Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago , Illinois , 60612 , USA
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Barnes J, Anderson LA, Gibbons S, Phillipson JD. Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 57:929-54. [PMID: 16102249 DOI: 10.1211/0022357056127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of Echinacea species used medicinally. The Echinacea species Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea have a long history of medicinal use for a variety of conditions, particularly infections, and today echinacea products are among the best-selling herbal preparations in several developed countries. Modern interest in echinacea is focused on its immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. The chemistry of Echinacea species is well documented, and several groups of constituents, including alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives, are considered important for activity. There are, however, differences in the constituent profile of the three species. Commercial echinacea samples and marketed echinacea products may contain one or more of the three species, and analysis of samples of raw material and products has shown that some do not meet recognized standards for pharmaceutical quality. Evidence from preclinical studies supports some of the traditional and modern uses for echinacea, particularly the reputed immunostimulant (or immunomodulatory) properties. Several, but not all, clinical trials of echinacea preparations have reported effects superior to those of placebo in the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. However, evidence of efficacy is not definitive as studies have included different patient groups and tested various different preparations and dosage regimens of echinacea. On the basis of the available limited safety data, echinacea appears to be well tolerated. However, further investigation and surveillance are required to establish the safety profiles of different echinacea preparations. Safety issues include the possibility of allergic reactions, the use of echinacea by patients with autoimmune diseases and the potential for echinacea preparations to interact with conventional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Barnes
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Takenaka M, Nanayama K, Isobe S, Murata M. Changes in caffeic acid derivatives in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) during cooking and processing. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 70:172-7. [PMID: 16428835 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There was an obvious decrease in caffeic acid derivatives during the boiling of cube-shaped blocks of sweet potatoes. They also decreased in a mixture of freeze-dried sweet-potato powder and water maintained at room temperature. Ascorbic acid prevented the decrease, supporting the occurrence of an enzyme reaction with polyphenol oxidase (PPO). 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA, "3-O-caffeoylquinic acid" as a trivial name) and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQA), major phenolic compounds of sweet potato, did not change when they were separately heated in boiling water. When the mixture of powdered sweet potato and water was heated at 100 degrees C, there was only a negligible decrease in the total amount of phenolic compounds, and portions of 5-CQA and 3,5-CQA were found to be isomerized to 3-CQA, 4-CQA, 3,4-CQA, and 4,5-CQA. The content and composition of the phenolic compounds in sweet potatoes differed between fresh and long-stored ones, as did their response to heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Takenaka
- Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Inactivation of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and lipoxygenase in paprika and chili powder after immediate thermal treatment of the plant material. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brovelli EA, Rua D, Roh-Schmidt H, Chandra A, Lamont E, Noratto GD. Human gene expression as a tool to determine horticultural maturity in a bioactive plant (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8156-61. [PMID: 16218658 DOI: 10.1021/jf0505372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A phenological study was conducted to determine the impact of harvest maturity on the immune-modulating properties of Echinacea purpurea. The aerial parts of this plant were collected during seven stages of development and were assayed for a common botanical marker for this species, cichoric acid. Plants of selected development stages were also assayed for total polysaccharides and compared for their immune-modulating effects on the THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell line by means of a gene expression study. Although the concentration of cichoric acid did not change significantly during the course of the study, stage 1 (advanced vegetative) had the highest concentration of total polysaccharides and exhibited the most potent induction activity on immune-modulating cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These findings suggest that the use of gene expression may be an effective tool not only to standardize botanical extracts but also to optimize harvest time.
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Maass N, Bauer J, Paulicks BR, Böhmer BM, Roth-Maier DA. Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005; 89:244-52. [PMID: 15972074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to examine the inclusion of the dried herb Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH as feed additive in diets of sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs on growth performance, blood picture, plasma enzymes including proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody status, and protein and immune globulin content of colostrum. The control groups were supplemented with alfalfa meal. The sows (total 36) received 0%, 1.2%, or 3.6% Echinacea cobs in the diet from day 85 to day 110 of gestation and 0%, 0.5%, or 1.5% Echinacea cobs up to day 28 of lactation. No significant differences were found for growth performance, weight loss, blood picture, plasma enzymes, and colostrum composition. Performance of the sucking piglets was not impaired either during lactation or during a 4 week observation period after weaning. The health status was similar in all treatment groups. In a second experiment, lasting 6 weeks, with 36 piglets (5.8-22.1 kg body weight), 1.8% Echinacea cobs, or 20 mg/kg feed Flavomycin were supplemented. No significant differences were found for the recorded parameters. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of the Echinacea group was slightly (4%) increased (1.54 vs. 1.60). In a third trial, 48 grower/finisher pigs were used during a 9-week experimental period with two supplementation phases (weeks 1-3 and weeks 7-9). The experimental groups received 0%, 1.5% cobs or 4-6 ml pressed juice (commercial standard) per day respectively. Vaccination with Swine erysipelas was implemented in weeks 1 and 5 to determine the specific immune response. Growth performance and blood picture for all groups were similar, however, feed conversion of both Echinacea supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.03) better than of the unsupplemented control group (2.44 vs. 2.51). In addition, the Swine erysipelas antibodies showed a marked significance (p < 0.05) in regard of altitude in both supplemented groups. It is concluded, that E. purpurea might be used as a feed additive to achieve immune stimulating efficiency in pig production and increase feed-to-gain-conversion. The efficiency of cobs is comparable to a commercial juice product.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maass
- Technische Universität München, Fachgebiet Tierernährung, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Innocenti M, Gallori S, Giaccherini C, Ieri F, Vincieri FF, Mulinacci N. Evaluation of the phenolic content in the aerial parts of different varieties of Cichorium intybus L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6497-502. [PMID: 16076140 DOI: 10.1021/jf050541d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fresh aerial parts of different chicory varieties: green chicory (c.v. "Catalogna"), two red chicory varieties ("radicchio rosso di Chioggia" and "radicchio rosso di Treviso"), and Witloof or Belgian endive were analyzed by HPLC/DAD/MS. The chromatographic fingerprint was diagnostic for each variety. A monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and chicoric acid were detected in all the varieties, while cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-(6'' malonyl) glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-(6'' malonyl) glucoside were the main phenolic compounds in the red varieties. The flavonoidic compounds, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, were absent in the Witloof sample. The phenolic compounds from total leaves were the same as those obtained from only the colored parts; nevertheless, the total amount was remarkably lower with a decrease of up to 80% for Belgian endive. Chemical stability at high temperature was observed for the phenolic fraction from the green variety after decoction at 100 degrees C for 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
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Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Melegari M, Lasseigne T. Variability in the composition of anti-oxidant compounds in Echinacea species by HPLC. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2005; 16:77-85. [PMID: 15881113 DOI: 10.1002/pca.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable HPLC method for the determination of caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cynarin, echinacoside and cichoric acid) in various species of the genus Echinacea has been developed. Extraction of root samples by magnetic stirring with 80% methanol aqueous solution at room temperature allowed the complete recovery of all compounds of interest. Root extracts were analysed on a reversed-phase column with gradient elution and photodiode array detection. Caffeic acid derivatives showed differential qualitative and quantitative distributions in Echinacea species. The total amount of phenolic compounds ranged from 33.95 to 0.32 mg/g. The highest contents of caffeic acid derivatives were found in E. paradoxa var. paradoxa, E. paradoxa var. neglecta and E. purpurea, followed by E. angustifolia var. angustifolia, E. simulata, E. pallida and E. laevigata, whilst E. tennesseensis, E. sanguinea and E. atrorubens had low amounts of phenolic compounds. The radical scavenging activities of methanolic extracts of roots of Echinacea species was evaluated in vitro using the DPPH* radical scavenging method. The EC50 values of the samples ranged from 122 to 1223 microg/mL. The radical scavenging activities of the root extracts were correlated with the content of phenolic compounds, with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Baur S, Klaiber RG, Koblo A, Carle R. Effect of different washing procedures on phenolic metabolism of shredded, packaged iceberg lettuce during storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7017-25. [PMID: 15537312 DOI: 10.1021/jf048961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different washing treatments applying chlorinated, ozonated, and tap water were examined for their effect on the phenolic metabolism of minimally processed iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) during storage in consumer-sized bags at 4 degrees C for up to 9 days. To eliminate problems associated with raw material inhomogeneity, processing was conducted on a pilot-plant scale under operating conditions of industrial practice. Inherent product heterogeneity caused by diverse lettuce leaf tissues was compensated for by pooling large-sized samples, and frequent sampling ensured significant data about the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD), as well as the contents of caffeic acid derivatives over storage time. In the homogeneous lettuce samples, specific responses caused by different washing procedures were detectable. PAL activity in the samples increased for up to 5-8 days of storage. Compared to tap and ozonated water, the use of chlorinated water (100-200 mg/L free chlorine) for washing trimmed heads or shredded lettuce significantly reduced PAL activity and the concomitant rise of 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid isomer) concentrations. The phenolic acids O-caffeoyltartaric (caftaric acid), di-O-caffeoyltartaric (chicoric acid), 5-O-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic acid isomer), and O-caffeoylmalic were less influenced by different washing treatments. Individual contents either were constant or decreased during storage. Additionally, the novel finding of a further caffeic acid isomer, tentatively identified as meso-di-O-caffeoyltartaric acid, is reported. PPO and POD activities were less affected by different washing treatments and thus were less suitable physiological indicators of stress reactions triggered by alternative processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Baur
- Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Institute of Food Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gafner S, Bergeron C, McCollom MM, Cooper LM, McPhail KL, Gerwick WH, Angerhofer CK. Evaluation of the efficiency of three different solvent systems to extract triterpene saponins from roots of Panax quinquefolius using high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:1546-1550. [PMID: 15030209 DOI: 10.1021/jf0307503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide availability of liquid herbal extracts using mixtures of alcohol, glycerin, and water, or glycerin and water as solvents, no data on the chemical composition of such extracts is readily available. In this study, the amount and the stability of the major saponins in Panax quinquefolius root extracts, made either with 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, a mixture (v/v/v) of 20% ethanol, 40% glycerin, and 40% water, or with 65% (v/v) aqueous glycerin, were evaluated by HPLC-UV analysis. The amount of total saponins was highest in the 50% aqueous ethanol extract (61.7 +/- 0.1 mg/g dry root), although similar to the ethanol-glycerin-water extract (59.4 +/- 0.5 mg/g dry root). Saponins were significantly lower in the 65% aqueous glycerin extract (51.5 +/- 0.2 mg/g dry root). Interestingly, the amounts of individual saponins were quite variable depending on the solvent. This is in part due to enzymatic cleavage of ginsenosides in the glycerin containing extracts during the maceration process. Storage of the extracts at 25 degrees C over the period of a year led to a 13-15% loss of saponins with all three types of extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gafner
- Tom's of Maine, P.O. Box 710, Kennebunk, Maine 04043, USA.
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Morales MR. Echinacea: Uses As a Medicine. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANT AND CROP SCIENCE 2004:395-400. [DOI: 10.1081/e-epcs-120010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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41
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Mølgaard P, Johnsen S, Christensen P, Cornett C. HPLC method validated for the simultaneous analysis of cichoric acid and alkamides in Echinacea purpurea plants and products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6922-33. [PMID: 14611148 DOI: 10.1021/jf026158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to determine caffeic acid derivatives, for example, cichoric acid, and alkamides in plant parts and herbal products of Echinacea purpurea. The method consists of an extraction procedure whereby the hydrophilic phenolics as well as the lipophilic alkamides are released from the samples, followed by the analytical HPLC procedure for quantitative determination of these compounds. The method is the first one validated for the determination of these two groups of compounds in the same procedure. Naringenin has been used as an internal standard, as no other flavanones are present in the extract and it does not interfere with any of the compounds under investigation. Analysis of Danish-grown plant material shows that it is possible to raise plants of a very high chemical quality in Denmark. A selection of international herbal products available on the Danish market show surprisingly variable quality, not necessarily reflecting the product information given on the labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Mølgaard
- Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Luo XB, Chen B, Yao SZ, Zeng JG. Simultaneous analysis of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides in roots and extracts of Echinacea purpurea by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 986:73-81. [PMID: 12585324 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV photodiode-array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous analysis of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides in the roots and extracts of Echinacea purpurea. Caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides produced very abundant peaks in the total ion current chromatogram during negative and positive cone voltage switching. Cichoric acid and the isomer pair, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, were used as a standard for quantification of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides in E. purpurea. This novel method surpasses previously published ones in product quality control and providing the HPLC chromatographic fingerprints of biological active components in E. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Biao Luo
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Hall
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Bergeron C, Gafner S, Batcha LL, Angerhofer CK. Stabilization of caffeic acid derivatives in Echinacea purpurea L. glycerin extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3967-3970. [PMID: 12083867 DOI: 10.1021/jf011582m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that enzymatic degradation and oxidation of cichoric acid and other caffeic derivatives occurs in Echinacea preparations. However, very little is known as to the means of stabilizing these phytopreparations. To stabilize the glycerin extract of Echinacea purpurea, we have evaluated the effects of 3 natural antioxidants (citric acid, malic acid, and hibiscus extract) on the stability of the major caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, and 2-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid). Chlorogenic acid, which normally occurs in an ethanol extract of E. purpurea, was not present in the glycerin extract. The caffeic acid derivatives, with the exception of 2-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid, were subject to degradation in the control sample. 2-O-Feruloyl-tartaric acid was stable during the whole testing period. All antioxidant treatments greatly improved the stability of caffeic acid derivatives. Stability was dependent upon the concentration of antioxidant added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bergeron
- Tom's of Maine, 302 Lafayette Center, P.O. Box 710, Kennebunk, Maine 04043, USA.
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Binns SE, Livesey JF, Arnason JT, Baum BR. Phytochemical variation in echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3673-3687. [PMID: 12059142 DOI: 10.1021/jf011439t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phytochemical variation was determined from roots and inflorescences of native plant populations in the genus Echinacea. Specimens were collected in situ throughout the natural range of each putative taxon and transplanted to greenhouse cultivation. Ethanolic extracts from individual plants were separated by reversed-phase HPLC to quantify the alkamides, polyenes/ynes, and phenolics, and then grouped by age and taxonomically, according to a recent morphometric taxonomic revision of the genus. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that cichoric acid, the diene alkamides 1-3 and 7, and ketoalkene 24 were the best taxonomic markers. Mean content for each of 26 phytochemicals revealed useful agronomic information, such as those varieties and organs with the highest accumulations, as well as the optimal age and growth conditions for each variety. The highest amounts of cichoric acid were measured from the older, wild inflorescences of E. pallida var.sanguinea, whereas the highest quantities of the alkamides 1-3 and 7 were present in roots of wild and transplanted E. purpurea. Baseline phytochemical data and chromatographic profiles for all types of wild Echinacea may be used for protection of wild stands, germplasm identification, and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Binns
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, P.O. Box 450 Station A, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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