1
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Hu B, Ling SJ, Liu X, Huang JB, Cui H, Zhao ZX. Two new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and two sesquiterpenes from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis with anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105824. [PMID: 38244895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Two new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (1-2), two new sesquiterpenes (12-13), and twelve known compounds (3-11, 14-16) were isolated from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis. These structures were confirmed by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configurations of two new sesquiterpenes were determined by comparing the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Among them, 7,8-dihydroxy-2-[2-(4'-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone (2) was the first time found that the hydroxyl groups at both C-7/C-8 in agarwood. And Aseudesm B (13), the aldehyded methyl group at C-5 of eucalyptane sesquiterpenes was first discovered in natural products. In the bioassays, all compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2-5, 7, 9-10, and 13-14 revealed notable inhibitory effects against NO production with IC50 values ranging from 4.0 to 13.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Jing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Bo Huang
- Zhongshan Wuguishan Agarwood Industry Chain Co., Ltd., 528458, China
| | - Hui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhong-Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Wang P, Zhu H, Liu J, Xie S, Xu S, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Xu J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel protopanoxadiol derivatives based PROTACs technology for the treatment of lung cancer. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106327. [PMID: 36549254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protopanoxadiol is a key active ingredient derived from Panax ginseng that is well-known to exhibit anti-tumor activity. Previous research focused on the natural protopanaxadiol derivative AD-1 has demonstrated that it possesses broad spectrum anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo. However, its limited activity, selectivity, and cell permeability have impeded its therapeutic application. Herein, a series of novel AD-1 derivatives were designed and synthesized based on proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology by linking AD-1 at the C-3 and C-12 positions with pomalidomide through linkers of alkyl chain of differing lengths to achieve the goal of improving the efficacy of the parent compound. Among these synthesized PROTACs, the representative compound A05 exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative activity against A549 cells. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that compound A05 was able to suppress MDM2 expression, disrupt interactions between p53 and MDM2 and readily induce apoptotic death via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Moreover, the in vivo assays revealed that compound A05 exhibited both anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activities in the zebrafish tumor xenograft model with A549 cells. Together, our findings suggest that AD-1 based PROTACs associated with the degradation of MDM2 may have promising effects for the treatment of lung cancer and this work provide a foundation for future efforts to develop novel anti-tumor agents from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaowen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Zheying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Xing DX, Song XS, Pan WC, Cui H, Zhao ZX. New chromone compounds from the marine derived fungus Diaporthe sp. XW12-1. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105384. [PMID: 36473537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four new chromone compounds diaporspchromanones A-C (1-3) and diaporspchromanone H (4), together with three known compounds (5-7) were separated from the marine derived fungus Diaporthe sp. XW12-1. The structures of the new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and the Mosher's ester method. Among them, diaporspchromanones A-C (1-3) possess a 3-substituted-chroman-4-one skeleton, which are rarely found in natural sources. In the bioassays, all compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2 and 3 showed potent anti-inflammatory effects than the positive control (indomethacin, IC50, 70.33 ± 0.95 μM) (p < 0.05) with IC50 values of 19.06 ± 3.60 and 9.56 ± 0.18 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Xia Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian-Shu Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Cong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Zhong-Xiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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4
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Xiang L, Disasa D, Liu Y, Fujii R, Yang M, Wu E, Matsuura A, Qi J. Gentirigeoside B from Gentiana rigescens Franch Prolongs Yeast Lifespan via Inhibition of TORC1/Sch9/Rim15/Msn Signaling Pathway and Modification of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122373. [PMID: 36552582 PMCID: PMC9774393 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentirigeoside B (GTS B) is a dammaren-type triterpenoid glycoside isolated from G. rigescens Franch, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. In the present study, the evaluation of the anti-aging effect and action mechanism analysis for this compound were conducted. GTS B significantly extended the replicative lifespan and chronological lifespan of yeast at doses of 1, 3 and 10 μM. Furthermore, the inhibition of Sch9 and activity increase of Rim15, Msn2 proteins which located downstream of TORC1 signaling pathway were observed after treatment with GTS B. Additionally, autophagy of yeast was increased. In addition, GTS B significantly improved survival rate of yeast under oxidative stress conditions as well as reduced the levels of ROS and MDA. It also increased the gene expression and enzymatic activities of key anti-oxidative enzymes such as Sod1, Sod2, Cat and Gpx. However, this molecule failed to extend the lifespan of yeast mutants such as ∆cat, ∆gpx, ∆sod1, ∆sod2, ∆skn7 and ∆uth1. These results suggested that GTS B exerts an anti-aging effect via inhibition of the TORC1/Sch9/Rim15/Msn signaling pathway and enhancement of autophagy. Therefore, GTS B may be a promising candidate molecule to develop leading compounds for the treatment of aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-571-88208627 (J.Q.)
| | - Dejene Disasa
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Fujii
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mengya Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enchan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Akira Matsuura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jianhua Qi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-571-88208627 (J.Q.)
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5
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Dinh TTT, Nguyen TT, Ngo HT, Tran TH, Le BV, Pham TH, Pham HTT, Pham TK, Do TH. Dammarane-type triterpenoids from Gynostemma compressum X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang (Cucurbitaceae) and their AMPK activation effect in 3T3-L1 cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113218. [PMID: 35490775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the 80% ethanol extract of Gynostemma compressum X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang (Cucurbitaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of eight undescribed triterpenoids, gycomol VN1, gycomol VN2, and gycomosides VN1-6 from the bioactive n-butanol fraction. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, and chemical methods. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) activation effects on 3T3-L1 cells. Importantly, gycomol VN2, gycomoside VN1, and gycomosides VN3-5 activated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream substrate ACC in 3T3-L1 cells at a dose of 10 μM. These effects imply that the activation of AMPK and ACC by active compounds from G. compressum has considerable potential for the prevention of obesity and its related disorders by activating AMPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Thuy Dinh
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam; National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Dong Anh, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thu Nguyen
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Trung Ngo
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Thai Binh University Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Ba Vinh Le
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 47236, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Huyen Pham
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Ky Pham
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ha Do
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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6
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Zhou B, Gao XH, Zhang MM, Zheng CY, Liu HC, Yue JM. Discovery of four modified classes of triterpenoids delineated a metabolic cascade: compound characterization and biomimetic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9831-9838. [PMID: 34349957 PMCID: PMC8293979 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical studies on Dichapetalum gelonioides have afforded 18 highly modified complex triterpenoids belonging to four compound classes as defined by the newly adapted functional motifs associated with the A ring of the molecules. Their structures were determined by solid data acquired by diverse methods. The biosynthetic pathway for the four compound classes was rationalized via cascade modifications involving diverse chemical events. The subsequent biomimetic syntheses afforded all the desired products, including compounds 16 and 19 that were not obtained in our purification, which validated the proposed biosynthetic pathway. Besides, some compounds exhibited strong cytotoxic activities, especially 2 and 4 showed nanomolar potency against the NAMALWA tumor cell line, and a gross structure–activity relationship (SAR) of these compounds against the tested tumor cell lines was delineated. Characterization of four classes of highly modified triterpenoids from Dichapetalum gelonioides sheds light on an unprecedented biosynthetic cascade, which was validated by the subsequent biomimetic syntheses. Moreover, some isolates exhibited nanomolar cytotoxic activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Min Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chun Liu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
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7
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Yuan FY, Xu F, Fan RZ, Li W, Huang D, Tang GH, Yuan T, Gan LS, Yin S. Structural Elucidation of Three 9,11- Seco Tetracyclic Triterpenoids Enables the Structural Revision of Euphorol J. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7588-7593. [PMID: 34014670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Compounds 1-3, the rare examples of 9,11-seco euphane or lanostane triterpenoids featuring an enol-hemiacetal functionality, were isolated from Euphorbia stracheyi. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic, computational, chemical, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction means, which enables the structure of previously published euphorol J to be revised as 1. 1-3 showed significant cytotoxicities on the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 with IC50 values in the range of 2.9-3.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Zhu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-She Gan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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8
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Ruan QF, Pan WC, Zhao M, Tang YQ, Chen XJ, Bai JY, Jin J, Cui H, Zhao ZX. Butyrolactone and sesquiterpene derivatives as inhibitors of iNOS from the roots of Lindera glauca. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104871. [PMID: 33839581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nine previously undescribed butyrolactone and sesquiterpene derivatives, named cyclopentanone A (1), subamolides F and G (2 and 3), secosubamolide F (4), rupestonic acids J - L (5-7), linderaguaianols A and B (8 and 9), together with six known ones 10-15 were isolated from the roots of Lindera glauca. Their structures, including their absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and Mo2(AcO)4-induced circular dichroism. Compound 1 that possessed a unique five-membered cyclopentane skeleton with a side chain was rarely found from natural sources. The biogenetic pathway for 1-4 was postulated. Secosubamolide F (4) inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 value of 1.73 ± 0.18 μM and also significantly suppressed the production of iNOS. The binding interactions between 4 and iNOS were investigated using docking analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Cong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Qian Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yan Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhong-Xiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Feudjou WF, Mbock AM, Ouahouo MBW, Sielinou VT, Gounoue RK, Mkounga P, Lenta BN, Dimo T, Fekam FB, Sewald N, Nkengfack AE. An Antibacterial Isovaleronitrile Diglycoside From Detarium microcarpum Guill. Perr. (Fabaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20936939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new isovaleronitrile diglycoside, named microcarposide (1), together with 6 known compounds: lupeol (2), betulinic acid (3), β-sitosterol glucoside (4), methyl gallate (5), luteolin (6), and epicatechin (7), was isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruits of Detarium microcarpum Guill. Perr. The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive analysis of 1D- and 2D-1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data in conjunction with mass spectrometry and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Compound 1 was characterized as (2 R)-2-[(6″- O-β-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-methylbutanenitrile. Some of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against several microorganisms; only compound 1 was active against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella typhimurium with minimum inhibition concentration values of 153.4, 76.7, and 76.7 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Feudjou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Arnaud M. Mbock
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Racéline K. Gounoue
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Mkounga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Bruno N. Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher Training College, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
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10
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Guo W, Yu J, Zhu D, Chen X, Hou W. Chemical Constituents of the Artificial Fruit Body of Antrodia cinnamomea. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zhao M, Ruan Q, Pan W, Tang Y, Zhao Z, Cui H. New polyketides and diterpenoid derivatives from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03-2 and their anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Ma L, Wang X, Li W, Miao D, Li Y, Lu J, Zhao Y. Synthesis and anti-cancer activity studies of dammarane-type triterpenoid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111964. [PMID: 31862444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two series of novel derivatives of AD-2, an active ginsenoside derived from ginseng were designed and synthesized. Five human cancer cell lines (MGC-803, SGC-7901, A549, MCF-7, PC-3 cells) and one normal ovarian cell IOSE144 were employed to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity. Most of derivatives possessed obvious enhanced activity compared with AD-2. Among them, compound 4c displayed the most excellent activity in all tested cancer cell lines, especially A549 cells with an IC50 value of 1.07 ± 0.05 μM. The underlying mechanism study suggested that 4c induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. Increasing the level of ROS and inducing collapse of MMP in cells treated with 4c were also proved. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that the expression level of p53 and p21 were obviously increased. 4c could remarkably up-regulate the expression of cyt c in cytosol, the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and activate caspase-3/9/PARP. Besides, the expression level of MDM2 was remarkably decreased. The results indicated that 4c caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, which ROS generation was probably involved in, and had the potent to serve as anti-proliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongyu Miao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design &; Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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13
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Biswas T, Dwivedi UN. Plant triterpenoid saponins: biosynthesis, in vitro production, and pharmacological relevance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1463-1486. [PMID: 31297656 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The saponins are a diverse class of natural products, with a broad scale distribution across different plant species. Chemically characterized as triterpenoid glycosides, they posses a 30C oxidosqualene precursor-based aglycone moiety (sapogenin), to which glycosyl residues are subsequently attached to yield the corresponding saponin. Based on the chemically distinct aglycone moieties, broadly, they are divided into triterpenoid saponins (dammaranes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, hopanes, etc.) and the sterol glycosides. This review aims to present in detail the biosynthesis patterns of the different aglycones from a common precursor and their glycosylation patterns to yield the functionally active glycoside. The review also presents recent advances in the pharmacological activities of these saponins, particularly as potent anti-neoplastic pharmacophores, antioxidants, or anti-viral/antibacterial agents. Since alternate production pedestals for these pharmacologically important triterpenes via cell and tissue cultures are an attractive option for their sustainable production, recent trends in the variety and scale of in vitro production of plant triterpenoids have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Upendra N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
- Institute for Development of Advanced Computing, ONGC Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
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Ruan QF, Zhou XH, Jiang SQ, Yang B, Jin J, Cui H, Zhao ZX. Caesalminaxins O-T, cassane diterpenoids from the seeds of Caesalpinia minax and their anti-inflammation. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lundqvist LCE, Rattigan D, Ehtesham E, Demmou C, Östenson CG, Sandström C. Profiling and activity screening of Dammarane-type triterpen saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum with glucose-dependent insulin secretory activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:627. [PMID: 30679754 PMCID: PMC6345837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly; consequently there is great need for new and novel therapeutic options. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) is a traditional medicinal plant, mainly present in Southeast Asian countries, that has been reported to exert antidiabetic effects, by stimulating insulin secretion. The specific compound responsible for this effect is however as yet unidentified. Screening for discovery and identification of bioactive compounds of an herbal GP extract, was performed in isolated pancreatic islets from spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes, and from non-diabetic control Wistar rats. From this herbal extract 27 dammarane-type saponins, including two novel compounds, were isolated and their structure was elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. One of the dammarane-type triterpenoid showed a glucose-dependent insulin secretion activity. This compound, gylongiposide I, displays unique abilities to stimulate insulin release at high glucose levels (16.7 mM), but limited effects at a low glucose concentration (3.3 mM). Further studies on this compound, also in vivo, are warranted with the aim of developing a novel anti-diabetic therapeutic with glucose-dependent insulinogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C E Lundqvist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Darren Rattigan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Emad Ehtesham
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, SE- 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Camila Demmou
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Corine Sandström
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Covering 2014. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 90-122 This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids reported during 2014 including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 374 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ.
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Cui H, Liu Y, Li J, Huang X, Yan T, Cao W, Liu H, Long Y, She Z. Diaporindenes A–D: Four Unusual 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indene Analogues with Anti-inflammatory Activities from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. SYSU-HQ3. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11804-11813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yena Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xishan Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Yan
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenhao Cao
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongju Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yuhua Long
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Cui H, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang Z, Ding M, Long Y, She Z. 3-Arylisoindolinone and sesquiterpene derivatives from the mangrove endophytic fungi Aspergillus versicolor SYSU-SKS025. Fitoterapia 2017; 124:177-181. [PMID: 29126957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A pair of 3-arylisoindolinone enantiomers: (+)-asperglactam A (1), (-)-asperglactam A (1) and a pair of nor-bisabolane enantiomers: (+)-1-hydroxyboivinianic acid (2), (-)-1-hydroxyboivinianic acid (2), along with seven known compounds (3-8) were obtained from the mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor SYSU-SKS025. Their structures were determined on the basis of HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data, and X-ray diffraction. (+)-Asperglactam A (1) and (-)-asperglactam A (1) are the first optically pure examples in the 3-arylisoindolinone family, which are rarely found in natural sources. All isolated compounds were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The enantiomers of 1-3 showed moderate inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranging from 50 to 190μM. Compound 7 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 7.5μM. In addition, compound 7 was found to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 value of 12.5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yena Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Tingmei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Meng Ding
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yuhua Long
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Yuan QQ, Tang S, Song WB, Wang WQ, Huang M, Xuan LJ. Crassins A-H, Diterpenoids from the Roots of Croton crassifolius. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:254-260. [PMID: 28150949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the 70% acetone extract of Croton crassifolius roots afforded eight new diterpenoids, crassins A-H (1-8), and 19 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, comparison with literature data, and biogenetic considerations. Crassins A (1) and B (2) are new ring B-rearranged diterpenoids, whereas crassin C (3) is a new ring A-rearranged diterpenoid. Crassin H (8) exhibited selective cytotoxicity against A549 cells (IC50 5.2 μM) compared with HL-60 cells (IC50 11.8 μM). The known compound chettaphanin-II exhibited moderate activity against the A549 and HL-60 cell lines (IC50 8.4 and 10.5 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Bin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jiang Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Yuan QQ, Song WB, Wang WQ, Xuan LJ. A new patchoulane-type sesquiterpenoid glycoside from the roots of Croton crassifolius. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:289-293. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1233413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- College of pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- College of pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- College of pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jiang Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- College of pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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A new γ-alkylated-γ-butyrolactone from the roots of Solanum melongena. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:699-703. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Su XQ, Song YL, Zhang J, Huo HX, Huang Z, Zheng J, Zhang Q, Zhao YF, Xiao W, Li J, Tu PF. Dihydrochalcones and homoisoflavanes from the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Chinese dragon's blood). Fitoterapia 2014; 99:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Anti-inflammatory secoiridoid glycosides from Gentianella azurea. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5260-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li MM, Su XQ, Sun J, Gu YF, Huang Z, Zeng KW, Zhang Q, Zhao YF, Ferreira D, Zjawiony JK, Li J, Tu PF. Anti-inflammatory ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids from Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2248-2254. [PMID: 25245917 DOI: 10.1021/np500509q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Six new polyoxygenated triterpenoids, cannabifolins A-F (1-6), and eight known triterpenoids, 7-14, were isolated from the leaves of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. The absolute configuration of cannabifolin A (1) was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 represent a class of rare natural pentacyclic triterpenoids bearing cis-fused C/D rings and are the first examples of 12,19-epoxy ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids. Compounds 3, 7, 8, and 14 exhibited inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values in the range 24.9-40.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Gu YF, Su XQ, Li MM, Huo HX, Zhang J, Zeng KW, Zhang Q, Zhao YF, Li J, Tu PF. Anti-inflammatory lignanamides from the roots of Solanum melongena L. Fitoterapia 2014; 98:110-6. [PMID: 25068200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four new lignanamides, melongenamides A-D (1-4), together with six known ones (5-10), were isolated from the roots of Solanum melongena L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments and by comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with the literature values. Compounds 2-8 exhibited inhibitions of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values ranging from 16.2 to 58.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fan Gu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qin Su
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Man Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Huo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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