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Niu ZX, Wang YT, Wang JF. Recent advances in total synthesis of protoberberine and chiral tetrahydroberberine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38712365 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2024Due to the widespread distribution of protoberberine alkaloids (PBs) and tetrahydroberberine alkaloids (THPBs) in nature, coupled with their myriad unique physiological activities, they have garnered considerable attention from medical practitioners. Over the past few decades, synthetic chemists have devised various total synthesis methods to attain these structures, continually expanding reaction pathways to achieve more efficient synthetic strategies. Simultaneously, the chiral construction of THPBs has become a focal point. In this comprehensive review, we categorically summarized the developmental trajectory of the total synthesis of these alkaloids based on the core closure strategies of protoberberine and tetrahydroberberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xi Niu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Province, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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2
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Zhao W, Liu M, Liu K, Liu H, Liu X, Liu J. An Enzymatic Strategy for the Selective Methylation of High-Value-Added Tetrahydroprotoberberine Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15214. [PMID: 37894895 PMCID: PMC10607743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) are plant-specific alkaloids with significant medicinal value. They are present in trace amounts in plants and are difficult to chemically synthesize due to stereoselectivity and an unfavorable environment. In this study, a selective methylation strategy was developed for the biocatalysis of seven high-value-added THPB compounds using 4'-O-methyltransferase (Cj4'OMT), norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase (Cj6OMT), and (S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase (SiSOMT and PsSOMT) in engineered E. coli. The methyltransferases Cj4'OMT, Cj6OMT, PsSOMT, and SiSOMT were expressed heterologously in E. coli. Compound 1 (10-methoxy-2,3,9-tetrahydroxyberbine) was synthesized using the recombinant E. coli strain Cj4'OMT and the substrate 2,3,9,10-tetrahydroxyberbine. Compound 2 (9-methoxy-2,3,10-tetrahydroxyberbine) was produced in the recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain PsSOMT, and compounds 2 and 3 (discretamine) were produced in the recombinant E. coli strain SiSOMT. Compounds 4 (9,10-methoxy-2,3-tetrahydroxyberbine) and 5 (corypalmine) were obtained by co-culturing the recombinant strains Cj4'OMT and SiSOMT with substrate. Compounds 6 (scoulerine) and 7 (isoscoulerine) were produced by co-culturing the substrate with the recombinant strains Cj4'OMT and Cj6OMT. To increase the yield of novel compound 2, the flask culture conditions of the engineered SiSOMT strain were optimized, resulting in the production of 165.74 mg/L of this compound. This study thus presents an enzymatic approach to the synthesis of high-value-added THPBs with minimum environmental wastage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Manyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kemeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiufeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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3
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Kim A, Ngamnithiporn A, Du E, Stoltz BM. Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (2002-2020). Chem Rev 2023; 123:9447-9496. [PMID: 37429001 PMCID: PMC10416225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) natural products constitute one of the largest families of alkaloids and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activity. Ranging from simple THIQ natural products to complex trisTHIQ alkaloids such as the ecteinascidins, the chemical syntheses of these alkaloids and their analogs have been thoroughly investigated due to their intricate structural features and functionalities, as well as their high therapeutic potential. This review describes the general structure and biosynthesis of each family of THIQ alkaloids as well as recent advancements of the total synthesis of these natural products from 2002 to 2020. Recent chemical syntheses that have emerged harnessing novel, creative synthetic design, and modern chemical methodology will be highlighted. This review will hopefully serve as a guide for the unique strategies and tools used in the total synthesis of THIQ alkaloids, as well as address the longstanding challenges in their chemical and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia
N. Kim
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research
Institute, 54 Kamphaeng
Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Emily Du
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Horst B, Wanner MJ, Jørgensen SI, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH. Total Synthesis of the Ortho-Hydroxylated Protoberberines ( S)-Govaniadine, ( S)-Caseamine, and ( S)-Clarkeanidine via a Solvent-Directed Pictet-Spengler Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15110-15117. [PMID: 30451502 PMCID: PMC6328280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The common para regioselectivity in Pictet-Spengler reactions with dopamine derivatives is redirected to the ortho position by a simple change of solvents. In combination with a chiral auxiliary on nitrogen, this ortho-selective Pictet-Spengler produced the 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids ( S)-crassifoline and ( S)-norcrassifoline and the bioactive 1,2-dioxygenated tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids ( S)-govaniadine, ( S)-caseamine, and ( S)-clarkeanidine with high enantiopurity. Ortho/para ratios up to 89:19 and diastereomeric ratios up to 85:15 were obtained during formation of the B-ring. The general applicability of this solvent-directed regioselectivity was demonstrated with a second Pictet-Spengler reaction as required for C-ring formation of caseamine (o/p = 14:86 in trifluoroethanol) and clarkeanidine (o/p = 86:14 in toluene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Horst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Wanner
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Steen Ingemann Jørgensen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Henk Hiemstra
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Maarseveen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Chrzanowska M, Grajewska A, Rozwadowska MD. Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids: 2004-2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12369-12465. [PMID: 27680197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the asymmetric synthesis of chiral nonracemic isoquinoline alkaloids, a family of natural products showing a wide range of structural diversity and biological and pharmaceutical activity, has been based either on continuation or improvement of known traditional methods or on new, recently developed, strategies. Both diastereoselective and enantioselective catalytic methods have been applied. This review describes the stereochemically modified traditional syntheses (the Pictet-Spengler, the Bischler-Napieralski, and the Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt) along with strategies based on closing of the nitrogen-containing ring B of the isoquinoline core by the formation of bonds between C1-N2, N2-C3, C1-N2/N2-C3, and C1-N2/C4-C4a atoms. Methods involving introduction of substituents at the C1 carbon of isoquinoline core along with syntheses applying various biocatalytic techniques have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria D Rozwadowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Benmekhbi L, Louafi F, Roisnel T, Hurvois JP. Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids and Related Compounds through the Alkylation of Anodically Prepared α-Amino Nitriles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6721-39. [PMID: 27410716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino nitrile 2a was conveniently prepared in two individual steps from chiral hexafluorophosphate salt isoquinolinium (-)-8b including anodic cyanation as an efficient means to activate the sp(3) C1-H bond of the THIQ nucleus. The lithiation of 2a was carried out in THF at -80 °C in the presence of LDA to produce a stable α-amino carbanion which was condensed on a large variety of alkyl halides. The resulting quaternary α-amino nitriles were subjected to a stereoselective reductive decyanation in ethanol in the presence of NaBH4 as the hydride donor to yield N-Boc-1-alkyl-THIQs (+)-10a-g in up to 97:3 er's after removal of the chiral auxiliary group. Examination of the ORTEP view of THIQ (+)-1f revealed that the newly created stereogenic center had an absolute S configuration. Likewise, (-)-xylopinine was synthesized in four workup steps in an overall 63% yield from α-amino nitrile (+)-2b. In this process, crystallization of an enantioenriched mixture (90:10) of (-)-norlaudanosine with 1 equiv of (-)-N-acetyl-l-leucine afforded the leucinate salt (+)-13 (99:1 dr). Similarly, (+)-salsolidine was displaced from its (-)-DBTA salt (-)-12 in 99:1 er, which was determined by proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy in the presence of thiophosphinic acid (+)-14 as the chiral solvating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Benmekhbi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Constantine 1 , route de Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Fadila Louafi
- Unité de Recherche CHEMS, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Constantine 1 , route de Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Centre de Diffractométrie X, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , Bat. 10 B, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hurvois
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 2 Avenue Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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8
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Xu GQ, Li CG, Liu MQ, Cao J, Luo YC, Xu PF. Dual C–H functionalization of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines: a highly diastereoselective synthesis of dibenzo[a,f]quinolizines via visible-light induced oxidation and inverse electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1190-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dual C–H functionalization of amines with high diastereoselectivity is developedviavisible-light photocatalysis and inverse electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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Gao S, Cheng JJ, Ling CY, Chu WJ, Yang YS. A practical enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-(S)-stepholidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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A metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-carbamoyl tetrahydroisoquinoline by sodium persulfate. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kawabata Y, Naito Y, Saitoh T, Kawa K, Fuchigami T, Nishiyama S. Synthesis of (+)-O-Methylthalibrine by Employing a Stereocontrolled Bischler-Napieralski Reaction and an Electrochemically Generated Diaryl Ether. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Recent Asymmetric Syntheses of Tetrahydroisoquinolines Using “Named” and Some Other Newer Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59530-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Tomioka K, Ogata T, Kimachi T, Yamada KI, Yamamoto Y. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)-Laudanosine by Hydroamination. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-s(n)44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Blank N, Opatz T. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroprotoberberines and Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from a Deprotonated α-Aminonitrile. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9777-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Blank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Wallner S, Lienhart WD, Sattler JH, Resch J, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic organic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine and berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6703-14. [PMID: 21739961 PMCID: PMC3155283 DOI: 10.1021/jo201056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric total synthesis of the title compounds is described that employs an enantioselective oxidative C-C bond formation catalyzed by berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the asymmetric key step. This unique reaction yielded enantiomerically pure (R)-benzylisoquinoline derivatives and (S)-berbines such as the natural product (S)-scoulerine, a sedative and muscle relaxing agent. The racemic substrates rac-1 required for the biotransformation were prepared in 4-8 linear steps using either a Bischler-Napieralski cyclization or a C1-Cα alkylation approach. The chemoenzymatic synthesis was applied to the preparation of fourteen enantiomerically pure alkaloids, including the natural products (S)-scoulerine and (R)-reticuline, and gave overall yields of up to 20% over 5-9 linear steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dieter Lienhart
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann H. Sattler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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