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Deng Z, Kim SW. Opportunities and Challenges of Soy Proteins with Different Processing Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:569. [PMID: 38790674 PMCID: PMC11117726 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a prevailing plant protein supplement in animal diets because of its nutritional value and availability. This review paper explores the significance of SBM and processed soy products, emphasizing their nutritional and bioactive components, such as isoflavones and soyasaponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with a reduced prevalence of chronic diseases. However, the presence of antinutritional compounds in SBM presents a significant challenge. The paper evaluates various processing methods, including ethanol/acid wash, enzyme treatment, and fermentation, which are aimed at enhancing the nutritional value of soy products. It highlights the significance to maintain a balance between nutritional enhancement and the preservation of beneficial bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of different processing techniques to fully exploit the health benefits of soy-based products. Therefore, this review illuminates the complex balance between nutritional improvement, bioactive compound preservation, and the overall health implications of soy products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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2
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Chang Y, Zhou L, Hou X, Zhu T, Pfeifer BA, Li D, He X, Zhang G, Che Q. Microbial Dimerization and Chlorination of Isoflavones by a Takla Makan Desert-Derived Streptomyces sp. HDN154127. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:34-44. [PMID: 36535025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen new biisoflavones, bisoflavolins A-N (1-16), were discovered from cultures of the Takla Makan desert-derived strain Streptomyces sp. HDN154127. The chemical structures, including axial chirality, were elucidated by NMR, MS, and ECD analyses. Antibacterial activity of dimerized compounds was tested against seven different bacteria. The dimerized compounds showed better activity (MIC from 0.8 to 50.0 μM) than the corresponding monomers (daidzein and genistein, MIC > 50.0 μM). The rare dimeric and chlorinated structures in 1-16 were proved to be biotransformation products obtained from soy isoflavones and sodium chloride, which constituted the culture medium. This is the first report of an actinomycete that promotes both dimerization and chlorination utilizing natural isoflavones as skeletons sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Chang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Zhou
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Dehai Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi He
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Che
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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3
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Uemura T, Sonoda M, Tanimori S. Easy access to both enantiomers of 5-hydroxyequol and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-8-ol. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Montalesi E, Cipolletti M, Cracco P, Fiocchetti M, Marino M. Divergent Effects of Daidzein and its Metabolites on Estrogen-Induced Survival of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010167. [PMID: 31936631 PMCID: PMC7017042 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although soy consumption is associated with breast cancer prevention, the low bioavailability and the extensive metabolism of soy-active components limit their clinical application. Here, the impact of daidzein (D) and its metabolites on estrogen-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway has been evaluated in breast cancer cells. In estrogen receptor α-positive breast cancer cells treated with D and its metabolites, single or in mixture, ERα activation and Neuroglobin (NGB) levels, an anti-apoptotic estrogen/ERα-inducible protein, were evaluated. Moreover, the apoptotic cascade activation, as well as the cell number after stimulation was assessed in the absence/presence of paclitaxel to determine the compound effects on cell susceptibility to a chemotherapeutic agent. Among the metabolites, only D-4'-sulfate maintains the anti-estrogenic effect of D, reducing the NGB levels and rendering breast cancer cells more prone to the paclitaxel treatment, whereas other metabolites showed estrogen mimetic effects, or even estrogen independent effects. Intriguingly, the co-stimulation of D and gut metabolites strongly reduced D effects. The results highlight the important and complex influence of metabolic transformation on isoflavones physiological effects and demonstrate the need to take biotransformation into account when assessing the potential health benefits of consumption of soy isoflavones in cancer.
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5
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Zhu Y, Li C, Cui H, Lin L. Antimicrobial mechanism of pulsed light for the control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its application in carrot juice. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Rischer M, Lee SR, Eom HJ, Park HB, Vollmers J, Kaster AK, Shin YH, Oh DC, Kim KH, Beemelmanns C. Spirocyclic cladosporicin A and cladosporiumins I and J from a Hydractinia-associated Cladosporium sphaerospermum SW67. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification of three new spirocyclic natural products named cladosporicin A, cladosporiumins I and J from the fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum SW67 is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rischer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Eom
- School of Pharmacy
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - John Vollmers
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 5)
- Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Kaster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 5)
- Germany
| | - Yern-Hyerk Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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7
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A general asymmetric route to enantio-enriched isoflavanes via an organocatalytic annulation of o-quinone methides and aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Smith BN, Dilger RN. Immunomodulatory potential of dietary soybean-derived isoflavones and saponins in pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1288-1304. [PMID: 29471443 PMCID: PMC6140853 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the potential for use of soy-derived bioactive compounds as immunomodulatory feed additives in pigs is discussed. Soy is a major component of the modern U.S. swine diet in today's commercial industry, providing the bulk of dietary AA necessary for growth and production. However, soy use has generally been limited in early growth phases, during which the risks of immunological insult and disease are among the highest. Improvements of soybean processing and development of soy protein products with little to no antinutritional factors have made soy more appropriate for use in young pigs but additional processing may affect bioactive compound levels in the feed. The bioactive compounds of interest for this review are soy isoflavones and soy saponins. Soy isoflavones are flavonoid compounds with a range of biological activity including moderate estrogenic effects at low biological concentrations. Although estrogenic effects are of more interest in human medical research, isoflavones are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative properties at cellular levels, engaging several receptors and pathways including inhibition of NF-κB activation and inducible-nitric oxide synthase enzymes, thereby ascribing antiviral properties. Saponins, amphipathic glycoside compounds, also engage anti-inflammatory pathways, though their biological activity in pigs has not been well investigated and seem to mainly be observed on the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding use as an immunomodulatory feed additive, supplemental soy isoflavones have been shown to improve immunological status of pigs and produce mild improvements of growth performance under certain disease challenges including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Although more in vivo research in pigs is needed to fully understand biological activity of these compounds in the live animal, soy-derived bioactive compounds show great potential as a health promoting feed additive for the modern swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Neil Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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9
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Pina-Pérez M, Ferrús Pérez M. Antimicrobial potential of legume extracts against foodborne pathogens: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Lee PG, Kim J, Kim EJ, Lee SH, Choi KY, Kazlauskas RJ, Kim BG. Biosynthesis of (-)-5-Hydroxy-equol and 5-Hydroxy-dehydroequol from Soy Isoflavone, Genistein Using Microbial Whole Cell Bioconversion. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2883-2890. [PMID: 28985044 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equols are isoflavandiols formed by reduction of soy isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein by gut microorganisms. These phytoestrogens are of interest for their various biological effects. We report biosynthesis from genistein to (-)-5-hydroxy-equol in recombinant E. coli expressing three reductases (daidzein reductase DZNR, dihidrodaidzein reductase DHDR, tetrahydrodaidzein reductase THDR) and a racemase (dihydrodaidzein racemase, DDRC) originating from the gut bacterium, Slackia isoflavoniconvertens. The biosynthesized 5-hydroxy-equol proved as an optically negative enantiomer, nonetheless it displayed an inverse circular dichroism spectrum to (S)-equol. Compartmentalized expression of DZNR and DDRC in one E. coli strain and DHDR and THDR in another increased the yield to 230 mg/L and the productivity to 38 mg/L/h. If the last reductase was missing, the intermediate spontaneously dehydrated to 5-hydroxy-dehydroequol in up to 99 mg/L yield. This novel isoflavene, previously not known to be synthesized in nature, was also detected in this biotransformation system. Although (S)-equol favors binding to human estrogen receptor (hER) β over hERα, (-)-5-hydroxy-equol showed the opposite preference. This study provides elucidation of the biosynthetic route of (-)-5-hydroxy-equol and measurement of its potent antagonistic character as a phytoestrogen for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental
Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Romas J. Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Langenbach C, Campe R, Beyer SF, Mueller AN, Conrath U. Fighting Asian Soybean Rust. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:797. [PMID: 27375652 PMCID: PMC4894884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a biotrophic fungus provoking SBR disease. SBR poses a major threat to global soybean production. Though several R genes provided soybean immunity to certain P. pachyrhizi races, the pathogen swiftly overcame this resistance. Therefore, fungicides are the only current means to control SBR. However, insensitivity to fungicides is soaring in P. pachyrhizi and, therefore, alternative measures are needed for SBR control. In this article, we discuss the different approaches for fighting SBR and their potential, disadvantages, and advantages over other measures. These encompass conventional breeding for SBR resistance, transgenic approaches, exploitation of transcription factors, secondary metabolites, and antimicrobial peptides, RNAi/HIGS, and biocontrol strategies. It seems that an integrating approach exploiting different measures is likely to provide the best possible means for the effective control of SBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Langenbach
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Campe
- BASF Plant Science Company GmbHLimburgerhof, Germany
| | | | - André N. Mueller
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
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12
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Equol suppresses inflammatory response and bone erosion due to rheumatoid arthritis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:101-6. [PMID: 27142742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease. Typical pathological findings of RA include persistent synovitis and bone degradation in the peripheral joints. Equol, a metabolite of the major soybean isoflavone daidzein, shows superior bioactivity than other isoflavones. We investigated the effects of equol administration on inflammatory response and bone erosion in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The severity of arthritis symptoms was significantly low in the equol-administered CIA mice. In addition, equol administration improved the CIA-induced bone mineral density decline. In the inflamed area of CIA mice, equol administration suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 and its receptor. Furthermore, equol reduced the expression of genes associated with bone formation inhibition, osteoclast and immature osteoblast specificity and cartilage destruction. These results suggest that equol suppresses RA development and RA-induced bone erosion by regulating inflammation and bone metabolism.
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Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015; 54:325-41. [PMID: 25672526 PMCID: PMC4365176 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical compounds found within food. Bacterial metabolites are different from those that can be generated by human enzymes because bacterial processes occur under anaerobic conditions and are based mainly on reactions of reduction and/or hydrolysis. In most cases, bacterial metabolism reduces the activity of dietary compounds; however, sometimes a specific product of bacterial transformation exhibits enhanced properties. Studies on the metabolism of polyphenols by the intestinal microbiota are crucial for understanding the role of these compounds and their impact on our health. This review article presents possible pathways of polyphenol metabolism by intestinal bacteria and describes the diet-derived bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their potential impact on human health. Because the etiology of many diseases is largely correlated with the intestinal microbiome, a balance between the host immune system and the commensal gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining health. Diet-related and age-related changes in the human intestinal microbiome and their consequences are summarized in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland,
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Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y pmid: 25672526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 2015; 5:56-73. [PMID: 25594250 PMCID: PMC4381290 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are found in leguminous plants, especially soybeans. They have a structural similarity to natural estrogens, which enables them to bind to estrogen receptors and elicit biological activities similar to natural estrogens. They have been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention and therapy of hormone-dependent diseases. After soy products are consumed, the bacteria of the intestinal microflora metabolize isoflavones to metabolites with altered absorption, bioavailability, and estrogenic characteristics. Variations in the effect of soy products have been correlated with the isoflavone metabolites found in plasma and urine samples of the individuals consuming soy products. The beneficial effects of the soy isoflavone daidzin, the glycoside of daidzein, have been reported in individuals producing equol, a reduction product of daidzein produced by specific colonic bacteria in individuals called equol producers. These individuals comprise 30% and 60% of populations consuming Western and soy-rich Asian diets, respectively. Since the higher percentage of equol producers in populations consuming soy-rich diets is correlated with a lower incidence of hormone-dependent diseases, considerable efforts have been made to detect the specific colonic bacteria involved in the metabolism of daidzein to the more estrogenic compound, equol, which should facilitate the investigation of the metabolic activities related to this compound.
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Bangsgaard Bendtsen KM, Krych L, Sørensen DB, Pang W, Nielsen DS, Josefsen K, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Hansen AK. Gut microbiota composition is correlated to grid floor induced stress and behavior in the BALB/c mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46231. [PMID: 23056268 PMCID: PMC3462757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has profound influence on the gastro-intestinal tract, the immune system and the behavior of the animal. In this study, the correlation between gut microbiota composition determined by Denaturing Grade Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and tag-encoded 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing (454/FLX) and behavior in the Tripletest (Elevated Plus Maze, Light/Dark Box, and Open Field combined), the Tail Suspension Test, and Burrowing in 28 female BALB/c mice exposed to two weeks of grid floor induced stress was investigated. Cytokine and glucose levels were measured at baseline, during and after exposure to grid floor. Stressing the mice clearly changed the cecal microbiota as determined by both DGGE and pyrosequencing. Odoribacter, Alistipes and an unclassified genus from the Coriobacteriaceae family increased significantly in the grid floor housed mice. Compared to baseline, the mice exposed to grid floor housing changed the amount of time spent in the Elevated Plus Maze, in the Light/Dark Box, and burrowing behavior. The grid floor housed mice had significantly longer immobility duration in the Tail Suspension Test and increased their number of immobility episodes from baseline. Significant correlations were found between GM composition and IL-1α, IFN-γ, closed arm entries of Elevated Plus Maze, total time in Elevated Plus Maze, time spent in Light/Dark Box, and time spent in the inner zone of the Open Field as well as total time in the Open Field. Significant correlations were found to the levels of Firmicutes, e.g. various species of Ruminococccaceae and Lachnospiraceae. No significant difference was found for the evaluated cytokines, except an overall decrease in levels from baseline to end. A significant lower level of blood glucose was found in the grid floor housed mice, whereas the HbA1c level was significantly higher. It is concluded that grid floor housing changes the GM composition, which seems to influence certain anxiety-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Maria Bangsgaard Bendtsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yamashita S, Tsukamoto S, Kumazoe M, Kim YH, Yamada K, Tachibana H. Isoflavones suppress the expression of the FcεRI high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor independent of the estrogen receptor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8379-85. [PMID: 22871233 DOI: 10.1021/jf301759s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones found in soybeans and soy products possess clinically relevant properties. However, the anti-allergic effect of isoflavones has been poorly studied. We examined the effects of isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, and equol, on the expression of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor, FcεRI, which plays a central role in IgE-mediated allergic response. Flow cytometric analysis showed that all of these isoflavones reduced the cell surface expression of FcεRI on mouse bone-marrow-derived mast cells and human basophilic KU812 cells. All isoflavones decreased the levels of the FcεRIα mRNA in the cells. Genistein reduced the mRNA expression of the β chain, and daidzein and equol downregulated that of the γ chain. The suppressive effects of isoflavones on FcεRI expression were unaffected by ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that these effects were independent of estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yamashita
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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18
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Hu G, Wozniak A, Bulayeva N, Guptarak J. Estrogen- and xenoestrogen-induced ERK signaling in pituitary tumor cells involves estrogen receptor-α interactions with G protein-αi and caveolin I. Steroids 2012; 77:424-32. [PMID: 22230296 PMCID: PMC3304022 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple physiologic estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone), as well as xenoestrogenic compounds (including alkylphenols and bisphenol A), can act via nongenomic signaling initiated by liganding of the plasma membrane estrogen receptor-α (mERα). We examined heterotrimeric G protein involvement leading to extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in GH3/B6/F10 rat anterior pituitary tumor cells that express abundant mERα, and smaller amounts of mERβ and GPR30. A combination of microarrays, immunoblots, and quantitative immunoassays demonstrated the expression of members of all α, β, and γ G protein classes in these cells. Use of selective inhibitors showed that the G(αi) subtype was the primary initiator of downstream ERK signaling. Using antibodies against the GTP-bound form of G(α) protein subtypes i and s, we showed that xenoestrogens (bisphenol A, nonylphenol) activated G(αi) at 15-30s; all alkylphenols examined subsequently suppressed activation by 5min. GTP-activation of G(αi) for all estrogens was enhanced by irreversible cumulative binding to GTPγS. In contrast, G(αs) was neither activated nor deactivated by these treatments with estrogens. ERα and G(αi) co-localized outside nuclei and could be immuno-captured together. Interactions of ERα with G(αi) and caveolin I were demonstrated by epitope proximity ligation assays. An ERα/β antagonist (ICI182780) and a selective disruptor of caveolar structures (nystatin) blocked estrogen-induced ERK activation. CONCLUSIONS Xenoestrogens, like physiologic estrogens, can evoke downstream kinase signaling involving selective interactions of ERα with G(αi) and caveolin I, but with some different characteristics, which could explain their disruptive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0645, USA.
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Alipour F, Moghadam HN, Kermanshahi H. Immune responses to genestein in male broiler chicks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.620424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity has been and continues to be an epidemic in the United States. Obesity has been addressed in multiple health initiatives, including Healthy People 2010, with no state meeting the proposed goal of a prevalence of obesity < 15% of the adult population. In contrast, obesity rates have continued to increase, with the self-reported prevalence of obesity among adults increasing by 1.1% from 2007 to the present. Indeed, since 2009, 33 states reported obesity prevalences of 25% or more with only 1 state reporting prevalence < 20%. There have been multiple approaches for the treatment of obesity, including fad diets, incentive-based exercise programs, and gastric bypass surgery; none of which have been optimal. In a murine model, it was shown that the majority of the intestinal microbiome consists of two bacterial phyla, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes, and that the relative abundance of these two phyla differs among lean and obese mice; the obese mouse had a higher proportion of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (50% greater) than the lean mouse. The same results were appreciated in obese humans compared to lean subjects. The postulated explanation for this finding is that Firmicutes produce more complete metabolism of a given energy source than do Bacteroidetes, thus promoting more efficient absorption of calories and subsequent weight gain. Researchers were able to demonstrate that colonizing germ-free mice with the intestinal microbiome from obese mice led to an increased total body fat in the recipient mice despite a lack of change in diet. The converse, that, colonizing germ-free obese mice with the intestinal microbiome of thin mice causing a decreased total body fat in the recipient mice, has not yet been done. Other possible mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome affects host obesity include induction of low-grade inflammation with lipopolysaccharide, regulation of host genes responsible for energy expenditure and storage, and hormonal communication between the intestinal microbiome and the host. The following review discusses the microbiome-obesity relationship and proposed mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota is hypothesized to influence weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Kallus
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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The role of nutraceuticals in chemoprevention and chemotherapy and their clinical outcomes. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:192464. [PMID: 22187555 PMCID: PMC3236518 DOI: 10.1155/2012/192464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of cancer is often a slow process and the risk of developing cancer increases with age. Altering a diet that includes consumption of beneficial phytochemicals can influence the balance and availability of dietary chemopreventive agents. In chemopreventive approaches, foods containing chemicals that have anticancer properties can be supplemented in diets to prevent precancerous lesions from occurring. This necessitates further understanding of how phytochemicals can potently maintain healthy cells. Fortunately there is a plethora of plant-based phytochemicals although few of them are well studied in terms of their application as cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agents. In this analysis we will examine phytochemicals that have strong chemopreventive and therapeutic properties in vitro as well as the design and modification of these bioactive compounds for preclinical and clinical applications. The increasing potential of combinational approaches using more than one bioactive dietary compound in chemoprevention or cancer therapy will also be evaluated. Many novel approaches to cancer prevention are on the horizon, several of which are showing great promise in saving lives in a cost-effective manner.
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Kuang Y, Liu X, Chang L, Wang M, Lin L, Feng X. Catalytic asymmetric conjugate allylation of coumarins. Org Lett 2011; 13:3814-7. [PMID: 21688863 DOI: 10.1021/ol201312y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric conjugate allylation was successfully developed to synthesize potential pharmacologically active 4-allyl-2-oxochroman skeletons. A dual activation strategy was employed by using N,N'-dioxide-Yb(OTf)(3) to activate coumarins and using (CuOTf)(2)•C(7)H(8) to activate tetraallyltin via transmetalation, respectively. Good yields and enantioselectivities were obtained under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
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Wang Q, Wang H, Xie M. Antibacterial mechanism of soybean isoflavone on Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:893-8. [PMID: 20734190 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effects of different flavonoids on various bacterial strains have been extensively reported; however, the mechanism(s) of their action on bacterial cells remain largely elusive. In this study, the antibacterial mechanism of soybean isoflavone (SI) on Staphylococcus aureus is systematically investigated using 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, pBR322DNA decatenation experiment mediated by topoisomerase and agarose gel electrophoresis for direct decatenation. The results of fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometer indicated that DAPI was integrated in Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the quantity of both DNA and RNA reduced to 66.47 and 60.18%, respectively, after treated with SI for 28 h. Effects of SI on topoisomerase I and II were also investigated. SI completely inhibited the pBR322DNA unwinding mediated by topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II at the concentration of 6.4 mg/ml and could denature the plasmid DNA at the concentration of 12.8 mg/ml. These results indicate that topoisomerase I and II are the most important targets by SI to restrain bacterial cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, 116029, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Brandli A, Simpson JS, Ventura S. Isoflavones isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense) inhibit smooth muscle contraction of the isolated rat prostate gland. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:895-901. [PMID: 20638256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether red clover contains any bioactive constituents which may affect contractility of rat prostatic smooth muscle in an attempt to determine whether its medicinal use in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is supported by pharmacological effects. A commercially available red clover extract was chemically fractionated and various isoflavones (genistein, formononetin and biochanin A) were isolated from these fractions and their effects on contractility were examined on preparations of the isolated rat prostate gland. Contractile effects of the isolated fractions were compared with commercially available isoflavones (genistein, formononetin and biochanin A). Pharmacological tools were used to investigate the mechanism of action modifying smooth muscle contraction. Crude red clover extract (Trinovin) inhibited electrical field stimulation induced contractions of the rat prostate across a range of frequencies with an IC(50) of approximately 68 microg/ml. Contractions of the rat prostate elicited by exogenous administration of acetylcholine, noradrenaline or adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) were also inhibited. Chromatographic separation, and final purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permitted the isolation of the isoflavones: daidzein, calycosin, formononetin, prunetin, pratensin, biochanin A and genistein. Genistein, formononetin and biochanin A (100 microM) from either commercial sources or isolated from red clover extract inhibited electrical field stimulation induced contractions of the isolated rat prostate. It is concluded that isoflavones contained in red clover are able to inhibit prostatic smooth muscle contractions in addition to their antiproliferative effects. However, the high concentrations required to observe these smooth muscle relaxant effects mean that a therapeutic benefit from this mechanism is unlikely at doses used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brandli
- Prostate Research Co-operative, Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Soria-Guerra RE, Rosales-Mendoza S, Chang S, Haudenshield JS, Padmanaban A, Rodriguez-Zas S, Hartman GL, Ghabrial SA, Korban SS. Transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible genotypes of Glycine tomentella during Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection reveals novel rust resistance genes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 120:1315-33. [PMID: 20058146 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a destructive foliar disease in nearly all soybean-producing countries. To identify genes controlling resistance to soybean rust, transcriptome profiling was conducted in resistant and susceptible Glycine tomentella genotypes triggered by P. pachyrhizi infection. Among 38,400 genes monitored using a soybean microarray, at 5% false discovery rate, 1,342 genes were identified exhibiting significant differential expression between uninfected and P. pachyrhizi-infected leaves at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) in both rust-susceptible and rust-resistant genotypes. Differentially expressed genes were grouped into 12 functional categories, and among those, large numbers relate to basic plant metabolism. Transcripts for genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were up-regulated early during rust infection. Similarly, genes coding for proteins related to stress and defense responses such as glutathione-S-transferases, peroxidases, heat shock proteins, and lipoxygenases were consistently up-regulated following infection at all four time points. Whereas, subsets of genes involved in cellular transport, cellular communication, cell cycle, and DNA processing were down-regulated. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on randomly selected genes from the different categories confirmed these findings. Of differentially expressed genes, those associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway as well as those coding for peroxidases and lipoxygenases were likely to be involved in rust resistance in soybean, and would serve as good candidates for functional studies. These findings provided insights into mechanisms underlying resistance and general activation of plant defense pathways in response to rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61821, USA
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Berghofer E, Grzeskowiak B, Mundigler N, Sentall WB, Walcak J. Antioxidative properties of faba bean-, soybean-and oat tempeh. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09637489809086403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gardner CD, Oelrich B, Liu JP, Feldman D, Franke AA, Brooks JD. Prostatic soy isoflavone concentrations exceed serum levels after dietary supplementation. Prostate 2009; 69:719-26. [PMID: 19180569 PMCID: PMC2734961 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of soy isoflavones on prostate cancer may be concentration-dependent. The impact of soy supplementation on isoflavone concentrations in prostate tissues and serum remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess and compare concentrations of soy isoflavones in prostate tissue and serum among 19 men with prostate cancer who had elected to undergo radical prostatectomy. METHODS Participants were randomized to receive either daily soy supplements (82 mg/day aglycone equivalents) or placebos for 2 weeks (14 days) prior to surgery. Serum samples were obtained at the time of the surgery. Isoflavone concentrations were measured by HPLC/ESI-MS-MS. RESULTS The median (25th, 75th percentile) total isoflavone concentration in the isoflavone-supplemented group was 2.3 micromol/L (1.2, 6.9) in the prostate tissue and 0.7 micromol/L (0.2, 1.2) in the serum. Total isoflavone concentrations in this group were an average of approximately 6-fold higher in prostate tissue compared to serum; the tissue versus serum ratio was significantly lower for genistein than daidzein, 4-fold versus 10-fold, P = 0.003. Tissue and serum levels of isoflavones among the placebo group were negligible with a few exceptions. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study suggest that prostate tissue may have the ability to concentrate dietary soy isoflavones to potentially anti-carcinogenic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Conversion of daidzein and genistein by an anaerobic bacterium newly isolated from the mouse intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4847-52. [PMID: 18539813 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00555-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of isoflavones by gut bacteria plays a key role in the availability and bioactivation of these compounds in the intestine. Daidzein and genistein are the most common dietary soy isoflavones. While daidzein conversion yielding equol has been known for some time, the corresponding formation of 5-hydroxy-equol from genistein has not been reported previously. We isolated a strictly anaerobic bacterium (Mt1B8) from the mouse intestine which converted daidzein via dihydrodaidzein to equol as well as genistein via dihydrogenistein to 5-hydroxy-equol. Strain Mt1B8 was a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium identified as a member of the Coriobacteriaceae. Strain Mt1B8 also transformed dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein to equol and 5-hydroxy-equol, respectively. The conversion of daidzein, genistein, dihydrodaidzein, and dihydrogenistein in the stationary growth phase depended on preincubation with the corresponding isoflavonoid, indicating enzyme induction. Moreover, dihydrogenistein was transformed even more rapidly in the stationary phase when strain Mt1B8 was grown on either genistein or daidzein. Growing the cells on daidzein also enabled conversion of genistein. This suggests that the same enzymes are involved in the conversion of the two isoflavones.
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Gharpure SJ, Sathiyanarayanan A, Jonnalagadda P. o-Quinone methide based approach to isoflavans: application to the total syntheses of equol, 3′-hydroxyequol and vestitol. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kang NJ, Lee KW, Rogozin EA, Cho YY, Heo YS, Bode AM, Lee HJ, Dong Z. Equol, a metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein, inhibits neoplastic cell transformation by targeting the MEK/ERK/p90RSK/activator protein-1 pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32856-66. [PMID: 17724030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701459200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Daidzein and genistein are isoflavones found in soybean. Genistein is known to exhibit anticarcinogenic activities and inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive activities of daidzein and its metabolite, equol, are not understood. Here we report that equol inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ mouse epidermal cells by targeting the MEK/ERK/p90RSK/activator protein-1 signaling pathway. TPA-induced neoplastic cell transformation was inhibited by equol, but not daidzein, at noncytotoxic concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Equol dose-dependently attenuated TPA-induced activation of activator protein-1 and c-fos, whereas daidzein did not exert any effect when tested at the same concentrations. The TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p90RSK, and Elk, but not MEK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase, was inhibited by equol but not by daidzein. In vitro kinase assays revealed that equol greatly inhibited MEK1, but not Raf1, kinase activity, and an ex vivo kinase assay also demonstrated that equol suppressed TPA-induced MEK1 kinase activity in JB6 P+ cell lysates. Equol dose-dependently inhibited neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells induced by epidermal growth factor or H-Ras. Both in vitro and ex vivo pull-down assays revealed that equol directly bound with glutathione S-transferase-MEK1 to inhibit MEK1 activity without competing with ATP. These results suggested that the antitumor-promoting effect of equol is due to the inhibition of cell transformation mainly by targeting a MEK signaling pathway. These findings are the first to reveal a molecular basis for the anticancer action of equol and may partially account for the reported chemopreventive effects of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Joo Kang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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van de Mortel M, Recknor JC, Graham MA, Nettleton D, Dittman JD, Nelson RT, Godoy CV, Abdelnoor RV, Almeida AMR, Baum TJ, Whitham SA. Distinct biphasic mRNA changes in response to Asian soybean rust infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:887-99. [PMID: 17722693 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-8-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is now established in all major soybean-producing countries. Currently, there is little information about the molecular basis of ASR-soybean interactions, which will be needed to assist future efforts to develop effective resistance. Toward this end, abundance changes of soybean mRNAs were measured over a 7-day ASR infection time course in mock-inoculated and infected leaves of a soybean accession (PI230970) carrying the Rpp2 resistance gene and a susceptible genotype (Embrapa-48). The expression profiles of differentially expressed genes (ASR-infected compared with the mock-inoculated control) revealed a biphasic response to ASR in each genotype. Within the first 12 h after inoculation (hai), which corresponds to fungal germination and penetration of the epidermal cells, differential gene expression changes were evident in both genotypes. mRNA expression of these genes mostly returned to levels found in mock-inoculated plants by 24 hai. In the susceptible genotype, gene expression remained unaffected by rust infection until 96 hai, a time period when rapid fungal growth began. In contrast, gene expression in the resistant genotype diverged from the mock-inoculated control earlier, at 72 h, demonstrating that Rpp2-mediated defenses were initiated prior to this time. These data suggest that ASR initially induces a nonspecific response that is transient or is suppressed when early steps in colonization are completed in both soybean genotypes. The race-specific resistance phenotype of Rpp2 is manifested in massive gene expression changes after the initial response prior to the onset of rapid fungal growth that occurs in the susceptible genotype.
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Rahman MM, Gibbons S, Gray AI. Isoflavanones from Uraria picta and their antimicrobial activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1692-7. [PMID: 17540419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Two isoflavanones, 5,7-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavanone (2) and 4',5-dihydroxy-2',3'-dimethoxy-7-(5- hydroxyoxychromen-7yl)-isoflavanone (4) along with six known compounds including isoflavanones, triterpenes and steroids were isolated from the roots of Uraria picta. The structures of these compounds were established unambiguously by UV, IR, MS and a series of 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for these compounds were found to be in the range of 12.5-200 microg/ml against bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram negative) and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhlesur Rahman
- Phytochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland, UK
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Assessment of antibacterial effects of flavonoids by estimation of generation times in liquid bacterial cultures. Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blaut M, Clavel T. Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J Nutr 2007; 137:751S-5S. [PMID: 17311972 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.751s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria colonizing the human intestinal tract exhibit a high phylogenetic diversity that reflects their immense metabolic potential. By virtue of their catalytic activity, the human gut micro-organisms have an impact on gastrointestinal function and host health. All dietary components that escape digestion in the small intestine are potential substrates of the bacteria in the colon. The bacterial conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and nonnutritive compounds such as polyphenolic substances leads to the formation of a large number of compounds that may have beneficial or adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Lippert TH, Adlercreutz H, Berger MR, Seeger H, Mueck AO. Urinary phytoestrogen excretion of rats bearing methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma in response to treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:158-62. [PMID: 17081745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of treating mammary tumor-bearing rats with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeE2) on the urinary excretion of 12 phytoestrogens was investigated and compared with the changes in urinary excretion of estradiol metabolites. Alterations of excretion were registered for isoflavonoids, lignans and coumestans. However, due to large variations statistical significant differences were found only for two lignans, i.e. significant increases of enterodiol and matairesinol. Since the single components of phytoestrogens showed diverse alterations, excretions were expressed also by the ratio of total isoflavonoids to total lignans and compared with the estrogen ratios 2-hydroxyestrone to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone and A-ring to D-ring metabolites. The ratio of isoflavonoids to lignans was consistently decreased, whereas both ratios of estradiol metabolites were highly increased. The latter effect is probably due to demethylation of 2-methoxyestrone resulting in high catechol estrogen levels in urine. These results suggest that the high levels of catechol estrogens, produced by 2-MeE2 treatment, may have influenced the urinary excretion pattern of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Lippert
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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36
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Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory effects of isoflavones isolated from soygerm koji fermented with Aspergillus oryzae BCRC 32288. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ae Park S, Choi MS, Cho SY, Seo JS, Jung UJ, Kim MJ, Sung MK, Park YB, Lee MK. Genistein and daidzein modulate hepatic glucose and lipid regulating enzyme activities in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Life Sci 2006; 79:1207-13. [PMID: 16647724 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether anti-diabetic effects of genistein and daidzein are mediated by hepatic glucose and lipid regulating enzyme activities in type 2 diabetic animals. Male C57BL/KsJ-lepr(db)/lepr(db) (db/db) mice and age-matched non-diabetic littermates (db/+) were used in this study. The db/db mice were divided into control, genistein (0.02%, w/w) and daidzein (0.02%, w/w) groups. The blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels were significantly lower in the genistein and daidzein groups than in the control group, while glucose tolerance only was significantly improved in the genistein-supplemented group. The plasma insulin and C-peptide levels did not differ significantly between groups, yet the glucagon level was lower in the genistein and daidzein groups compared to that in the control db/db or db/+ group. The genistein and daidzein supplements increased the insulin/glucagon ratio in the type 2 diabetic animals. While the hepatic glucokinase activity was significantly lower in the db/db control group, the glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were significantly higher in the control group compared to the db/+ group. Interestingly, these hepatic glucose metabolizing enzyme activities were reversed by the genistein and daidzein supplementation in db/db mice compared to the control group. The hepatic fatty acid synthase, beta-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities were all significantly lower in the genistein and daidzein groups than in the control group. The genistein and daidzein supplements also improved the plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol, free fatty acid and hepatic triglyceride concentrations in the db/db mice. These results suggest that genistein and daidzein exert anti-diabetic effect in type 2 diabetic conditions by enhancing the glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ae Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
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Ju YH, Fultz J, Allred KF, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. Effects of dietary daidzein and its metabolite, equol, at physiological concentrations on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:856-63. [PMID: 16399773 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein and daidzein are the main isoflavones in legumes. Equol is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of daidzein. In this study, we evaluated the estrogenic potential of daidzein and synthetic (+/-)-equol to stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer (MCF-7) in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that estrogenic effects of daidzein and (+/-)-equol could modulate the growth of MCF-7 cells both in vitro and also once implanted into ovariectomized athymic mice. At concentrations between 0.001 and 50 microM, daidzein and (+/-)-equol stimulated the growth of MCF-7 cells with maximal stimulation at 1 muM in vitro. To evaluate their effects on the growth of MCF-7 cells implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice, two dietary dose-response studies [daidzein (125, 250, 500 and 1000 p.p.m.) and (+/-)-equol (250, 500 and 1000 p.p.m.)] were conducted. Tumor size and body weight were monitored weekly during the study. At completion of the study, we analyzed cellular proliferation of tumors using immunohistochemical staining (ki-67), pS2 expression in tumors using a real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and total daidzein and (+/-)-equol levels in plasma using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ES/MS/MS). Dietary daidzein had a slight but significant stimulatory effect on MCF-7 tumor growth in mice. No significant induction of pS2 mRNA (an estrogen-responsive marker) in tumors by dietary daidzein was observed. Total plasma daidzein concentrations in plasma were between 0.25 and 1.52 microM. Dietary equol treatment (for 37 weeks) did not stimulate MCF-7 tumor growth. There were no statistical differences in tumor size, proliferation and pS2 expression among any treatment groups. Total equol concentrations in plasma were 2.10-3.21 microM. In conclusion, daidzein and (+/-)-equol have proliferative effects on MCF-7 cell growth in vitro within the concentration range tested. Dietary daidzein had a slight but significant stimulatory effect on tumor growth, whereas (+/-)-equol did not stimulate the growth of estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth in athymic mice, increase the cell proliferation in tumors, or induce an estrogen-responsive pS2 expression. Total daidzein or (+/-)-equol plasma levels in mice fed the isoflavones were in the range that stimulated MCF-7 cell growth in vitro. These results suggest that pharmacokinetic and/or metabolic factors attenuate the estrogenic effects of daidzein and equol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Ju
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 905 S Goodwin, Room 580 Bevier Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Ulanowska K, Tkaczyk A, Konopa G, Wegrzyn G. Differential antibacterial activity of genistein arising from global inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in some bacterial strains. Arch Microbiol 2005; 184:271-8. [PMID: 16328542 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial activities of various flavonoids have been reported previously, but mechanism(s) of their action on bacterial cells remain(s) largely unknown. Here, we investigated effects of genistein, an isoflavone, and representatives of other flavonoids: daidzein (another isoflavone), apigenin (a flavone), naringenin (a flavanone) and kaempferol (a flavonol), on commonly used laboratory strains of model bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi and Bacillus subtilis. We found that E. coli was resistant to all tested flavonoids at concentrations up to 0.1 mM, while high sensitivity of V. harveyi to most of them (except daidzein, which exhibited significantly less pronounced effect) was observed. Effects of the flavonoids on B. subtilis were relatively intermediate to the two extremes, i.e., E. coli and V. harveyi. Action of genistein on bacterial cells was investigated in more detail to indicate changed cell morphology (formation of filamentous cells) of V. harveyi and drastic inhibition of global synthesis of DNA and RNA as shortly as 15 min after addition of this isoflavone to a bacterial culture to a final concentration of 0.1 mM. Protein synthesis inhibition was also apparent, but delayed. Both cell morphology and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins were unaffected in E. coli cultures under analogous conditions. Studies on cell survival suggest that genistein is a bacteriostatic agent rather than a bactericidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ulanowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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Liang G, Zhang T, Wang J, Chen B, Cheng K, Hu C. X-Ray Single-Crystal Analysis of (−)-(S)-Equol Isolated from Rat's Feces. Chem Biodivers 2005; 2:959-63. [PMID: 17193187 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of soy isoflavones have attracted considerable interest in recent years, leading to numerous studies on dietary intake and epidemiology. (-)-(S)-equol (3) is a metabolite produced in vivo from the isoflavone daidzein, a kind of soy phytoestrogen, by the action of gut microflora. It has higher biological activity than its precursor. Here, we wish to report the isolation and first X-ray crystal structure of 3 from the feces of rats fed a soy-isoflavone-containing diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Liang
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Choi MS, Jung UJ, Kim MJ, Kim JY, Park SY, Jang JY, Lee MK. Effect of Genistein and Daidzein on Glucose Uptake in Isolated Rat Adipocytes; Comparison with Respective Glycones. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2005.10.1.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Muthyala RS, Ju YH, Sheng S, Williams LD, Doerge DR, Katzenellenbogen BS, Helferich WG, Katzenellenbogen JA. Equol, a natural estrogenic metabolite from soy isoflavones: convenient preparation and resolution of R- and S-equols and their differing binding and biological activity through estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1559-67. [PMID: 15018930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Equol is a metabolite produced in vivo from the soy phytoestrogen daidzein by the action of gut microflora. It is known to be estrogenic, so human exposure to equol could have significant biological effects. Equol is a chiral molecule that can exist as the enantiomers R-equol and S-equol. To study the biological activity of racemic (+/-)-equol, as well as that of its pure enantiomers, we developed an efficient and convenient method to prepare (+/-)-equol from available isoflavanoid precursors. Furthermore, we optimized a method to separate the enantiomers of equol by chiral HPLC, and we studied for the first time, the activities of the enantiomers on the two estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta. In binding assays, S-equol has a high binding affinity, preferential for ERbeta (K(i)[ERbeta]=16 nM; beta/alpha=13 fold), that is comparable to that of genistein (K(i)[ERbeta]=6.7 nM; beta/alpha=16), whereas R-equol binds more weakly and with a preference for ERalpha (K(i)[ERalpha]=50 nM; beta/alpha=0.29). All equol isomers have higher affinity for both ERs than does the biosynthetic precursor daidzein. The availability and the in vitro characterization of the equol enantiomers should enable their biological effects to be studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev S Muthyala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Büchler P, Reber HA, Büchler MW, Friess H, Lavey RS, Hines OJ. Antiangiogenic activity of genistein in pancreatic carcinoma cells is mediated by the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and the down-regulation of VEGF gene expression. Cancer 2004; 100:201-10. [PMID: 14692041 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports indicate that Genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavonoid, exhibits strong antiangiogenic activity. The underlying mechanism of inhibition, however, remains unclear. Among the biologic effects of Genistein are the inhibition of tyrosine kinases and the inhibition of hypoxic activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), one of the main regulators of VEGF gene expression. METHODS Hypoxic cell culture was performed in a modular incubator chamber. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein secretion was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, binding of DNA by HIF-1 was measured using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and mRNA quantification was performed using Northern blot analysis. Pancreatic carcinoma was studied in an orthotopic murine model. Angiogenesis in vivo was quantified by staining xenograft tumors for endothelial cell markers. RESULTS VEGF protein secretion was dose-dependently suppressed with increasing doses of Genistein. Furthermore, treatment of pancreatic carcinoma cells with Genistein led to impaired activation of HIF-1 under hypoxic culture conditions. Northern blot analysis indicated that VEGF mRNA expression decreased upon treatment with Genistein, both under normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions. In vivo, Genistein inhibited tumor growth for xenograft pancreatic carcinoma cells, whereas extensive hypoxia was observed in xenograft tumors and was not influenced by Genistein therapy. Similarly, decreased VEGF mRNA levels were observed in Genistein-treated Capan-1 xenograft tumors. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that the previously reported antiangiogenic activity of Genistein probably is mediated by the inhibition of HIF-1, an important regulator of VEGF gene homeostasis, particularly under low-oxygen conditions. Therefore, this bioactive compound may well be beneficial to patients with pancreatic carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Carcinoma/pathology
- DNA, Complementary
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/pharmacology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Transcription Factors
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Büchler
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative medicine has dramatically increased in the United States. The effects of select dietary constituents in animal models and clinical pain states are reviewed. Specifically, the antinociceptive and analgesic properties of soybeans, sucrose, and tart cherries are discussed. The potential actions of dietary constituents as antiinflammatory and antioxidant agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Tall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Schmitt E, Metzler M, Jonas R, Dekant W, Stopper H. Genotoxic activity of four metabolites of the soy isoflavone daidzein. Mutat Res 2003; 542:43-8. [PMID: 14644352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Products containing phytoestrogens are increasingly promoted as the "natural" alternative to estrogen replacement therapy. In the present study, we have used the in vitro micronucleus assay in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells to investigate the genotoxic potential of the isoflavone daidzein, and of four daidzein metabolites known to be formed in humans. Whereas no induction of micronuclei was observed with daidzein up to the limit of solubility (100 microM), all four daidzein metabolites, i.e. equol (2.3-fold induction at 100 microM), O-desmethylangolensin (6.2-fold induction at 10 microM), 4',6,7-isoflavone (6.7-fold induction at 100 microM) and 3',4',7-isoflavone (8.2-fold induction at 100 microM) induced micronuclei in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, both reductive and oxidative metabolites of the soy isoflavone daidzein exhibit genotoxic potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Schmitt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Büchler P, Gukovskaya AS, Mouria M, Büchler MC, Büchler MW, Friess H, Pandol SJ, Reber HA, Hines OJ. Prevention of metastatic pancreatic cancer growth in vivo by induction of apoptosis with genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavonoid. Pancreas 2003; 26:264-73. [PMID: 12657953 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200304000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The critical need for novel therapeutic approaches to pancreatic cancer treatment is clear. Genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavonoid, is active against certain solid malignancies, but its effect on pancreatic cancer is unknown. AIMS To investigate the bioactivity of genistein in experimental pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODOLOGY The effect of intraperitoneal genistein administration on local tumor growth and metastatic disease was determined in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Apoptosis in tumor specimens was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. In vitro, the effect of genistein on cell growth was assessed by cell count and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. Apoptosis was determined in vitro by DNA laddering and annexin-V. Caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappaB activity were measured following genistein treatment. RESULTS In vivo, genistein significantly improved survival, almost completely inhibited metastasis, and increased apoptosis in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. In vitro genistein treatment resulted in apoptosis in all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested, and this appeared to be mediated by activation of caspase-3. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the antimetastatic effect of genistein treatment in vivo is mediated by induction of apoptosis. Genistein may have a therapeutic benefit for patients with pancreatic cancer, in particular after surgery, to prevent recurrence of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Büchler
- Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California 90095-6904, USA
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Liew R, Williams JK, Collins P, MacLeod KT. Soy-derived isoflavones exert opposing actions on Guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:985-93. [PMID: 12604673 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.042986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-derived isoflavones appear to possess cardioprotective properties, although the precise nature of this protection and the particular isoflavones responsible remain unclear. We hypothesized that isoflavones may differ in their cardiac actions in view of their varying affinities for the estrogen receptor and differences in ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase. We investigated the direct effects of three closely related isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, and equol (a metabolite of daidzein formed by gut microflora), on the contractile function of isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Genistein (10 and 40 microM) significantly increased cell shortening and the Ca(2+) transient (measured using indo-1). In contrast, equivalent concentrations of equol produced the opposite effect, decreasing cell shortening and the Ca(2+) transient, whereas daidzein was without effect. The opposing actions of genistein and equol were still observed in the presence of the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (10 microM). However, the stimulatory actions of genistein were markedly reduced in the presence of the potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, bpV(phen). Both genistein and equol significantly inhibited the peak L-type Ca(2+) current. We conclude that genistein and equol affect the contractile function of ventricular myocytes in opposing ways despite a common initial action of Ca(2+) current antagonism. These differences occur independently of the estrogen receptor but may be partly related to the unique actions of genistein as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, isoflavone metabolites, such as equol, may be more biologically active than their precursors and have a greater role in cardioprotection than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Liew
- Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrylaine V Walker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Rajeshkumar NV, Joy KL, Kuttan G, Ramsewak RS, Nair MG, Kuttan R. Antitumour and anticarcinogenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 81:17-22. [PMID: 12020923 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) treatment exhibited potent anticarcinogenic activity against 20-methylcholanthrene (20-MC) induced sarcoma development and increased the survival of tumour harboring mice. The extract administration (p.o) was also found to prolong the life span of Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice and reduced the volume of transplanted solid tumours. The extract inhibited aniline hydroxylase, a P-450 enzyme. The concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC(50)) was found to be 540 microg/ml. The extract was found to inhibit DNA topoisomerase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cell cultures and inhibited cell cycle regulatory enzyme cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase (IC(50-25) microg/ml). Antitumour and anticancer activity of P. amarus may be related with the inhibition of metabolic activation of carcinogen as well as the inhibition of cell cycle regulators and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Rajeshkumar
- Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala, 680-553, India
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Schoefer L, Mohan R, Braune A, Birringer M, Blaut M. Anaerobic C-ring cleavage of genistein and daidzein by Eubacterium ramulus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 208:197-202. [PMID: 11959436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eubacterium ramulus, a flavonoid-degrading anaerobic bacterium from the human gastrointestinal tract, was tested for its ability to transform the isoflavonoids genistein-7-O-glucoside (genistin), genistein and daidzein. Genistein was completely degraded by E. ramulus via 6'-hydroxy-O-desmethylangolensin to 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid. Dihydrogenistein was neither observed as an intermediate in this transformation nor converted itself by growing cells or cell-free extracts of E. ramulus. Genistein-7-O-glucoside was partially transformed by way of genistein to the product 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid. Daidzein was in part degraded to O-desmethylangolensin, the corresponding metabolite to 6'-hydroxy-O-desmethylangolensin. The hydroxyl group in position 6' of O-desmethylangolensin is crucial for further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Schoefer
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
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