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Yu JD, Yu DD, Su MZ, Gu YC, Wang H, Guo YW. New Antibacterial Diterpenoids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Klyxum molle. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:362. [PMID: 37367687 DOI: 10.3390/md21060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen new diterpenoids, namely xishaklyanes A-O (1-15), along with three known related ones (16-18), were isolated from the soft coral Klyxum molle collected from Xisha Islands, South China Sea. The stereochemistry of the new compounds was elucidated by a combination of detailed spectroscopic analyses, chemical derivatization, quantum chemical calculations, and comparison with the reported data. The absolute configuration of compound 18 was established by the modified Mosher's method for the first time. In bioassay, some of these compounds exhibited considerable antibacterial activities on fish pathogenic bacteria, and compound 4 showed the most effective activity with MIC of 0.225 μg/mL against Lactococcus garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, Berkshire, UK
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
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2
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Molecular Network Guided Cataloging of the Secondary Metabolome of Selected Egyptian Red Sea Soft Corals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100630. [PMID: 36286454 PMCID: PMC9604675 DOI: 10.3390/md20100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft corals are recognized as an abundant source of diverse secondary metabolites with unique chemical features and physiologic capabilities. However, the discovery of these metabolites is usually hindered by the traditional protocol which requires a large quantity of living tissue for isolation and spectroscopic investigations. In order to overcome this problem, untargeted metabolomics protocols have been developed. The latter have been applied here to study the chemodiversity of common Egyptian soft coral species, using only minute amounts of coral biomass. Spectral similarity networks, based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data, were employed to explore and highlight the metabolic biodiversity of nine Egyptian soft coral species. Species-specific metabolites were highlighted for future prioritization of soft coral species for MS-guided chemical investigation. Overall, 79 metabolites were tentatively assigned, encompassing diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sterols. Simultaneously, the methodology assisted in shedding light on newly-overlooked chemical diversity with potential undescribed scaffolds. For instance, glycosylated fatty acids, nitrogenated aromatic compounds, and polyketides were proposed in Sinularia leptoclados, while alkaloidal terpenes and N-acyl amino acids were proposed in both Sarcophyton roseum and Sarcophyton acutum.
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3
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Jin Y, Yao LG, Guo YW, Li XW. New Cladiellin-Type Diterpenoids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi: Structures and Molecular Docking Analysis in EGFRs. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060381. [PMID: 35736185 PMCID: PMC9229255 DOI: 10.3390/md20060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new cladiellin-type diterpenoids (1 and 2) and four known related compounds 3–6, were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Cladiella krempfi. Compound 2 is the third example of cladiellins of an unusual peroxy group in the C-6 position in C. krempfi. The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and/or chemical correlation. In bioassay, all the compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitory activity. A molecular docking experiment was conducted to study the structure–activity relationship of cladiellin-type diterpenoids on EGFR inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.G.); (X.-W.L.); Tel.: +86-21-50806600-3317 (X.-W.L.)
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.G.); (X.-W.L.); Tel.: +86-21-50806600-3317 (X.-W.L.)
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4
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Li G, Li H, Tang W, Guo YW, Li XW. Klyflaccilides A and B, Diterpenoids with 6/5/8/3 Fused Tetracyclic Carbon Skeleton from the Hainan Soft Coral Klyxum flaccidum. Org Lett 2019; 21:5660-5664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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García-Portela M, Reguera B, Sibat M, Altenburger A, Rodríguez F, Hess P. Metabolomic Profiles of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis acuta Using Non-Targeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Effect of Nutritional Status and Prey. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E143. [PMID: 29701702 PMCID: PMC5982093 DOI: 10.3390/md16050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic species of the genus Dinophysis are obligate mixotrophs with temporary plastids (kleptoplastids) that are acquired from the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, which feeds on cryptophytes of the Teleaulax-Plagioselmis-Geminigera clade. A metabolomic study of the three-species food chain Dinophysis-Mesodinium-Teleaulax was carried out using mass spectrometric analysis of extracts of batch-cultured cells of each level of that food chain. The main goal was to compare the metabolomic expression of Galician strains of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta that were subjected to different feeding regimes (well-fed and prey-limited) and feeding on two Mesodinium (Spanish and Danish) strains. Both Dinophysis species were able to grow while feeding on both Mesodinium strains, although differences in growth rates were observed. Toxin and metabolomic profiles of the two Dinophysis species were significantly different, and also varied between different feeding regimes and different prey organisms. Furthermore, significantly different metabolomes were expressed by a strain of D. acuminata that was feeding on different strains of the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Both species-specific metabolites and those common to D. acuminata and D. acuta were tentatively identified by screening of METLIN and Marine Natural Products Dictionary databases. This first metabolomic study applied to Dinophysis acuminata and D.acuta in culture establishes a basis for the chemical inventory of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- IEO, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Andreas Altenburger
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- IEO, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
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Klyflaccisteroids K-M, bioactive steroidal derivatives from a soft coral Klyxum flaccidum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1220-1224. [PMID: 28159416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New steroids, klyflaccisteroids K-M (1-3), were isolated from a soft coral Klyxum flaccidum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Klyflaccisteroid K (1) is the unique 9,11-secosteroid with a 5,8-epidioxy-9-ene functional group. Klyflaccisteroid L (2) has an unusual 11-norsteroid skeleton and is the first example of 11-oxasteroid isolated from natural sources. Cytotoxicity assay showed that 1 and 3 possessed moderate to weak cytotoxicity against these cancer cells. Compound 1 was also found to display significant anti-inflammatory activity of suppressing superoxide anion generation (O2-) and elastase release, and compound 3 was found to show notable anti-inflammatory activity toward inhibition of elasstase release, too.
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7
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Ahmed AF, Tsai CR, Huang CY, Wang SY, Sheu JH. Klyflaccicembranols A-I, New Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Klyxum flaccidum. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15010023. [PMID: 28117716 PMCID: PMC5295243 DOI: 10.3390/md15010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New cembranoids klyflaccicembranols A–I (1–9), along with gibberosene D (10), have been isolated from the organic extract of a Formosan soft coral Klyxum flaccidum. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR spectroscopy, and spectral data comparison with related structures. The cytotoxicity of the isolated metabolites, as well as their nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity, were evaluated and reported. Metabolites 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9 were found to exhibit variable activities against a limited panel of cancer cell lines in a range of IC50 16.5–49.4 μM. Among the tested cembranoids, compounds 4, 5, 6, and 9 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages at a dose of 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atallah F Ahmed
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Chia-Ruei Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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8
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Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids, Hirsutalins S-V, from the Formosan Soft Coral Cladiella hirsuta. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2757-69. [PMID: 25942094 PMCID: PMC4446604 DOI: 10.3390/md13052757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new eunicellin-type hirsutalins S–V (1–4), along with a known compound (–)-6α-hydroxy polyanthellin A (5), were isolated from the soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. The structures of the metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxity of compounds 1–5 against the proliferation of a limited panel of cancer cell lines was measured. Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1–5 was evaluated by measuring their ability in suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release in fMLP/CB-induced human neutrophils.
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9
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Tsai CR, Huang CY, Chen BW, Tsai YY, Shih SP, Hwang TL, Dai CF, Wang SY, Sheu JH. New bioactive steroids from the soft coral Klyxum flaccidum. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of steroids isolated from the soft coral Klyxum flaccidum are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ruei Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Shou-Ping Shih
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology
- National Dong Hwa University
- Pingtung 944
- Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 112
- Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research
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10
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Zhou YM, Chen M, Fu XM, Fang YC, Wang CY. Two new eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the South China Sea gorgonian Muricella sibogae Nutting. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1176-81. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.923423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, P.R. China
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11
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Eunicellin-based diterpenoids, hirsutalins N-R, from the formosan soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2446-57. [PMID: 24796303 PMCID: PMC4052299 DOI: 10.3390/md12052446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New eunicellin-type hirsutalins N–R (1–5), along with two known eunicellins, (6 and 7) were isolated from the soft coral Cladiellahirsuta. The structures of the metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxic activity of compounds 1–7 against the proliferation of a limited panel of cancer cell lines was measured. The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1–7 was evaluated by measuring their ability in suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release in fMLP/CB-induced human neutrophils.
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12
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Lin MC, Chen BW, Huang CY, Dai CF, Hwang TL, Sheu JH. Eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the Formosan soft coral Klyxum molle with inhibitory activity on superoxide generation and elastase release by neutrophils. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1661-1667. [PMID: 24020806 DOI: 10.1021/np400372v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new eunicellin-based diterpenoids possessing a cladiellane skeleton with a C-2, C-9 ether bridge, klymollins I-S (1-11), have been isolated from the EtOAc extract of the soft coral Klyxum molle from Taiwan waters. The structures of compounds 1-11 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY). Compound 5 exhibited cytotoxicity toward several cancer cell lines. Compound 5 is the first eunicellin-based metabolite bearing a phenyl group and displays significant inhibition of both superoxide anion generation and elastase release in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB)-induced human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan , Republic of China
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13
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14
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Chen YH, Hwang TL, Su YD, Chang YC, Chen YH, Hong PH, Hu LC, Yen WH, Hsu HY, Huang SJ, Kuo YH, Sung PJ. New 6-hydroxyeunicellins from a soft coral Cladiella sp. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:160-3. [PMID: 22223389 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new 6-hydroxyeunicellin diterpenoids, cladieunicellin G (1) and 6-epi-cladieunicellin F (2), were isolated from an Indonesian octocoral Cladiella sp. The structures of eunicellins 1 and 2 were established by spectroscopic methods and 2 was found to be an epimer of the known eunicellin cladieunicellin F (3). Eunicellin 2 displayed inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anion and the release of elastase by human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Husan Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
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15
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Hsu FJ, Chen BW, Wen ZH, Huang CY, Dai CF, Su JH, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Klymollins A-H, bioactive eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the formosan soft coral Klyxum molle. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2467-2471. [PMID: 22004052 DOI: 10.1021/np200589n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Eight new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, klymollins A-H (1-8), were isolated during the chemical investigation of the soft coral Klyxum molle from Taiwan waters. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined by Mosher's method. Bioassays of the new metabolites showed that compounds 3-8 displayed significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of the iNOS protein, and compounds 3, 4, and 6-8 also could effectively reduce the accumulation of COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jung Hsu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Chen BW, Huang CY, Wen ZH, Su JH, Wang WH, Sung PJ, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Klysimplexins U–X, Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Cultured Soft CoralKlyxum simplex. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Welford AJ, Collins I. The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids: cladiellins, asbestinins, and briarellins (period 1998-2010). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2318-2328. [PMID: 21970540 DOI: 10.1021/np200125v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids are isolated from marine invertebrates of Octocorallia species. They are a very interesting class of natural products sharing a common oxatricyclo[6.6.1.0(2,7)]pentadecane core and carrying a varied substituent pattern. This review presents their structural diversity along with the reported biological activities. The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids were comprehensively reviewed previously in 1998, and this contribution will serve as an update of that work. Since 1998 a number of structural assignments of the isolated products have been revised, some as a result of total synthesis efforts. The chemical reactivity of several of the natural compounds has been studied, and the relevance of these findings to the biosynthesis or the generation of isolation artifacts is discussed. The wide range of biological activities displayed by the 2,11-cyclized cembranoids justifies the interest shown within the synthetic chemistry community and suggests that this class of natural products remains a fruitful area for future synthetic and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Welford
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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18
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Chen YH, Tai CY, Kuo YH, Kao CY, Li JJ, Hwang TL, Fang LS, Wang WH, Sheu JH, Sung PJ. Cladieunicellins A-E, new eunicellins from an Indonesian soft coral Cladiella sp. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:353-8. [PMID: 21372417 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Five new eunicellin-type diterpenoids, cladieunicellins A-E (1-5), were isolated from an Indonesian soft coral identified as Cladiella sp. The structures of diterpenoids 1-5 were established using spectroscopic methods. Eunicellins 2 and 5 were found to be cytotoxic against DLD-1 and HL-60 tumor cells, respectively, and 3 displayed inhibitory effects against superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Husan Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
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19
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Tai CY, Chen YH, Hwang TL, Fang LS, Wang WH, Liu MC, Su JH, Wu YC, Sung PJ. Cladielloides C and D: Novel Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from an Indonesian OctocoralCladiellasp. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Hassan HM, Elnagar AY, Khanfar MA, Sallam AA, Mohammed R, Shaala LA, Youssef DT, Hifnawy MS, El Sayed KA. Design of semisynthetic analogues and 3D-QSAR study of eunicellin-based diterpenoids as prostate cancer migration and invasion inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Chen BW, Chang SM, Huang CY, Su JH, Wen ZH, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Hirsutosterols A–G, polyoxygenated steroids from a Formosan soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3272-8. [PMID: 21431234 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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22
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Chen YH, Tai CY, Hwang TL, Weng CF, Li JJ, Fang LS, Wang WH, Wu YC, Sung PJ. Cladielloides A and B: new eunicellin-type diterpenoids from an Indonesian octocoral Cladiella sp. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2936-45. [PMID: 21339957 PMCID: PMC3039462 DOI: 10.3390/md8122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new eunicellin-type diterpenoids, cladielloides A (1) and B (2), which were found to possess a 2-hydroxybutyroxy group in their structures, were isolated from an Indonesian octocoral identified as Cladiella sp. The structures of eunicellins 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Cladielloide B (2) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity toward CCRF-CEM tumor cells and this compound displayed significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Husan Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (C.-Y.T.); (J.-J.L.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Chia-Ying Tai
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (C.-Y.T.); (J.-J.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; E-Mail: (T.-L.H.)
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-F.W.)
| | - Jan-Jung Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (C.-Y.T.); (J.-J.L.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sport, Health, and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mail: (L.-S.F.)
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (C.-Y.T.); (J.-J.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Natural Medicinal Products Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (C.-Y.T.); (J.-J.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-F.W.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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23
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Chen BW, Chang SM, Huang CY, Chao CH, Su JH, Wen ZH, Hsu CH, Dai CF, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Hirsutalins A-H, eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1785-1791. [PMID: 20979397 DOI: 10.1021/np100401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eight new eunicellin-base diterpenoids, hirsutalins A-H (1-8), were isolated from the soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, particularly in 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by Mosher's method. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 have been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity toward several cancer cell lines. Compounds 2-4 and 8 were found to display significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of the iNOS protein, with compound 2 also effectively reducing the level of COX-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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24
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Chen BW, Chao CH, Su JH, Tsai CW, Wang WH, Wen ZH, Huang CY, Sung PJ, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Klysimplexins I-T, eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the cultured soft coral Klyxum simplex. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 9:834-44. [PMID: 21109855 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00351d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New eunicellin-base diterpenoids, klysimplexins I-T (1-12), were isolated from a cultured soft coral Klyxum simplex. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, particularly in 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The absolute stereochemistry of 4 was determined by Mosher's method. Compounds 9 and 12 have been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity toward a limited panel of cancer cell lines. Compounds 2-6, 10 and 11 were found to display significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of the iNOS protein. Compounds 10 and 11 also could effectively reduce the level of COX-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Hassan HM, Khanfar MA, Elnagar AY, Mohammed R, Shaala LA, Youssef DTA, Hifnawy MS, El Sayed KA. Pachycladins A-E, prostate cancer invasion and migration inhibitory Eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the red sea soft coral Cladiella pachyclados. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:848-853. [PMID: 20420415 DOI: 10.1021/np900787p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alcyonaria species are among the important marine invertebrate classes that produce a wealth of chemically diverse bioactive diterpenes. Examples of these are the potent microtubule disruptor sarcodictyins and eleutherobin. The genus Cladiella has proven to be a rich source of cytotoxic eunicellin-based diterpenoids. Five new eunicellin diterpenes, pachycladins A-E (1-5), were isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Cladiella pachyclados. The known sclerophytin A Cladiellisin, 3-acetylcladiellisin, 3,6-diacetylcladiellisin, (+)-polyanthelin A, klysimplexin G, klysimplexin E, sclerophytin F methyl ether, (6Z)-cladiellin (cladiella-6Z,11(17)-dien-3-ol), sclerophytin B, and patagonicol were also identified. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive interpretation of their spectroscopic data. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth, proliferation, invasion, and migration of the prostate cancer cells PC-3. Some of the new metabolites exhibited significant anti-invasive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M Hassan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
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26
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Bateman TD, Joshi AL, Moon K, Galitovskaya EN, Upreti M, Chambers TC, McIntosh MC. Synthesis and anticancer activity of sclerophytin-inspired hydroisobenzofurans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6898-901. [PMID: 19896844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally related sets of hydroisobenzofuran analogs of sclerophytin A were prepared in three or four steps from (S)-(+)-carvone via an aldol-cycloaldol sequence. The most potent members of each set of analogs exhibited IC(50)'s of 1-3 microM in growth inhibitory assays against KB3 cells. The NCI 60-cell line 5-dose assay for analog 6h revealed a GI(50)=0.148 microM and LC(50)=9.36 microM for the RPMI-8226 leukemia cell line, and a GI(50)=0.552 microM and LC(50)=26.8 microM for the HOP-92 non-small cell lung cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- T David Bateman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 119 Chemistry Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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27
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Corminboeuf O, Overman LE, Pennington LD. A unified strategy for enantioselective total synthesis of cladiellin and briarellin diterpenes: total synthesis of briarellins E and F and the putative structure of alcyonin and revision of its structure assignment. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5458-70. [PMID: 19534538 PMCID: PMC2744073 DOI: 10.1021/jo9010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective total syntheses of briarellin E (12) and briarellin F (13), as well as the structure originally proposed for the cladiellin diterpene alcyonin (10), have been realized. Comparison of the spectral data for synthetic 10, natural alcyonin, cladiellisin (33), and cladiellaperoxide (34), as well as chemical transformations of 10 and natural alcyonin, suggest that the structure of this coral metabolite is allylic peroxide 11. The unified approach detailed herein can be used to access both C4-deoxygenated and C4-oxygenated cladiellins and briarellins. The central step in these syntheses is acid-promoted condensation of (Z)-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes 17 with cyclohexadienyl diols 18 to form intermediates 16 incorporating the hexahydroisobenzofuran core and five stereocenters of these marine diterpenes (Scheme 1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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28
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Chen BW, Wu YC, Chiang MY, Su JH, Wang WH, Fan TY, Sheu JH. Eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the cultured soft coral Klyxum simplex. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Wu SL, Su JH, Wen ZH, Hsu CH, Chen BW, Dai CF, Kuo YH, Sheu JH. Simplexins A-I, eunicellin-based diterpenoids from the soft coral Klyxum simplex. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:994-1000. [PMID: 19391605 DOI: 10.1021/np900064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nine new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, simplexins A-I (1-9), were isolated from a Dongsha Atoll soft coral, Klyxum simplex. The structures of these compounds were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis (IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and by comparison with the physical and spectral data of related known compounds. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by a modified Mosher's method. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were found to be cytotoxic toward a limited panel of cancer cell lines. Compound 5 was shown to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Li Wu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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30
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Sponholtz WR, Bianco MA, Gribble GW. Isolation and structure determination of the cembranoid eunicin from a new genus of octocoral,Pseudoplexaura. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:440-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701591788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2005 for marine natural products, with 704 citations (493 for the period January to December 2005) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (812 for 2005), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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32
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Hou XL, Yang Z, Yeung KS, Wong HN. Five–membered ring systems: furans and benzofurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(07)80011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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33
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Radhika P. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the soft corals of genus Cladiella: A review. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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A homologous series of eunicellin-based diterpenes from Acalycigorgia sp. characterised by tandem mass spectrometry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structures of diterpenoids, including labdanes, clerodanes,pimaranes, abietanes, kauranes, cembranolides, taxanes and marine diterpenoids. The literature from January to December 2005 is reviewed, and 195 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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36
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Helliwell M, Fengas D, Knight CK, Parker J, Quayle P, Raftery J, Richards SN. Bifurcate, tandem ATRC reactions: towards 2-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane core of eunicellins. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Ahmed AF, Wu MH, Wang GH, Wu YC, Sheu JH. Eunicellin-based diterpenoids, australins A-D, isolated from the soft coral Cladiella australis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:1051-5. [PMID: 16038547 DOI: 10.1021/np0500732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The EtOAc extract of a Taiwanese soft coral, Caldiella australis, yielded four new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, australins A-D (1-4). The chemical structures of these metabolites were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (including 1D and 2D NMR) analyses and by comparison of their NMR spectral data with those of related metabolites. Metabolite 2 was found to possess a moderate cytotoxic activity against selected breast and liver cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atallah F Ahmed
- Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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