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Mikhaevich EI, Sorokin DV, Scherbakov AM. Honokiol inhibits the growth of hormone-resistant breast cancer cells: its promising effect in combination with metformin. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:580-591. [PMID: 37842518 PMCID: PMC10568957 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.383712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Primary and metastatic breast cancers still represent an unmet clinical need for improved chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Considerable attention has been paid to natural anticancer compounds, especially lignans. The study aimed to evaluate the activity of several lignans against breast cancer cells and assess the effect of leading lignans on signaling pathways in combination with metformin. Experimental approach Human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 (hormone-dependent), MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 (hormone-independent) were used. A hormone-resistant MCF7/hydroxytamoxifen (HT) subline was obtained by long-term cultivation of the MCF7 line with hydroxytamoxifen. Antiproliferative activity was assessed by the MTT test; the expression of signaling pathway proteins was evaluated by immunoblotting analysis. Findings/Results We evaluated the antiproliferative activity of lignans in breast cancer cells with different levels of hormone dependence and determined the relevant IC50 values. Honokiol was chosen as the leading compound, and its IC50 ranged from 12 to 20 μM, whereas for other tested lignans, the IC50 exceeded 50 μM. The accumulation of cleaved PARP and a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and ERα in MCF7/HT were induced following the combination of honokiol with metformin. Conclusions and implications Honokiol demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity against both hormone-dependent breast cancer cells and lines with primary and acquired hormone resistance. The combination of honokiol with metformin is considered an effective approach to induce death in hormone-resistant cells. Honokiol is of interest as a natural compound with antiproliferative activity against breast cancers, including resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Mikhaevich
- Department of Experimental Tumour Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila V. Sorokin
- Department of Experimental Tumour Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Scherbakov
- Department of Experimental Tumour Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Yang WJ, Ma YM, Gong P, Wang L, Chang XN, Liu M, Shuai ZR. Effects of 3, 4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran from Urtica fissa on sexual dysfunction in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115060. [PMID: 35121049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Urtica fissa E. Pritz. are important herbs and have been traditionally used as ethnic medicine to treat rheumatism, inflammation, diabetes, and benign prostatic hyperplasia by the Han, Uighur, and other minorities in China, and also as an aphrodisiac in Uighur medicine. AIMS OF THE STUDY To determine the effect and potential mechanism of 3, 4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVTF), one of the main active components isolated from U. fissa on hypogonadism in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The active compound DVTF was extracted and separated from the roots of U. fissa and identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A mouse model of diabetes was established using high fat and sugar diet combined with streptozotocin. In the treatment groups, mice were received different doses of DVTF for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels, physiological and biochemical indices, and the mating behavior of DM mice were analyzed. Changes in testicular morphology were assessed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of testosterone synthesis-related signaling proteins was detected using western blotting. Molecular docking was used to determine the binding ability of DVTF to Nur77. RESULTS In diabetic mice, body weight and fasting blood glucose levels decreased. Mating behavior, including mount latency, mount number, and intromission number, was improved following DVTF treatment. Plasma total testosterone, free testosterone, and insulin resistance were positively associated with the recovery of testicular pathological structures in diabetic mice. DVTF treatment increased the expression of Nur77, StAR, and P450scc in the testes of diabetic mice. DVTF and Nur77 formed chemical bonds at five sites. CONCLUSION As one of the main active components of U. fissa, DVTF exert potential therapeutic effects on testicular injury and hypogonadism caused by diabetes through activating the expression of Nur77 and testosterone synthesis related proteins. Our result will provide new insight for the clinical application of Urtica fissa E. Pritz., especially DVTF, as a potential drug candidate in the treatment of hypogonadism in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Yang-Min Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering(,), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Xiang-Na Chang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Zhao-Rui Shuai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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Molecular interactions between sex hormone–binding globulin and nonsteroidal ligands that enhance androgen activity. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Round P, Das S, Wu TS, Wähälä K, Van Petegem F, Hammond GL. Molecular interactions between sex hormone-binding globulin and nonsteroidal ligands that enhance androgen activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1202-1211. [PMID: 31852737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) determines the equilibrium between free and protein-bound androgens and estrogens in the blood and regulates their access to target tissues. Using crystallographic approaches and radiolabeled competitive binding-capacity assays, we report here how two nonsteroidal compounds bind to human SHBG, and how they influence androgen activity in cell culture. We found that one of these compounds, (-)3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVT), present in stinging nettle root extracts and used as a nutraceutical, binds SHBG with relatively low affinity. By contrast, a synthetic compound, 3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2phenyl-1H-indole (IPI), bound SHBG with an affinity similar to that of testosterone and estradiol. Crystal structures of SHBG in complex with DVT or IPI at 1.71-1.80 Å resolutions revealed their unique orientations in the SHBG ligand-binding pocket and suggested opportunities for the design of other nonsteroidal ligands of SHBG. As observed for estradiol but not testosterone, IPI binding to SHBG was reduced by ∼20-fold in the presence of zinc, whereas DVT binding was almost completely lost. Estradiol-dependent fibulin-2 interactions with SHBG similarly occurred for IPI-bound SHBG, but not with DVT-bound SHBG. Both DVT and IPI increased the activity of testosterone in a cell culture androgen reporter system by competitively displacing testosterone from SHBG. These findings indicate how nonsteroidal ligands of SHBG maybe designed to modulate the bioavailability of sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Round
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Samir Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Tsung-Sheng Wu
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Department of Biochemistry and Development Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland 00100.,Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland 00100
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Geoffrey L Hammond
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4
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De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E68. [PMID: 31060335 PMCID: PMC6630319 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes considerable morbidity and mortality across the world. Socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing cancer prevalence, bespeaking a need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Phytochemicals like plant polyphenols are generally considered to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which explain their promotion for human health. The past several decades have contributed to a growing evidence base in the literature that demonstrate ability of polyphenols to modulate multiple targets of carcinogenesis linking models of cancer characteristics (i.e., hallmarks and nutraceutical-based targeting of cancer) via direct or indirect interaction or modulation of cellular and molecular targets. This evidence is particularly relevant for the lignans, an ubiquitous, important class of dietary polyphenols present in high levels in food sources such as flaxseed. Literature evidence on lignans suggests potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the relevant chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of dietary polyphenols and specifically focuses on the biological targets of flaxseed lignans. The consolidation of the considerable body of data on the diverse targets of the lignans will aid continued research into their potential for use in combination with other cancer chemotherapies, utilizing flaxseed lignan-enriched natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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Shan CX, Cui XB, Yu S, Chai C, Wen HM, Wang XZ, Sun X. Study on pharmacokinetics of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran in rats by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:250-254. [PMID: 26680326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran is the main active ingredient of nettle root which can increase steroid hormones in the bloodstream for many of bodybuilders. To better understand its pharmacological activities, we need to determine its pharmacokinetic profiles. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran in the plasma of rats. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column at 40°C, with a gradient elution consisting of methanol and water containing 0.3% (v/v) formic acid at a flow rate of 0.8mL/min. The detection was performed using an electrospray triple-quadrupole MS/MS via positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limits-of-quantification determined were 0.5ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision (RSD%) was found to be within 15% and the accuracy (RE%) ranged from -4.0% to 7.0%. This simple yet sensitive method was fully validated and could be successfully applied to the study on pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Sakakura A, Ishihara K. Stereoselective Electrophilic Cyclization. CHEM REC 2015; 15:728-42. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakakura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, (Japan) and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST; Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:749-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed. Data on their bioavailability and hence pharmacokinetics (PK) are necessary to better understand their role in putative health benefits. In the present study, we conducted a comparative PK analysis of the principal lignan of flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and its primary metabolites, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in rats. Purified lignans were intravenously or orally administered to each male Wistar rat. SDG and its primary metabolites SECO, ED and EL were administered orally at doses of 40, 40, 10 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, and intravenously at doses of 20, 20, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, and serum samples were analysed. PK parameters and oral bioavailability of purified lignans were determined by non-compartmental methods. In general, administration of the flaxseed lignans SDG, SECO and ED demonstrated a high systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution and short half-lives, whereas administration of EL at the doses of 1 mg/kg (intravenously) and 10 mg/kg (orally administered) killed the rats within a few hours of dosing, precluding a PK analysis of this lignan. PK parameters of flaxseed lignans exhibited the following order: systemic clearance, SDG < SECO < ED; volume of distribution, SDG < SECO < ED; half-life, SDG < ED < SECO. The percentage of oral bioavailability was 0, 25 and < 1 % for SDG, SECO and ED, respectively.
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Pohjoispää M, Wähälä K. Synthesis of 3,4-dibenzyltetrahydrofuran lignans (9,9'-epoxylignanes). Molecules 2013; 18:13124-38. [PMID: 24284480 PMCID: PMC6270424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies for the racemic or enantiospecific total syntheses of plant and mammalian 3,4-dibenzyltetrahydrofuran lignans are reviewed and compared. The multi-step approaches have various key step strategies: Diels-Alder reactions, Stobbe condensations, Michael additions, alkylations, nitrile oxide cycloadditions, radical cyclisations, dianion and oxidative couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pohjoispää
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.
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10
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Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Hair loss and herbs for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:210-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Lourith
- School of Cosmetic Science; Mae Fah Luang University; Chiang Rai Thailand
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11
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Sakuma M, Sakakura A, Ishihara K. Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Carboxylic Acids through Asymmetric Protolactonization Promoted by Chiral Phosphonous Acid Diester. Org Lett 2013; 15:2838-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401313d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sakuma
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, and JST, CREST, Japan
| | - Akira Sakakura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, and JST, CREST, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, and JST, CREST, Japan
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12
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McCann MJ, Rowland IR, Roy NC. Anti-proliferative effects of physiological concentrations of enterolactone in models of prostate tumourigenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:212-24. [PMID: 23148045 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE There is evidence that a mammalian lignan, enterolactone (ENL), decreases the proliferation rate of prostate cancer cells, although previous studies have used concentrations difficult to achieve through dietary modification. We have therefore investigated the anti-proliferative effects of ENL in an in vitro model of prostate tumourigenesis at concentrations reported to occur in a range of male populations. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of 0.1 and 1 μM ENL on three markers of viability and proliferation (metabolic activity, growth kinetics, and cell cycle progression) were assessed in the RWPE-1, WPE1-NA22, WPE1-NB14, WPE1-NB11, WPE1-NB26, LNCaP, and PC-3 cell lines over 72 h. Based on these data, we quantified the expression levels of 12 genes involved in the control of DNA replication initiation using TaqMan real-time PCR in the WPE1-NA22, WPE1-NB14, WPE1-NB11, and WPE1-NB26 cell lines. ENL significantly inhibited the abnormal proliferation of the WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11 cell lines and appears to be a consequence of decreased expression of abnormal chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies, concentrations of ENL that are reported after dietary intervention restrict the proliferation of early-stage tumourigenic prostate cell lines by inhibiting the abnormal formation of complexes that initiate DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Food Nutrition & Health, Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Chung YC, Janmanchi D, Wu HL. Preparation of Chiral 3-Arylpyrrolidines via the Enantioselective 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Fumaric Esters Catalyzed by Rh(I)/Chiral Diene Complexes. Org Lett 2012; 14:2766-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300980k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiang, Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Damodar Janmanchi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsyueh-Liang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan, Republic of China
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McDonald TJ, Perry MH, Jones AG, Donohoe M, Salzmann MB, O'Connor J. A novel case of a raised testosterone and LH in a young man. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1999-2001. [PMID: 21756889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 19 year old male attended his GP with a history of "fluid retention", lack of libido and erectile dysfunction. He was found to have a high serum testosterone, and a raised luteinising hormone. After further investigations, the patient admitted to taking a supplement called ActivaTe Xtreme, obtained from an internet source, to address his low libido. ActivaTe Xtreme contains active ingredients which increase serum testosterone levels by several independent mechanisms that are not associated with luteinising hormone suppression. Urine analyses for synthetic anabolic steroids were negative, and urinary testosterone, epitestosterone and other androgens were normal. This biochemical pattern is not the same as that seen with anabolic steroids (i.e. raised testosterone, suppressed luteinising hormone and abnormal urine steroid profile). The issue of self medication with performance enhancing compounds needs to be carefully considered in order to avoid expensive and invasive investigations, missing an underlying pathology or misdiagnosing a patient. This case also raises the spectre of yet another "performance enhancing" product that may cause difficulty for those trying to ensure that sport remains on a "hormonally" equal basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J McDonald
- Clinical Chemistry, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
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He H, Dai LX, You SL. Intramolecular Michael addition reaction for the synthesis of benzylbutyrolactones. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3207-10. [DOI: 10.1039/b924770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jin JS, Hattori M. Human Intestinal Bacterium, Strain END-2 Is Responsible for Demethylation as Well as Lactonization during Plant Lignan Metabolism. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1443-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sik Jin
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
- Benno Laboratory, Center for Intellectual Property Strategies, RIKEN
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Yuan JP, Li X, Xu SP, Wang JH, Liu X. Hydrolysis kinetics of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside oligomers from flaxseed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10041-10047. [PMID: 18925741 DOI: 10.1021/jf8020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is the richest dietary source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and contains the largest amount of SDG oligomers, which are often hydrolyzed to break the ester linkages for the release of SDG and the glycosidic bonds for the release of secoisolariciresinol (SECO). The alkaline hydrolysis reaction kinetics of SDG oligomers from flaxseed and the acid hydrolysis process of SDG and other glucosides were investigated. For the kinetic modeling, a pseudo-first-order reaction was assumed. The results showed that the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers followed first-order reaction kinetics under mild alkaline hydrolytic conditions and that the concentration of sodium hydroxide had a strong influence on the activation energy of the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers. The results also indicated that the main acid hydrolysates of SDG included secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG), SECO, and anhydrosecoisolariciresinol (anhydro-SECO) and that the extent and the main hydrolysates of the acid hydrolysis reaction depended on the acid concentration, hydrolysis temperature, and time. In addition, the production and change of p-coumaric acid glucoside, ferulic acid glucoside and their methyl esters and p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and their methyl esters during the process of hydrolysis was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Food Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Lamblin F, Hano C, Fliniaux O, Mesnard F, Fliniaux MA, Lainé E. [Interest of lignans in prevention and treatment of cancers]. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:511-9. [PMID: 18466729 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2008245511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are diphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are mainly localised in lignified tissues, seeds and roots. These molecules are involved in plant defence mechanisms, but are also interesting for human health. Flax lignans belonging to the phytoestrogens are metabolised after ingestion into enterolignans that may offer a protection against the onset and development of hormono-dependant cancers. In vitro studies based on mammalian cellular models tend to confirm their beneficial effects observed during epidemiological studies and give us insights about their mechanisms of action. The most studied lignan, podophyllotoxin, and its semi-synthetic derivatives (etoposide, teniposide, etoposide phosphate), are particularly interesting at a curative level due to their cytotoxic properties. These semi-synthetic derivatives are used in chemotherapy of lung cancer for example. However, the extensive use of these anticancer drugs will lead to the problem of podophyllotoxin supply. This molecule is currently extracted from the rhizomes and roots of an Indian species Podophyllum hexandrum which has subsequently become endangered. Strategies are investigated to obtain economically viable alternative sources of Podophyllotoxin from plants and in vitro cultures of several species. Among them, north american Podophyllum peltatum, Linum wild species, Hyptis, Anthriscus, Juniperus or Dysosma species which accumulate Podophyllotoxin or closely related derivatives, are good candidates. double dagger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Centre Universitaire de Chartres, 21, rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France.
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Gossell-Williams M, Lyttle K, Clarke T, Gardner M, Simon O. Supplementation with pumpkin seed oil improves plasma lipid profile and cardiovascular outcomes of female non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother Res 2008; 22:873-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
This review focuses on the possible role in human health of the consumption of lignan-rich foods. Most of the plant lignans in human foods are converted by the intestinal microflora in the upper part of the large bowel to enterolactone and enterodiol, called mammalian or enterolignans. The protective role of these compounds, particularly in chronic Western diseases, is discussed. Evidence suggests that fiber- and lignan-rich whole-grain cereals, beans, berries, nuts, and various seeds are the main protective foods. Many factors, in addition to diet, such as intestinal microflora, smoking, antibiotics, and obesity affect circulating lignan levels in the body. Lignan-rich diets may be beneficial, particularly if consumed for life. Experimental evidence in animals has shown clear anticarcinogenic effects of flaxseed or pure lignans in many types of cancer. Many epidemiological results are controversial, partly because the determinants of plasma enterolactone are very different in different countries. The source of the lignans seems to play a role because other factors in the food obviously participate in the protective effects. The results are promising, but much work is still needed in this area of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Adlercreutz
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center, Finland.
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Lainé E, Hano C, Lamblin F. Les lignanes phytoestrogènes du lin sont-ils des bienfaiteurs méconnus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-007-0237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Chrubasik JE, Roufogalis BD, Wagner H, Chrubasik S. A comprehensive review on the stinging nettle effect and efficacy profiles. Part II: urticae radix. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:568-79. [PMID: 17509841 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nettle root is recommended for complaints associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We therefore conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to summarise the pharmacological and clinical effects of this plant material. Only a few components of the active principle have been identified and the mechanism of action is still unclear. It seems likely that sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), aromatase, epidermal growth factor and prostate steroid membrane receptors are involved in the anti-prostatic effect, but less likely that 5alpha-reductase or androgen receptors are involved. Extract and a polysaccharide fraction were shown to exert anti-inflammatory activity. A proprietary methanolic nettle root extract and particular fractions inhibited cell proliferation. Isolated lectins (UDA) were shown to be promising immunomodulatory agents, having also anti-viral and fungistatic effects. However, despite these in vitro studies it is unclear whether the in-vitro or animal data are a surrogate for clinical effects. The clinical evidence of effectiveness for nettle root in the treatment of BPH is based on many open studies. A small number of randomised controlled studies indicate that a proprietary methanolic extract is effective in improving BPH complaints. However, the significance and magnitude of the effect remains to be established in further confirmatory studies before nettle root treatment may be accepted in the guidelines for BPH treatment. The risk for adverse events during nettle root treatment is very low, as is its toxicity. Pre-clinical safety data remain to be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Chrubasik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Clavel T, Henderson G, Engst W, Doré J, Blaut M. Phylogeny of human intestinal bacteria that activate the dietary lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 55:471-8. [PMID: 16466386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota is essential for the conversion of the dietary lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) via secoisolariciresinol (SECO) to the enterolignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL). However, knowledge of the species that catalyse the underlying reactions is scant. Therefore, we focused our attention on the identification of intestinal bacteria involved in the conversion of SDG. Strains of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus and Clostridium cocleatum, as well as the newly isolated strain Clostridium sp. SDG-Mt85-3Db, deglycosylated SDG. Demethylation of SECO was catalysed by strains of Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Eubacterium callanderi, Eubacterium limosum and Peptostreptococcus productus. Dehydroxylation of SECO was catalysed by strains of Clostridium scindens and Eggerthella lenta. Finally, the newly isolated strain ED-Mt61/PYG-s6 catalysed the dehydrogenation of ED to EL. The results indicate that the activation of SDG involves phylogenetically diverse bacteria, most of which are members of the dominant human intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clavel
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Hallund J, Ravn-Haren G, Bügel S, Tholstrup T, Tetens I. A lignan complex isolated from flaxseed does not affect plasma lipid concentrations or antioxidant capacity in healthy postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2006; 136:112-6. [PMID: 16365068 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lignan complex rich in the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was isolated from flaxseed. SDG is metabolized by the colonic microflora to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), and was hypothesized to reduce plasma lipid concentrations and improve antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a lignan complex, providing 500 mg/d of SDG, on serum concentration and urinary excretion of ENL, plasma lipids, serum lipoprotein oxidation resistance, and markers of antioxidant capacity. Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 22) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Women consumed daily a low-fat muffin, with or without a lignan complex, for 6 wk, separated by a 6-wk washout period. Serum ENL concentration, urinary ENL excretion, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerol (TAG), serum lipoprotein oxidation lag time, plasma Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured at the beginning and end of each intervention period. ENL concentrations in serum (P < 0.001) and ENL urinary excretion (P < 0.001) were significantly higher after the lignan complex intervention period compared with placebo. Plasma concentrations of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, lipoprotein oxidation lag time, TEAC and FRAP were not affected. Daily consumption for 6 wk of a low-fat muffin enriched with a lignan complex significantly increased serum ENL concentrations and urinary ENL excretion in healthy postmenopausal women, but had no effect on plasma lipid concentrations, serum lipoprotein oxidation resistance, or plasma antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hallund
- Department of Human Nutrition and Centre for Advanced Food Studies, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.
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McCann MJ, Gill CIR, McGlynn H, Rowland IR. Role of Mammalian Lignans in the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2005; 52:1-14. [PMID: 16090998 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5201_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is poised to become the most prevalent male cancer in the Western world. In Japan and China, incidence rates are almost 10-fold less those reported in the United States and the European Union. Epidemiological data suggest that environmental factors such as diet can significantly influence the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer. The differences in lifestyle between East and West are one of the major risk factors for developing prostate cancer. Traditional Japanese and Chinese diets are rich in foods containing phytoestrogenic compounds, whereas the Western diet is a poor source of these phytochemicals. The lignan phytoestrogens are the most widely occurring of these compounds. In vitro and in vivo reports in the literature indicate that lignans have the capacity to affect the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. However, their precise mechanism of action in prostate carcinogenesis remains unclear. This article outlines the possible role of lignans in prostate cancer by reviewing the current in vitro and in vivo evidence for their anticancer activities. The intriguing concept that lignans may play a role in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer over the lifetime of an individual is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
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Saarinen NM, Penttinen PE, Smeds AI, Hurmerinta TT, Mäkelä SI. Structural determinants of plant lignans for growth of mammary tumors and hormonal responses in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:209-19. [PMID: 15860264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low risk of breast cancer (BC) has been proposed to be associated with high intake of lignans. Some plant lignans are converted to mammalian lignans, e.g., enterolactone (ENL), suggested to be the biologically active lignan forms. Until now, little attention has been paid to the possible biological activities of plant lignans, even though some plant lignans are absorbed and present in serum and urine. In this study, we have investigated the antitumorigenic and endocrine-modulatory activities of different plant lignans in order to clarify the structure-activity relationships. 7-Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is [corrected] converted to ENL, and both HMR and ENL inhibit the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer. Nortrachelogenin (NTG) resembles HMR, but has a hydroxyl group at C-8 instead of C-7 and is not converted to ENL. In DMBA-model, NTG showed no inhibition of tumor growth, but increased the uterine weight. Furthermore, life-long exposure to NTG increased uterine weight in immature females and ventral prostate weight in adult males. In contrast, life-long exposure to HMR had no effects on uterine or prostate weights at any age. Our results indicate that a difference in the position of one hydroxyl group results in distinct biological responses in vivo, as well as different lignan metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Saarinen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Lina B, Korte H, Nyman L, Unkila M. A thirteen week dietary toxicity study with 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMRlignan) in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 41:28-38. [PMID: 15649825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol (7-HMR) is a novel precursor of the mammalian lignan enterolactone. A 13 week toxicity study at dietary levels of 0, 0.25, 1, and 4% (w/w) of potassium acetate complex of 7-HMR (HMRlignan) was conducted in the Wistar rat. These dietary levels resulted in an average daily intake of 160, 640, and 2600 mg HMRlignan/kg body weight/day, respectively. A considerable systemic exposure of HMRlignan was verified by dose-related increases in plasma total (conjugated and unconjugated) concentration of 7-HMR and metabolites enterolactone, 7-hydroxyenterolactone, and matairesinol. Enterolactone appeared to be the major metabolite. Most (>96%) of the circulating 7-HMR and enterolactone was in conjugated form as measured from the low-dose rat plasma samples. HMRlignan exposure did not significantly affect clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy or neurobehavioural observations, and motor activity. Transient reductions in food intake and body weight gain in the mid-and high-dose group were ascribed to decreased palatability of the test feed. Only in males of the high-dose group the body weights remained slightly reduced throughout the study. In the high-dose group the number of thrombocytes (females), and total white blood cell count (males) were increased. Plasma triglycerides were dose-dependently depressed in males of all test groups and in females of the mid- and high-dose group, while plasma total cholesterol, and phospholipids were decreased in high-dose males. These changes, which have also been reported for other (flaxseed) lignans, were not considered to represent adverse effects. The relative weight of the kidneys was increased in males of the high-dose group. The weight of the full and empty caecum showed dose-related increases in males of all treatment groups and in females of the high-dose group. Absolute ovary weights were decreased in all treatment groups while decreases in relative ovary weights were confined to the mid- and high-dose group. In addition, a marginal lengthening of the estrus cycle was noted in high-dose females. Apart from prevention of hyaline droplet nephropathy in all high-dose male rats, there were no treatment-related histopathological alterations. It was concluded that HMRlignan showed weak antiestrogen-like activity which may be mediated through enterolactone metabolite. Based on declined ovary weight, the no observed adverse effect level of HMRlignan was set at 0.25% in feed corresponding to 160 mg/kg body weight/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lina
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Wolterbeek APM, Roberts A, Korte H, Unkila M, Waalkens-Berendsen DH. Prenatal developmental toxicity study with 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMRlignan) in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 40:1-8. [PMID: 15265601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant lignan 7-hydromatairesinol, a novel precursor of the mammalian lignan enterolactone was evaluated in a prenatal developmental toxicity study conducted in the Wistar rat. Mated female rats were fed diets containing 0, 0.25, 1, and 4% (w/w) of 7-hydroxymatairesinol in the form of potassium acetate complex (HMRlignan; potassium acetate level approximately 20% w/w within the preparation) for days 0-21 of gestation. Test substance intake was calculated to be 0.14-0.18, 0.46-0.74, and 1.19-2.93 g/kg body weight/day for the low, mid, and high-dose groups, respectively. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 of the gestation period and examined for standard parameters of reproductive performance (fecundity index, gestation index, number of corpora lutea, number of implantations, pre- and post-implantation loss, number of early- and late resorptions, number of live- and dead fetuses, sex-ration and the weight of the reproductive organs). The fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations. The results from this study showed no effects on reproductive performance or any treatment related findings following external, visceral, and skeletal examination of the fetuses. However, approximately half of the mated dams of the high-dose failed to thrive due to an unexpected large decrease in their food intake, and were sacrificed early. Body weights of the remaining animals of the high-dose group were decreased. Food consumption was decreased in all treatment groups during the first three days of the gestation period as a result of decreased palatability of the feed. In conclusion, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for maternal effects was 1%, whereas the NOEL for fetal development following daily oral HMRlignan administration throughout the gestation was equivalent to 4% in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Wolterbeek
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Department, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Milder IEJ, Arts ICW, Venema DP, Lasaroms JJP, Wähälä K, Hollman PCH. Optimization of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of the plant lignans secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, and pinoresinol in foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:4643-4651. [PMID: 15264894 DOI: 10.1021/jf0497556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of the four major enterolignan precursors [secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, and pinoresinol] in foods. The method consists of alkaline methanolic extraction, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using Helix pomatia (H. pomatia) beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase. H. pomatia was selected from several enzymes based on its ability to hydrolyze isolated lignan glucosides. After ether extraction samples were analyzed and quantified against secoisolariciresinol-d8 and matairesinol-d6. The method was optimized using model products: broccoli, bread, flaxseed, and tea. The yield of methanolic extraction increased up to 81%, when it was combined with alkaline hydrolysis. Detection limits were 4-10 microg/(100 g dry weight) for solid foods and 0.2-0.4 microg/(100 mL) for beverages. Within- and between-run coefficients of variation were 6-21 and 6-33%, respectively. Recovery of lignans added to model products was satisfactory (73-123%), except for matairesinol added to bread (51-55%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivon E J Milder
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Eklund PC, Sjöholm RE. Oxidative transformation of the natural lignan hydroxymatairesinol with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Walcott FL, Hauptmann M, Duphorne CM, Pillow PC, Strom SS, Sigurdson AJ. A case-control study of dietary phytoestrogens and testicular cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2003; 44:44-51. [PMID: 12672640 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc441_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A few dietary studies have found elevated testicular cancer risks for higher red meat, fat, and milk intakes and lower intakes of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Because hormonal modulation by dietary intake of plant estrogens could affect risk of testicular cancer, we chose to explore the possible relationship between dietary phytoestrogens and testicular cancer. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 159 testicular cancer cases diagnosed between 1990 and 1996 and 136 adult friend-matched controls at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Amounts of phytoestrogenic compounds in foods were added to the National Cancer Institute's DietSys program and then grouped into prelignans, lignans, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytosterols, and coumestrol for statistical analysis, expressed per 1,000 kcal. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed, after adjustment for age, education, income, ethnicity, cryptorchidism, body mass index, baldness unrelated to therapy, severe acne in adolescence, early puberty, daily fiber and fat intake, and total daily calories, no discernable monotonic increased or decreased risk estimates across quartiles of phytoestrogen intake. A U-shaped pattern was observed for lignans and coumestrol. Further evaluation of this pattern by cubic spline parameterization did fit the data, but the data were also consistent with no effect. This hypothesis-generating study does not support the premise that dietary phytoestrogens increase or decrease testicular cancer risk in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana L Walcott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Murphy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Sibi MP, Liu P, Ji J, Hajra S, Chen JX. Free-radical-mediated conjugate additions. Enantioselective synthesis of butyrolactone natural products: (-)-enterolactone, (-)-arctigenin, (-)-isoarctigenin, (-)-nephrosteranic acid, and (-)-roccellaric acid. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1738-45. [PMID: 11895386 DOI: 10.1021/jo015501x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acid-mediated conjugate addition of alkyl radicals to a differentially protected fumarate 10 produced the monoalkylated succinates with high chemical efficiency and excellent stereoselectivity. A subsequent alkylation or an aldol reaction furnished the disubstituted succinates with syn configuration. The chiral auxiliary, 4-diphenylmethyl-2-oxazolidinone, controlled the stereoselectivity in both steps. Manipulation of the disubstituted succinates obtained by alkylation furnished the natural products (-)-enterolactone, (-)-arctigenin, and (-)-isoarctigenin. The overall yields for the target natural products were 20-26% over six steps. Selective functionalization of the disubstituted succinates obtained by aldol condensation gave the paraconic acid natural products (-)-nephrosteranic acid (8) and (-)-roccellaric acid (9). The overall yield of the natural products 8 and 9 over four steps was 53% and 42%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund P Sibi
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5516, USA.
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Ríos JL, Giner RM, Prieto JM. New findings on the bioactivity of lignans. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Liggins J, Grimwood R, Bingham SA. Extraction and quantification of lignan phytoestrogens in food and human samples. Anal Biochem 2000; 287:102-9. [PMID: 11078589 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytoestrogens have a number of biological effects, including endocrine disruption, antioxidant potential, and protein tyrosine kinase inhibition. Secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and shonanin are lignan phytoestrogens found in foodstuffs, especially flaxseed. Normally they are glycosidically linked to carbohydrates and in the large intestine are deconjugated from the carbohydrate portion by bacteria. The aglycone lignans can be further modified to form the mammalian phytoestrogens enterodiol, enterolactone, and enterofuran, which are absorbed into the body and excreted in urine. To assess the health implications of phytoestrogens in general populations, knowledge of the quantity in the foods eaten is necessary. This article describes a simple preparative procedure for the assay of secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and shonanin in foodstuffs after hydrolytic removal of any conjugated carbohydrate. The difficulties in the practical application of the assay procedure are illustrated and discussed. Analytical results indicating the concentration of secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and shonanin in a number of foodstuffs are presented. Also, the mass spectral data of a putative mammalian phytoestrogen, called enterofuran, identified in urine are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liggins
- Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Medical Research Council, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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