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Huang S, Lv Y, Wang JZ, Ye MZ, Lu RJ, Chen L, Xie J, Gao F, Zhou XL. Metabolite Profiling of Talatisamine in Heart Tissue After Oral Administration and Analysis of Cardiac Bioactivities. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:674-682. [PMID: 36202094 DOI: 10.1055/a-1956-7542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The lateral roots of the Aconitum carmichaelii ("Fuzi") have been used for centuries as a cardiotonic in China. The diterpenoid alkaloid talatisamine (TA) is a major bioactive component of Fuzi, but the identity and bioactivities of the TA metabolites have not been examined in detail. In this study, metabolite profiling of TA was performed in rat heart by UPLC-MS following oral administration. Metabolites were identified by comparing protonated molecules, fragmentation patterns, and chromatographic behaviors with those of standard compounds. Metabolites of TA were then prepared and tested for cardiotonic activity on isolated frog hearts. The metabolite cammaconine, a C19 diterpenoid alkaloid with a hydroxyl group at C-18, exhibited substantial cardiotonic activity during frog heart perfusion. To further investigate the structure-cardiac effect relationships, a series of C19-diterpenoid alkaloids with 18-OH were prepared. Eight tested compounds (5: -12: ) demonstrated measurable cardioactivity, of which compound 5: with an N-methyl group and compound 7: with a methoxy at C-16 showed stronger effects on ventricular contraction than the other compounds. Thus, 18-OH is a critical structural feature determining cardiotonic activity, and efficacy is improved by the presence of N-methyl or methoxy at C-16. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that the cardiotonic effect of compound 5: is mediated by enhanced cellular calcium influx. Metabolites of TA with these structural features may be useful therapeutics to prevent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Yibin Institute of Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lv
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Zhen Ye
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Jie Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Xie
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Wan LX, Zhang JF, Zhen YQ, Zhang L, Li X, Gao F, Zhou XL. Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Semi-Synthesis, and Structural Modification of C 19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum apetalum and Their Neuroprotective Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1067-1077. [PMID: 33666437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Five new aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, apetalrines A-E (1-5), were isolated from Aconitum apetalum. Their structures were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS data. Semisynthesis of apetalrine B (2) from its parent compound aconorine was achieved to confirm the structure proposed. Twenty derivatives of 2 (11a-11l, 12a, 12b, 12d, 12e, 12j, 12k, 12m, 12n) were synthesized via a unified approach relying on simple coupling reactions. The evaluation of neuroprotective effects of compounds (1-5, 11b, 11c, 11f-11i, 12a, 12b, 12d, 12e, 12k, 12m, 12n) with low cytotoxicity revealed compound 2 to exhibit good neuroprotective effects in H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells at a concentration of 50 μM. A series of studies using flow cytometry, staining, and Western blotting on 2 indicated that its neuroprotective effects may arise from inhibiting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xi Wan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Fa Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qi Zhen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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Gabbasov TM, Andrianova EI, Petrova SF, Ivanov SP, Tsyrlina EM, Sadikov AZ, Sagdullaev SS, Yunusov MS. Hydrolysis of Lappaconitine in Acidic Solution. Preparation of N-Deacetyllappaconitine. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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He D, Liu WY, Xiong J, Xu JJ, Shen Y. Four new C 19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum hemsleyanum var. circinatum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:833-841. [PMID: 30417650 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, hemaconitines A-D (1-4), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum hemsleyanum var. circinatum. Their structures were elucidated as 19R-hydroxyl-secoyunnaconitine (1), (3R)-hydroxyl-liwaconitine (2), 14-anisoyl-leucanthumsine E (3), and 19R -acetonyl-8-O-methyltalatisamine (4) by extensive spectroscopic analysis (IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Wang-Yan Liu
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Jiao Xiong
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Jun-Ju Xu
- b Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yong Shen
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
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Liu WY, He D, Zhao DK, Chen YP, Shen Y. Four new C 19-diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum ouvrardianum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:9-16. [PMID: 29569945 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1451520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, 3-dehydroxyl-lipoindaconitine (1), 8-dehydroxyl-bikhaconine (2), 19R-acetonyl-talatisamine (3), and 16-hydroxyl-vilmorisine (4), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum ouvrardianum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analyses, including ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Yan Liu
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Dan He
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- b Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio- Resources , Yunnan University , Kunming 650201 , China
- c Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Yunnan Baiyao Group Company Limited , Kunming 650201 , China
- d Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use , Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yong Shen
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
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Guo R, Guo C, He D, Zhao D, Shen Y. Two New C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids with Anti-inflammatory Activity fromAconitum iochanicum. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Chengxin Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Yunnan Agricultural University; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
| | - Dan He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Yunnan Agricultural University; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
| | - Dake Zhao
- Lab of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University; Kunming Yunnan 650091 China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Yunnan Agricultural University; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
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Li GQ, Zhang LM, Zhao DK, Chen YP, Shen Y. Two new C 19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum tsaii. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:457-461. [PMID: 28276773 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1234457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, 14-benzoylliljestrandisine (1) and 14-anisoylliljestrandisine (2), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum tsaii. Their structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic (IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR) and mass-spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qiong Li
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- b School of Agriculture, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yong Shen
- a College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
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Zhao DK, Shi XQ, Zhang LM, Yang DQ, Guo HC, Chen YP, Shen Y. Four new diterpenoid alkaloids with antitumor effect from Aconitum nagarum var. heterotrichum. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xiang JC, Cheng Y, Wang M, Wu YD, Wu AX. Direct Construction of 4-Hydroxybenzils via Para-Selective C–C Bond Coupling of Phenols and Aryl Methyl Ketones. Org Lett 2016; 18:4360-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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Qi Y, Zhao DK, Zi SH, Zhang LM, Guo CX, Li GQ, Xun JJ, Shen Y. Two new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum straminiflorum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2015; 18:366-370. [PMID: 26558800 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, straconitines A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum straminiflorum. Their structures were elucidated as 14-benzoylducloudine D (1) and 6-hydroxy-14-benzoylducloudine D (2) based on spectroscopic analysis, including IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- a Central Laboratory , The No. 1 Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Kunming 650021 , China
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- b School of Agriculture , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Shu-Hui Zi
- c College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- c College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Cheng-Xing Guo
- c College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Gui-Qiong Li
- c College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Jun-Ju Xun
- d Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yong Shen
- c College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
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Xu JJ, Zhao DK, Ai HL, Zhang LM, Xie SQ, Zi SH, Yang SC, Shen Y. Three New C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids fromAconitum forrestii. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shen Y, Ai HL, Cao TW, Wang JJ, Zi SH, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Three New C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum transsectum. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shen Y, Ai HL, Zi SH, Wang JJ, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Two new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum transsectum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:244-248. [PMID: 22251154 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.648623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two new C(19)-diterpenoid alkaloids, named aconitramines D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum transsectum. Based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR, their structures were elucidated as 18-demethoxyltransconitine A (1) and 8-O-anisoyl-14-hydroxylacoforesticine (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shen
- School of Agriculture and Biological Technic, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
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She XK, Jian XX, Chen DL, Chen QH, Wang FP. Studies on the relative reactivity of three hydroxyl groups in aconitine. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:665-77. [PMID: 22582736 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.684684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The relative reactivity of three hydroxyl groups in aconitine toward acetylation, chlorination, sulfonylation, and oxidation has been studied in this paper. The reduction of C-3 ketone and C-15 ketone derivatives of aconitine was also investigated. It was found that (1) the relative reactivity of three hydroxyl groups toward acetylation, chlorination, and sulfonylation is 3-OH>13-OH>>15-OH; (2) 3-OH is much more reactive than 15-OH toward oxidation; and (3) reduction of the carbonyl group at C-3 with NaBH(4) generated a pair of C-3 epimers, while the reduction products of the carbonyl group at C-15 depend largely on the specific reducing agent and the absolute configuration of 16-OCH(3). When the substrate has 16β-OCH(3), its carbonyl group at C-15 can be reduced with NaBH(4) to yield exclusively the 15α-OH-containing product. Upon replacement of reducing agent NaBH(4) with LiAlH(4), the C-15 carbonyl group can be reduced to yield a pair of C-15 epimers. On the other hand, when the substrate has 16α-OCH(3), C-15 carbonyl group can only be reduced to generate 15α-OH-containing product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ke She
- Department of Chemistry of Medicinal Natural Products, West China College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Identification of diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reihcb. Molecules 2011; 16:3345-50. [PMID: 21512442 PMCID: PMC6260597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three diterpenoid alkaloids, including an unreported compound, were isolated from the roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. On the basis of spectral analysis, these three compounds were determined to be 1,15-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-14-benzoyl-16-ketoneoline, benzoylaconine and aconitine.
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Shen Y, Zuo AX, Jiang ZY, Zhang XM, Wang HL, Chen JJ. Two New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum brachypodum. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Shen Y, Zuo AX, Jiang ZY, Zhang XM, Wang HL, Chen JJ. Five New C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids fromAconitum hemsleyanum. Helv Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Wang FP, Chen QH. The C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2010; 69:1-577, xi. [DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(10)69001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fu X, Schmitz FJ, Williams GC. Malayenolides A-D, novel diterpenes from the indonesian sea pen veretillum malayense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1999; 62:584-586. [PMID: 10217714 DOI: 10.1021/np980497e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Malayenolides A-D (1-4), four new briarane diterpenes, were isolated from the sea pen Veretillum malayense collected in Indonesia. The new diterpenes possess benzoate and senecioate substitutents, both of which are rare among marine natural products. The structures of the new compounds were determined from spectral data. Compounds 1-4 are toxic to brine shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, and Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Norditerpenoid and Diterpenoid Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(99)80027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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