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The Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 as a Target for Phytochemicals against Coronavirus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141862. [PMID: 35890496 PMCID: PMC9319234 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In late December 2019, the first cases of COVID-19 emerged as an outbreak in Wuhan, China that later spread vastly around the world, evolving into a pandemic and one of the worst global health crises in modern history. The causative agent was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although several vaccines were authorized for emergency use, constantly emerging new viral mutants and limited treatment options for COVID-19 drastically highlighted the need for developing an efficient treatment for this disease. One of the most important viral components to target for this purpose is the main protease of the coronavirus (Mpro). This enzyme is an excellent target for a potential drug, as it is essential for viral replication and has no closely related homologues in humans, making its inhibitors unlikely to be toxic. Our review describes a variety of approaches that could be applied in search of potential inhibitors among plant-derived compounds, including virtual in silico screening (a data-driven approach), which could be structure-based or fragment-guided, the classical approach of high-throughput screening, and antiviral activity cell-based assays. We will focus on several classes of compounds reported to be potential inhibitors of Mpro, including phenols and polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids.
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Hashim I, Onyari JM, Omosa LK, Maru SM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Karpoormath R. Conglomeratin: a new antibacterial flavonol derivative from Macaranga conglomerata Brenan (Euphorbiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:6012-6020. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hashim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Shital Mahindra Maru
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Hisham Shady N, Youssif KA, Sayed AM, Belbahri L, Oszako T, Hassan HM, Abdelmohsen UR. Sterols and Triterpenes: Antiviral Potential Supported by In-Silico Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E41. [PMID: 33375282 PMCID: PMC7823815 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) caused severe panic all over the world. The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has already brought massive human suffering and major economic disruption and unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 so far. Herbal medicines and purified natural products can provide a rich resource for novel antiviral drugs. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the sterols and triterpenes as potential candidates derived from natural sources with well-reported in vitro efficacy against numerous types of viruses. Moreover, we compiled from these reviewed compounds a library of 162 sterols and triterpenes that was subjected to a computer-aided virtual screening against the active sites of the recently reported SARS-CoV-2 protein targets. Interestingly, the results suggested some compounds as potential drug candidates for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hisham Shady
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, P.O. Box 61111, New Minia City, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Khayrya A. Youssif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt; (A.M.S.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Departement of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Hossam M. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt; (A.M.S.); (H.M.H.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, P.O. Box 61111, New Minia City, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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Zhang SN, Zeng J, Tan YN, Ma RJ, Zhang GJ, Wang HS, Tan QG. 3α,19-Dihydroxyl-ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, a new diterpenoid from the rhizomes of Ricinus communis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:522-527. [PMID: 29665732 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1461087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new natural product, 3α,19-dihydroxyl-ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene (1), which possesses an α-orientation hydroxymethyl at C-4 and ∆8,14 groups, as well as eight known compounds, was isolated from the rhizomes of Ricinus communis. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and its absolute configurations were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The inhibitory rate of 1 against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) was 49.49% at the concentration of 6.58 × 10-5 mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhang
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Jin Zeng
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Tan
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
- b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Rui-Jing Ma
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Gui-Jie Zhang
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- c State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Qin-Gang Tan
- a Pharmacy School , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , China
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Tan YN, Zeng J, Zhang SN, Ma RJ, Pan ZH, Tan QG. Pyridone Alkaloids from the Leaves of Ricinus communis and Their Inhibitory Effect Against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B. Chem Nat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-019-02702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang Y, Huang X, Chen H, Zhou D, Yang Z, Wang K, Liu W, Deng S, Yang R, Li J, He R. Discovery of anti-inflammatory terpenoids from Mallotus conspurcatus croizat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:170-178. [PMID: 30445108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mallotus conspurcatus croizat (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to Jinxiu in Guangxi, is popularly used in folk medicine to treat pelvic inflammatory disease. The anti-inflammatory activities of the compounds obtained from M. conspurcatus root were evaluated in this study. AIM OF THE STUDY This study explored the major anti-inflammatory components of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract from M. conspurcatus was separated using chromatographic techniques. The structures of the isolates were elucidated from NMR, MS and X-ray data as well as from ECD. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates from M. conspurcatus were evaluated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell models. The production of NO, TNF-α and PGE-2 was determined by ELISA and Griess tests. The expression levels of COX-2, NF-κB/p65 and iNOS were measured by western blotting. RESULTS Two new diterpenoids, malloconspur A (1) and malloconspur B (2), and sixteen known terpenoids (3-18) were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. Malloconspur B (2) and 17-hydroxycleistantha-12,15-dien-3-one (3) substantially inhibited the release of NO with IC50 values of 10.47 μM and 9.32 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 markedly decreased the secretion of PGE2 and TNF-α (P < 0.01) by LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2 and 3 markedly decreased iNOS, NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our identification of these diterpenoids provides strong evidence for the use of M. conspurcatus among the Yao people as a medicinal plant for the treatment of inflammation. The dramatic differences in the chemical structures of the active diterpenoids of this plant from those on the market suggest these compounds have potential as anti-inflammatory lead compounds for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535000, China
| | - Xishan Huang
- School of Chemistry, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huangcan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dexiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhengmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shengping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ruiyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Ruijie He
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin 541006, China.
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Zuo B, Liao ZX, Xu C, Liu C. Two novel prenylated kaempferol derivatives from fresh bud's fur of Platanus acerifolia and their anti-proliferative activities. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30:2523-2528. [PMID: 26736086 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1118632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two novel prenylated kaempferol derivatives (1, 2), together with seven known metabolites were isolated from ethanol extract of fresh Platanus acerifolia bud's fur by multistep chromatographic processing. Structure of compounds 1 and 2 was confirmed by 1D, 2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS. In addition, compound 1 was further analysed by X-ray crystallography. Anti-proliferative activities in vitro against human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cell lines for compound 1, 2 and 8 were evaluated. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cell lines with the IC50 values 38.2 and 39.5 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 2 showed weak cytotoxic activities against the two cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zuo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University Cheng-Xian College , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- b Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , P.R. China
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Likhitwitayawuid K, Luangruangrong K, Sritularak B, Lipipun V. New Gallic Acid Glycosides from Mallotus plicatus. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu JB, Zhang Y, Cui BS, Cao YL, Yuan SP, Guo Y, Hou Q, Li S. Anti-HIV and NO production inhibition activities of epi-aleuritolic acid derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:515-524. [PMID: 23639006 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.787990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen epi-aleuritolic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV activity in 293 T cells and NO production inhibition activity. Of the derivatives, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, and 13 showed relatively potent anti-HIV activity with EC50 values ranging from 5.80 to 13.30 μM. The most potent compound, 3α-2',2'-dimethylsuccinic acyl epi-aleuritolic acid (11), displayed significant anti-HIV activity with an EC50 value of 5.80 μM. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 11 showed NO inhibition activity, with IC50 values ranging from 3.40 to 7.10 μM and compound 1 inhibited NO production with an IC50 value of 3.40 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Momo IJ, Dufat TH, Wandji J, Michel S, Chiozem DD. New triterpenoids from the stem bark ofHypodaphnis zenkeri. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:137-45. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.662647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dwivedi N, Dube D, Pandey J, Singh B, Kukshal V, Ramachandran R, Tripathi RP. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase: a novel target waiting for the right inhibitor. Med Res Rev 2009; 28:545-68. [PMID: 18080330 DOI: 10.1002/med.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA ligases (EC.6.5.1.1) are key enzymes that catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds at single stranded or double stranded breaks between adjacent 5' phosphoryl and 3' hydroxyl groups of DNA. These enzymes are important for survival because they are involved in major cellular processes like DNA replication/repair and recombination. DNA ligases can be classified into two groups on the basis of their cofactor specificities. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases are present in bacteria, some entomopox viruses and mimi virus while ATP-dependent DNA ligases are ubiquitous. The former have recently been drawing a lot of attention as novel targets for antibiotics to overcome current drug resistance issues. Currently a diverse range of inhibitors have been identified. There are several issues to be addressed in the quest for optimized inhibitors of the enzyme. In the first part of the review we summarize current structural work on these enzymes. Subsequently we describe the currently available classes of inhibitors. We also address modalities to improve the specificity and potencies of new inhibitors identified using protein structure based rational approaches. In conclusion, NAD(+)-dependent ligases show great promise and represent a novel drug target whose time has come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Dwivedi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, P.O. Box 173, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
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Tan GT, Lee S, Lee IS, Chen J, Leitner P, Besterman JM, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM. Natural-product inhibitors of human DNA ligase I. Biochem J 1996; 314 ( Pt 3):993-1000. [PMID: 8615799 PMCID: PMC1217154 DOI: 10.1042/bj3140993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity mediated by recombinant human DNA ligase I (hLI), in conjunction with tannin removal procedures, has been applied to a natural-product screen involving approximately 1000 plant extracts and various pure compounds. The primary hLI activity assay involved the measurement of the amount of radiolabelled phosphate in a synthetic nucleic acid hybrid that becomes resistant to alkaline phosphatase as a result of ligation. A bioactivity-guided fractionation scheme resulted in the isolation of ursolic [IC50=100 micrograms/ml (216 microM)] and oleanolic [IC50=100 micrograms/ml (216 microM)] acids from Tricalysia niamniamensis Hiern (Rubiaceae), which demonstrated similar DNA ligase inhibition profiles to other triterpenes such as aleuritolic acid. Protolichesterinic acid [IC50=6 micrograms/ml (20 microM)], swertifrancheside [IC50 = 8 micrograms/ml(11)microM)] and fulvoplumierin [IC50=87 micrograms/ml (357 microM)] represent three additional natural-product structural classes that inhibit hLI. Fagaronine chloride [IC50=10 micrograms/ml (27 micronM] and certain flavonoids are also among the pure natural products that were found to disrupt the activity of the enzyme, consistent with their nucleic acid intercalative properties. Further analyses revealed that some of the hLI-inhibitory compounds interfered with the initial adenylation step of the ligation reaction, indicating a direct interaction with the enzyme protein. However, in all cases, this enzyme-inhibitor interaction did not disrupt the DNA relaxation activity mediated by hLI. These results indicate that, although the same enzyme active site may be involved in both enzyme adenylation and DNA relaxation, inhibitors may exert allosteric effects by inducing conformational changes that disrupt only one of these activities. Studies with inhibitors are important for the assignment of specific cellular functions to these enzymes, as well as for their development into clinically useful antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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