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Chu MJ, Li M, Ma H, Li PL, Li GQ. Secondary metabolites from marine sponges of the genus Agelas: a comprehensive update insight on structural diversity and bioactivity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7789-7820. [PMID: 35424773 PMCID: PMC8982468 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common marine sponges in tropical and subtropical oceans, the sponges of the genus Agelas, have emerged as unique and yet under-investigated pools for discovery of natural products with fabulous molecular diversity and myriad interesting biological activities. The present review highlights the chemical structure and biological activity of 355 compounds that have been isolated and characterized from the members of Agelas sponges, over the period of about five decades (from 1971 to November 2021). For a better understanding, these numerous compounds are firstly classified and presented according to their carbon skeleton as well as their biosynthetic origins. Relevant summaries focusing on the source organism and the associated bioactivity of these compounds belonging to different chemical classes are also provided. This review highlights sponges of the genus Agelas as exciting source for discovery of intriguing natural compounds. The marine sponges of the genus Agelas, are unique and yet under-investigated pools for discovery of natural products with fabulous molecular diversity and myriad interesting biological activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jun Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ping-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
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2
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Seipp K, Geske L, Opatz T. Marine Pyrrole Alkaloids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:514. [PMID: 34564176 PMCID: PMC8471394 DOI: 10.3390/md19090514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are essential parts of the chemical machinery of life and often reveal intriguing structures. They are not only widespread in terrestrial habitats but can also frequently be found as natural products in the marine environment. This review highlights the important class of marine pyrrole alkaloids, well-known for their diverse biological activities. A broad overview of the marine pyrrole alkaloids with a focus on their isolation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and derivatization covering the decade from 2010 to 2020 is provided. With relevant structural subclasses categorized, this review shall provide a clear and timely synopsis of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.); (L.G.)
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Esposito G, Teta R, Marrone R, De Sterlich C, Casazza M, Anastasio A, Lega M, Costantino V. A Fast Detection Strategy for Cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins (FDSCC) reveals the occurrence of lyngbyatoxin A in campania (South Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:342-351. [PMID: 30884295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast Detection Strategy for Cyanobacterial blooms and associated Cyanotoxins (FDSCC) is a multidisciplinary strategy that allows early detection, in 24 man-hours, of cyanobacteria and related cyanotoxins in water and bivalve samples. This approach combines the advantages of remote/proximal sensing with those of analytical/bioinformatics analyses, namely, LC-HRMS-based molecular networking. The detection of Lyngbyatoxin A, a lipophilic cyanotoxin, in all analyzed water samples and in bivalves, commonly used as food, was the proof of the reliability of the new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Esposito
- Task Force BIG FED2, The Blue Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Roberta Teta
- Task Force BIG FED2, The Blue Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Carlo De Sterlich
- Task Force BIG FED2, The Blue Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Marco Casazza
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy.
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | | | - Valeria Costantino
- Task Force BIG FED2, The Blue Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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4
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Chemistry and Biology of Bioactive Glycolipids of Marine Origin. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090294. [PMID: 30135377 PMCID: PMC6163716 DOI: 10.3390/md16090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids represent a broad class of natural products structurally featured by a glycosidic fragment linked to a lipidic molecule. Despite the large structural variety of these glycoconjugates, they can be classified into three main groups, i.e., glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids, and atypical glycolipids. In the particular case of glycolipids derived from marine sources, an impressive variety in their structural features and biological properties is observed, thus making them prime targets for chemical synthesis. In the present review, we explore the chemistry and biology of this class of compounds.
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Isolation of Smenopyrone, a Bis-γ-Pyrone Polypropionate from the Caribbean Sponge Smenospongia aurea. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080285. [PMID: 30126132 PMCID: PMC6117678 DOI: 10.3390/md16080285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic extract of the Caribbean sponge Smenospongia aurea has been shown to contain an array of novel chlorinated secondary metabolites derived from a mixed PKS-NRPS biogenetic route such as the smenamides. In this paper, we report the presence of a biogenetically different compound known as smenopyrone, which is a polypropionate containing two γ-pyrone rings. The structure of smenopyrone including its relative and absolute stereochemistry was determined by spectroscopic analysis (NMR, MS, ECD) and supported by a comparison with model compounds from research studies. Pyrone polypropionates are unprecedented in marine sponges but are commonly found in marine mollusks where their biosynthesis by symbiotic bacteria has been hypothesized and at least in one case demonstrated. Since pyrones have recently been recognized as bacterial signaling molecules, we speculate that smenopyrone could mediate inter-kingdom chemical communication between S. aurea and its symbiotic bacteria.
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Caso A, Laurenzana I, Lamorte D, Trino S, Esposito G, Piccialli V, Costantino V. Smenamide A Analogues. Synthesis and Biological Activity on Multiple Myeloma Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E206. [PMID: 29899231 PMCID: PMC6025564 DOI: 10.3390/md16060206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smenamides are an intriguing class of peptide/polyketide molecules of marine origin showing antiproliferative activity against lung cancer Calu-1 cells at nanomolar concentrations through a clear pro-apoptotic mechanism. To probe the role of the activity-determining structural features, the 16-epi-analogue of smenamide A and eight simplified analogues in the 16-epi series were prepared using a flexible synthetic route. The synthetic analogues were tested on multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines showing that the configuration at C-16 slightly affects the activity, since the 16-epi-derivative is still active at nanomolar concentrations. Interestingly, it was found that the truncated compound 8, mainly composed of the pyrrolinone terminus, was not active, while compound 13, essentially lacking the pyrrolinone moiety, was 1000-fold less active than the intact substance and was the most active among all the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Germana Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Piccialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Costantino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Dandelion Root Extract Induces Intracellular Ca 2+ Increases in HEK293 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041112. [PMID: 29642457 PMCID: PMC5979456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg.) has been used for centuries as an ethnomedical remedy. Nonetheless, the extensive use of different kinds of dandelion extracts and preparations is based on empirical findings. Some of the tissue-specific effects reported for diverse dandelion extracts may result from their action on intracellular signaling cascades. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an ethanolic dandelion root extract (DRE) on Ca2+ signaling in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The cytotoxicity of increasing doses of crude DRE was determined by the Calcein viability assay. Fura-2 and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probe ERD1 were used to measure cytoplasmic and intraluminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ levels, respectively. Furthermore, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based probe was used to monitor phospholipase C (PLC) activation (pleckstrin homology [PH]–PLCδ–GFP). DRE (10–400 µg/mL) exposure, in the presence of external Ca2+, dose-dependently increased intracellular Ca2+ levels. The DRE-induced Ca2+ increase was significantly reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. In addition, DRE caused a significant Ca2+ release from the ER of intact cells and a concomitant translocation of PH–PLCδ–GFP. In conclusion, DRE directly activates both the release of Ca2+ from internal stores and a significant Ca2+ influx at the plasma membrane. The resulting high Ca2+ levels within the cell seem to directly stimulate PLC activity.
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Zhang H, Dong M, Chen J, Wang H, Tenney K, Crews P. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Marine Sponge Genus Agelas. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E351. [PMID: 29117128 PMCID: PMC5706041 DOI: 10.3390/md15110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine sponge genus Agelas comprises a rich reservoir of species and natural products with diverse chemical structures and biological properties with potential application in new drug development. This review for the first time summarized secondary metabolites from Agelas sponges discovered in the past 47 years together with their bioactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Menglian Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz 95064, CA, USA.
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz 95064, CA, USA.
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Costantini S, Guerriero E, Teta R, Capone F, Caso A, Sorice A, Romano G, Ianora A, Ruocco N, Budillon A, Costantino V, Costantini M. Evaluating the Effects of an Organic Extract from the Mediterranean Sponge Geodia cydonium on Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102112. [PMID: 28991212 PMCID: PMC5666794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are an excellent source of bioactive secondary metabolites for pharmacological applications. In the present study, we evaluated the chemistry, cytotoxicity and metabolomics of an organic extract from the Mediterranean marine sponge Geodia cydonium, collected in coastal waters of the Gulf of Naples. We identified an active fraction able to block proliferation of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and MDA-MB468 and to induce cellular apoptosis, whereas it was inactive on normal breast cells (MCF-10A). Metabolomic studies showed that this active fraction was able to interfere with amino acid metabolism, as well as to modulate glycolysis and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways. In addition, the evaluation of the cytokinome profile on the polar fractions of three treated breast cancer cell lines (compared to untreated cells) demonstrated that this fraction induced a slight anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, the chemical entities present in this fraction were analyzed by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry combined with molecular networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Costantini
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Eliana Guerriero
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberta Teta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Capone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessia Caso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Sorice
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Costantino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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Three new non-brominated pyrrole alkaloids from the South China Sea sponge Agelas nakamurai. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sun YT, Lin B, Li SG, Liu M, Zhou YJ, Xu Y, Hua HM, Lin HW. New bromopyrrole alkaloids from the marine sponge Agelas sp. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Manconi R, Pronzato R, Perino E. A new species of Agelas from the Zanzibar Archipelago, western Indian Ocean (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zookeys 2016:1-31. [PMID: 26877669 PMCID: PMC4740978 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.553.5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sponge species (Demospongiae: Agelasida: Agelasidae) is described from the eastern coast of Unguja Island in the Zanzibar Archipelago. Agelassansibaricasp. n. is compared to all other Agelas species described so far. The new species differs from its congeners mainly in its three categories of verticillate spicules (acanthostyles, acanthostrongyles, and acanthoxeas) and their sizes. Acanthostrongyles, well represented in the spicular complement, are an exclusive trait of the new species widening the morphological range of the genus. Summarizing on spicular complement and spicular morphotraits of 36 species belonging to the genus Agelas: i) 32 species show only acanthostyles from Indo-Pacific (n = 14), Atlantic (n = 17), and Mediterranean (n = 1); ii) three Indo-Pacific species show acanthostyles and acanthoxeas; iii) one species Agelassansibaricasp. n. from the western Indian Ocean is characterised by the unique trait of three categories of verticillate spicules (acanthostyles, acanthostrongyles and acanthoxeas). A key for the Indo-Pacific species is supplied together with short descriptions, illustrations, and geographic range; literature on chemical bioprospecting of the genus Agelas is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio (Dip.Ne.T.), Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 25, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Pronzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (Di.S.T.A.V.), Corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Erica Perino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (Di.S.T.A.V.), Corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genova, Italy
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14
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Glycosides from marine sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae): structures, taxonomical distribution, biological activities and biological roles. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1671-1710. [PMID: 23015769 PMCID: PMC3447334 DOI: 10.3390/md10081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature data about glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) are reviewed. Structural diversity, biological activities, taxonomic distribution and biological functions of these natural products are discussed.
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Yang SX, Wang HP, Gao JM, Zhang Q, Laatsch H, Kuang Y. Fusaroside, a unique glycolipid from Fusarium sp., an endophytic fungus isolated from Melia azedarach. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:819-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Calcul L, Tenney K, Ratnam J, McKerrow JH, Crews P. Structural Variations to the 9-N-Methyladeninium Diterpenoid Hybrid Commonly Isolated from Agelas Sponges. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four novel 9-N-methyladeninium diterpenoids, agelasine M (3), 2-oxo-agelasine B (4), gelasine A (5), and gelasine B (6) accompanied by the known-agelasine B (1) and F (2) were isolated from the marine sponge Agelas sp. collected in Papua New Guinea. Compounds 3–6 represent higher unsaturated 9-N-methyladeninium bicyclic diterpenoid derivatives including 5 and 6 as unusual norditerpenoid-agelasines. Their structures were elucidated through detailed physical data analyses and comparison with literature properties. All pure compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Trypanosoma brucei as well as for cytotoxicity against Jurkat cells.
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17
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Hu WP, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:35-94. [PMID: 18250897 DOI: 10.1039/b701534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2006 for marine natural products, with 758 citations (534 for the period January to December 2006) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidaria, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (779 for 2006), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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