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Lin L, Zhou H, Wen L, Al-Romaima A, Peng X, Qiu M. NMR-tracking for 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenes from Cimicifuga acerina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 210:113669. [PMID: 37011706 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Twelve undescribed 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenoids, 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N, as well as five previously reported analogs were isolated by NMR-tracking methods from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga acerina (Sieb. et Zucc.) Tanaka. Among them, 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N were the first 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenoids featuring acetal or hemiacetal structures at C-15. The chemical structures of 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical method, and comparison with the previous literature data. After that, all these compounds were evaluated for their lipid-lowering effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes.15,16-seco-cimiterpene D was found to exhibit a comparable reducing lipid effect at the concentration of 50 μM, with an inhibition rate at 35.96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Luan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdulbaset Al-Romaima
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Lu NH, Li J, Yang YR, Liu HL, Du YR. New triterpenes from Cimicifuga yunnanensis down-regulating the mRNA expression of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36978-36988. [PMID: 35494395 PMCID: PMC9043592 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenes (1–9, 11–12) and one undescribed lanostane-type aglycone (10) were identified from the aerial parts of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. The new structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 3–5, 7–9, and 11, without obvious cytotoxicity at 50 μM, were evaluated for inhibiting the mRNA expressions of atherosclerosis-related factors of CD147 (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, EMMPRIN), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced Human monocytic THP-1 cells by using a quantitative real-time PCR method (q-PCR). Among them, aglycones 7 and 8 showed potent activities, whereas all tested glycosides were inactive. Compounds 7 and 8 suppressed the mRNA expression of CD147 in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 3.38 ± 0.27 μM and 8.25 ± 0.33 μM, respectively. Besides, 7 dose-related down-regulated the mRNA expression of MMP-2, and MMP-9, having an IC50 value of 6.32 ± 0.31 μM and 11.57 ± 0.23 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, 8 at 10 μM reduced the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by 35% and 25%, respectively. Significantly, the migration ability of the induced THP-1 cells was potently and dose-dependently inhibited by 7, with an IC50 value of 5.87 ± 0.27 μM. Eleven new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenes (CTs) (1–9, 11–12) and one undescribed lanostane-type aglycone (10) were identified from Cimicifuga yunnanensis. CTs aglycones 7 and 8 potently down-regulated the mRNA expression of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Rui Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Rong Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
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Pang QQ, Li T, Liu LX, Shi DF, Yao XS, Li HB, Yu Y. Systematically identifying the anti-inflammatory constituents of Cimicifuga dahurica by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5177. [PMID: 33998678 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim, which is also regarded as the main origin of "Shengma" in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been used as a cooling and detoxification agent for thousands of years. Our previous phytochemical investigations of C. dahurica extracts (CDEs) led to the isolation of a series of 9,19-cycloalkane triterpenoids and phenolic acids showing a potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, the chemical profiling of CDEs and the material basis of its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo has not been clarified. In the present study, the CDE chemical profile and prototype components in rat plasma were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As a result, a total of 106 components were identified or tentatively characterized in CDEs, including 54 triterpenoids, 35 phenolic acids, eight amides and nine other type constituents (39 compounds were confirmed with the reference standards). In addition, 20 prototype components (15 triterpenoids and five phenolic acids) were identified in rat plasma, which potentially related to the anti-inflammatory effects of CDEs. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of the main prototype components were further evaluated by their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated that 9,19-cycloalkane triterpenoids may play an anti-inflammatory role by down-regulating the expression of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Pang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Xian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Feng Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Hao YM, Luo W, Jiang GZ, Lv CN, Lu JC. One new and seven known triterpene glycosides from the aerial parts of Cimicifuga dahurica. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:788-793. [PMID: 31357881 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1638370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One new triterpene glycoside, asiaticoside I (1), along with seven known ones (2-8), were isolated from the aerial parts of Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS data. The structures of known compounds were determined by comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cell growth inhibitory activities in vitro against HELF, non-small cell lung cancer A549, and pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cell lines, with IC50 values of 62.97, 43.19, and 60.40 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Meng Hao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guan-Ze Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chong-Ning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin-Cai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Fang ZJ, Zhang T, Chen SX, Wang YL, Zhou CX, Mo JX, Wu YJ, Xu YK, Lin LG, Gan LS. Cycloartane triterpenoids from Actaea vaginata with anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 160:1-10. [PMID: 30641334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Five undescribed cycloartane triterpenoids, including two cycloartane trinor-triterpenoids, were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the whole plant of Actaea vaginata (Ranunculaceae), together with thirteen known cycloartane triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical calculations for intramolecular noncovalent interactions with reduced density gradient method. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production model in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, and some showed potent inhibitory effects with IC50 values ranging from 5.0 to 24.4 μM. Further mechanism studies showed that one compound dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, and decreased the expression of iNOS, through inhibiting NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Shi-Xin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yan-Lan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chang-Xin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jian-Xia Mo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yong-Jiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - You-Kai Xu
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, PR China
| | - Li-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, PR China.
| | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Shi QQ, Lu J, Peng XR, Li DS, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Cimitriteromone A–G, Macromolecular Triterpenoid–Chromone Hybrids from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10359-10369. [PMID: 30044102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
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Qin JJ, Li X, Hunt C, Wang W, Wang H, Zhang R. Natural products targeting the p53-MDM2 pathway and mutant p53: Recent advances and implications in cancer medicine. Genes Dis 2018; 5:204-219. [PMID: 30320185 PMCID: PMC6176154 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a major role in controlling the initiation and development of cancer by regulating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and DNA repair. The MDM2 oncogene is a major negative regulator of p53 that inhibits the activity of p53 and reduces its protein stability. MDM2, p53, and the p53-MDM2 pathway represent well-documented targets for preventing and/or treating cancer. Natural products, especially those from medicinal and food plants, are a rich source for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic and preventive agents against human cancers. Many natural product-derived MDM2 inhibitors have shown potent efficacy against various human cancers. In contrast to synthetic small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors, the majority of which have been designed to inhibit MDM2-p53 binding and activate p53, many natural product inhibitors directly decrease MDM2 expression and/or MDM2 stability, exerting their anticancer activity in both p53-dependent and p53-independent manners. More recently, several natural products have been reported to target mutant p53 in cancer. Therefore, identification of natural products targeting MDM2, mutant p53, and the p53-MDM2 pathway can provide a promising strategy for the development of novel cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we focus our discussion on the recent advances in the discovery and development of anticancer natural products that target the p53-MDM2 pathway, emphasizing several emerging issues, such as the efficacy, mechanism of action, and specificity of these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Courtney Hunt
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA. Fax: +1 713 743 1229.
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Lu NH, Zhang ZW, Guo RW, Yang LX, Song YX, Ye JS, Shi YK. Yunnanterpene G, a spiro-triterpene from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida, downregulates the expression of CD147 and MMPs in PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15036-15043. [PMID: 35541353 PMCID: PMC9079972 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cycloartane triterpene, yunnanterpene G (1), containing an oxaspiro[5.4]decane moiety, was purified from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. The new structure was determined from spectroscopic data and the X-ray diffraction method. Biological evaluations revealed that compound 1 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the atherosclerosis-related adhesion molecule CD147 (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, EMMPRIN), and proteolytic enzymes matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and MMP-14, in a dose-dependent manner in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced human monocytic THP-1 cells by quantitative real-time PCR method. At the same time, the migration ability of the induced THP-1 cells was potently inhibited. Furthermore, western blot experiments showed that compound 1 at 25 μM strongly suppressed phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK in the differentiated THP-1 cells. Yunnanterpene G (1), a new cycloartane triterpene with an oxaspiro[5.4]decane moiety, was purified from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. Significantly, it downregulates the expression of CD147 and MMPs in PMA differentiated THP-1 cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Rui-Wei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xian Song
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Shan Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Kun Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
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Nian Y, Lu NH, Liu XL, Li DS, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Antiacetylcholinesterase triterpenes from the fruits of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7832-7838. [PMID: 35539105 PMCID: PMC9078504 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00291f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new cycloartane triterpenes, cimyunnin E (1), containing a unique oxaspiro[4.4]nonanedione moiety based on rings D and E, together with cimicifine B (2), a 25,26,27-trinortriterpene featuring a pyridine ring E, were purified from the fruits of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and ECD (electronic circular dichroism calculations). Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with IC50 values of 1.58 and 3.87 μM, respectively. In addition, they noticeably enhanced the neurite outgrowth of nerve growth factor (NGF) mediated PC12 cells at a concentration of 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 People's Republic of China
| | - Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Kunming 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 People's Republic of China
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Lee YC, Kumar K. Gold(I) Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization - A Roadmap to Privileged Heterocyclic Scaffolds. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lee
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund; Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
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Guo Y, Yin T, Wang X, Zhang F, Pan G, Lv H, Wang X, Owoicho Orgah J, Zhu Y, Wu H. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Cimicifuga: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:264-282. [PMID: 28826891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants of the genus Cimicifuga have long been used as an ethnomedicine in China, Europe, and North America for its high medicinal value and health benefits. Their dried rhizomes are widely used for treating wind-heat headache, toothache, aphtha, sore throat, measles, spot poison, archoptosis, and uterine prolapse. In addition, it is used as a dietary supplement for preventing women menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. AIM OF THE REVIEW This paper aims to provide up-to-date information on the genus Cimicifuga, including botanical characterization, medicinal resources, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological research as well as the toxicology. The possible structural-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive constituents are discussed in ways that contribute to the structural optimization and preclinical safety assessment for further drug design. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Cimicifuga was collected from scientific databases (such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database), Chinese herbal classics, ethnobotanical books, PhD and MSc dissertations, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, local magazines, and unpublished materials. In addition, the Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org) was also used to validate the scientific names and synonyms of this plant. The literature cited in this review dated from 1953 to 2017. RESULTS The majority of chemical constituents of this plant include triterpenoid glycosides, phenylpropanoids, nitrogenous compounds, chromones, flavonoids and 4α-methyl steroid. Among them, the primary bioactive constituents are believed to be present in the triterpene glycoside fraction. To date, investigation of seven Cimicifuga spp. plants led to the identification of more than 457 compounds. Years of pharmacological research proved that the crude extracts and certain pure compounds obtained from Cimicifuga exhibited menopausal syndrome-treatment, anti-osteoporosis, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities. On the other hand, Cimicifuga plant-induced toxicities of liver, cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous systems have also been reported. Therefore, safety consideration should be placed into a high priority for herbal medicine Cimicifuga therapy in the early stages of development and clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS This review presents information on botany, medicinal resources, and traditional medicinal history of some Cimicifuga plants. Modern pharmacology researchers have validated many traditional uses of Cimicifuga species. As the quality control and safety assessment of Cimicifuga plants is still incomplete, only a small part of the plant is permitted to be used as medicines. Expansion of medicinal resources in Cimicifuga is urgently needed to enable its full use. Currently research primarily focuses on the triterpenoid glycosides but there are many other types of compounds which may possess new biological activities however the systematic studies of these compounds are lacking. Extensive study is required on Cimicifuga plant before it can be fully used in clinics as a potent drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Tong Yin
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Hong Lv
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Xianrui Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - John Owoicho Orgah
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Honghua Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
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Abstract
Covering: 2013. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2015, 29, 1028-1065This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids reported during 2013 including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 350 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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13
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Nian Y, Yan H, Li XN, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Cimifrigines A–G, cytotoxic triterpenes with an oxime group from the flowers of Cimicifuga frigida. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new dahurinol-type triterpene derivatives, including three aglycones, cimifrigines A–C (1–3), and four glycosides, cimifrigines D–G (4–7), were purified from the flowers of Cimicifuga frigida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- People's Republic of China
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14
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Su Y, Chi WC, Wu L, Wang QH, Kuang HX. Photochemistry and pharmacology of 9, 19-cyclolanostane glycosides isolated from genus Cimicifuga. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:721-731. [PMID: 28236402 PMCID: PMC7129281 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which often exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. 9, 19-Cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides are distributed widely in genus Cimicifuga rather than in other members of the Ranunculaceae family. So far, more than 140 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga spp.. The aim of this review was to summarize all 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides based on the available relevant scientific literatures from 2000 to 2014. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA; Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
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15
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Zhu GL, Zhu DF, Wan LS, Peng XR, Bao NM, Zhang ZR, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Six New 9,19-Cycloartane Triterpenoids from Cimicifuga foetida L. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:187-93. [PMID: 27207314 PMCID: PMC4940256 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Six new 9,19-cycloartane triterpene derivatives, as well as 3 known analogues (7-9), were isolated from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida L. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, ORD, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Fan Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Sheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni-Man Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Run Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Díaz AC, Pablo García Merinos J, López Y, Betzabe González Campos J, del Río RE, Santillan R, Farfán N, Morzycki JW. Regio- and stereoselective cleavage of steroidal 22-oxo-23-spiroketals catalyzed by BF3·Et2O. Steroids 2015; 100:36-43. [PMID: 25937081 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective opening of the F ring of 22-oxo-23-spiroketals using BF3·OEt2 in acetic anhydride yielded novel cholestanic frameworks with pyranone E ring 20-23. The structures of the new derivatives of botogenin, diosgenin, hecogenin and tigogenin thus obtained were established using one and two dimensional (1)H, (13)C experiments (DEPT, COSY, HETCOR, HMBC). The X-ray diffraction analysis unequivocally confirmed the R configuration at C-23 in the starting 22-oxo-23-spiroketal 18 and the Z configuration of the C23-C24 double bond in the reaction product 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Corona Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed. B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - J Pablo García Merinos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed. B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - Yliana López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed. B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico.
| | - J Betzabe González Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed. B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - Rosa E del Río
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed. B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - Rosa Santillan
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, México, D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Piłsudskiego 11/4, 15-443 Białystok, Poland
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18
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Zhu DF, Zhu GL, Kong LM, Bao NM, Zhou L, Nian Y, Qiu MH. Cycloartane Glycosides from the Roots of Cimicifuga foetida with Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitory Activity. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2015; 5:61-67. [PMID: 25693500 PMCID: PMC4402585 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-015-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenoids, cimilactone E (1), cimilactone F (2), 2'-O-(E)-butenoyl-23-epi-26-deoxyactein (3), and 2',12β-O-diacetylcimiracemonol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (4), together with four known constituents (5-8) were isolated from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. The new structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. In addition, compounds 7 and 8 showed significant Wnt signaling pathway inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 3.33 and 13.34 μM, respectively, using the luciferase reporter gene assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Guo-Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ling-Mei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ni-Man Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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New anti-angiogenic leading structure discovered in the fruit of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9026. [PMID: 25762443 PMCID: PMC4356973 DOI: 10.1038/srep09026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cimyunnins A–C (1–3), characterized with an unusual fused cyclopentenone ring G, together with cimyunnin D (4), possessing a highly rearranged γ-lactone ring F, were characterized from the fruit of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations. In addition, cimyunnin A exhibited comparable anti-angiogenic activities to those of sunitinib, a clinically-used first-line angiogenesis inhibitor, in the in vitro and ex vivo studies.
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Plumet J, Roscales S. Terpenoids Bearing the 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (7-Oxanorbornane) Skeleton. Natural Sources, Biological Activities and Chemical Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-14-sr(k)3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bao NM, Nian Y, Zhu GL, Wang WH, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Cytotoxic 9,19-cycloartane triterpenes from the aerial parts of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. Fitoterapia 2014; 99:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Acerinol, a cyclolanstane triterpenoid from Cimicifuga acerina, reverses ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance in HepG2/ADM and MCF-7/ADR cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 733:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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